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Closed list

Variant of party-list voting system

Closed list

Variant of party-list voting system

Closed list describes the variant of party-list systems where voters can effectively vote for only political parties as a whole; thus they have no influence on the party-supplied order in which party candidates are elected. If voters had some influence, that would be called an open list. Closed list systems are still commonly used in party-list proportional representation, and most mixed electoral systems also use closed lists in their party list component. Many countries, however have changed their electoral systems to use open lists to incorporate personalised representation to their proportional systems.

In closed list systems, each political party has pre-decided who will receive the seats allocated to that party in the elections, so that the candidates positioned highest on this list tend to always get a seat in the parliament while the candidates positioned very low on the closed list will not. However, the candidates "at the water mark" of a given party are in the position of either losing or winning their seat depending on the number of votes the party gets. "The water mark" is the number of seats a specific party can be expected to achieve. The number of seats that the party wins, combined with the candidates' positions on the party's list, will then determine whether a particular candidate will get a seat.

List of countries using closed list systems

Mixed-member majoritarian representation with closed-lists}}

Proportional representation

  • Algeria Algeria
  • Angola Angola
  • Argentina Argentina
  • Armenia Armenia
  • Benin Benin
  • Burkina Faso Burkina Faso
  • Burundi Burundi
  • Cambodia Cambodia
  • Colombia Colombia (depending on the party)
  • Costa Rica Costa Rica
  • Dominican Republic Dominican Republic
  • Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea
  • Guatemala Guatemala
  • Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau
  • Guyana Guyana
  • Hong Kong Hong Kong (1997–2016)
  • Israel Israel
  • Kazakhstan Kazakhstan
  • Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan
  • Lithuania Lithuania (1992–1997) (Seimas and municipalities' councils)
  • Moldova Moldova
  • Montenegro Montenegro
  • Morocco Morocco
  • Mozambique Mozambique
  • Namibia Namibia
  • Nicaragua Nicaragua
  • Niger Niger
  • North Macedonia North Macedonia
  • Norway Norway
  • Paraguay Paraguay
  • Portugal Portugal
  • Romania Romania
  • Rwanda Rwanda
  • Serbia Serbia
  • South Africa South Africa
  • Spain Spain
  • Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
  • Timor-Leste Timor-Leste
  • Togo Togo
  • Tunisia Tunisia
  • Turkey Turkey
  • Uruguay Uruguay
  • Wales Wales (from 2026)

Mixed electoral systems

Mixed electoral system using closed lists for the proportional component

  • Andorra Andorra
  • Hungary Hungary
  • Germany Germany (mixed-member proportional representation)
  • Italy Italy
  • New Zealand New Zealand (mixed-member proportional representation)
  • Philippines Philippines
  • Russia Russia
  • Scotland Scotland
  • Taiwan Taiwan
  • Wales Wales (1999–2026)

Majoritarian representation

Party block voting (general ticket) with a closed list

  • Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire (party block voting in multi-member districts)
  • Singapore Singapore (party block voting in multi-member districts)
  • United States United States (electoral college)

References

References

  1. "Open, Closed and Free Lists —".
  2. "{title}".
  3. Lundberg, Thomas Carl. (22 October 2010). "Post-communism and the abandonment of mixedmember electoral systems".
  4. "Elections - GRN Portal".
  5. Filimon, Paul. (20 July 2015). "Legea ALEGERILOR PARLAMENTARE pe LISTE, promulgată de Iohannis". România Liberă.
  6. (24 June 2024). "Historic Act strengthens democracy in Wales | GOV.WALES".
Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

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