Chromosome 22

Genes

Number of genes

The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 22. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation, their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.

Gene list

The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 22. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.

• ADM2: encoding protein ADM2
• APOBEC3B: encoding protein probable DNA dC-dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3B
• ARFGAP3: encoding protein ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 3
• ASCC2: encoding protein activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 2
• ATF4 (22q13) encoding protein cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4
• BCR (22q11) encoding breakpoint cluster region protein
• CARD10 (22q13) encoding caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 10
• CBX7 (22q13) encoding chromobox protein homolog 7
• CDC42EP1: CDC42 effector protein 1
• CECR1: cat eye syndrome critical region protein 1
• CHEK2 (22q12)
• COMT: Catechol-O-methyltransferase
• CRELD2: cysteine-rich with EGF-like domain protein 2
• CSDC2: cold shock domain-containing protein D2
• CSNK1E: encoding enzyme casein kinase I isoform epsilon or CK1ε,
• DGCR5: encoding a long non-coding RNA
• DGCR6: DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 6
• EP300
• EP300-AS1
• EWSR1
• TAFA5: family with sequence similarity 19 member A5
• FAM227A: encoding protein FAM227A
• FBLN1
• GTPBP1: GTP-binding protein 1
• HMGXB4: encoding protein HMG-box containing 4
• IFT27: encoding protein intraflagellar transport 27
• IGL@
• IGLJ3 encoding protein immunoglobulin lambda joining 3
• IGLL5: encoding protein immunoglobulin lambda like polypeptide 5
• KIAA0930: encoding uncharacterized protein KIAA0930
• LINC00899 encoding protein long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 899
• MAPK1
• MAPK12
• MCAT: encoding enzyme malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase, mitochondrial
• MCM5
• MIF
• MIRLET7BHG: encoding protein MIRLET7B host gene (non-protein coding)
• MKL1
• MMP11
• MN1
• MTP18:
• MYH9
• NF2
• NOL12: encoding protein nucleolar protein 12
• PARVB
• PDGFB
• PI4KA: encoding enzyme phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha
• PI4KAP2: pseudogene phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha pseudogene 2
• PISD: encoding enzyme phosphatidylserine decarboxylase proenzyme
• PNPLA3: encoding enzyme patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3
• PRAME: encoding protein melanoma antigen preferentially expressed in tumors
• RAC2
• RBX1
• RNR5: encoding RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 5
• RNU12: encoding protein RNA, U12 small nuclear
• RRP7A: encoding protein ribosomal RNA-processing protein 7 homolog A
• RTCB: encoding protein RNA 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-OH ligase
• RTL6: encoding protein retrotransposon Gag Like 6
• SAMM50: encoding protein sorting and assembly machinery component 50 homolog
• SEPT3: encoding protein neuronal-specific septin-3
• SEPT5
• SHFM3P1:
• SOX10
• SYNGR1: encoding protein synaptogyrin-1
• TBC1D10A: encoding protein TBC1 domain family member 10A
• TEF: encoding protein thyrotroph embryonic factor
• THAP7: encoding protein THAP domain-containing protein 7
• THOC5: encoding protein THO complex subunit 5 homolog
• TRMU: encoding enzyme mitochondrial tRNA-specific 2-thiouridylase 1
• TTC28: encoding protein tetratricopeptide repeat domain 28
• TTLL1: encoding enzyme probable tubulin polyglutamylase TTLL1
• XRCC6: encoding protein Ku70

Diseases and disorders

The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 22:

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• Breast cancer
• Cat eye syndrome
• Chronic myeloid leukemia
• DiGeorge syndrome
• Desmoplastic small round cell tumor
• 22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
• 22q13 deletion syndrome or Phelan-McDermid syndrome
• Emanuel syndrome
• Ewing sarcoma
• Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome
• TANGO2 deficiency
• Metachromatic leukodystrophy
• Methemoglobinemia
• Neurofibromatosis type 2
• Opitz G/BBB syndrome
• Renal medullary carcinoma
• Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
• Waardenburg syndrome
• Schizophrenia

Chromosomal conditions

The following conditions are caused by changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 22:

• 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Most people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome are missing about 3 million base pairs on one copy of chromosome 22 in each cell. The deletion occurs near the middle of the chromosome at a location designated as q11.2. This region contains about 30 genes, but many of these genes have not been well characterized. A small percentage of affected individuals have shorter deletions in the same region. The loss of one particular gene, TBX1, is thought to be responsible for many of the characteristic features of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, such as heart defects, an opening in the roof of the mouth (a cleft palate), distinctive facial features, and low calcium levels. A loss of this gene does not appear to cause learning disabilities, however. Other genes in the deleted region are also likely to contribute to the signs and symptoms of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
• 22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
• 22q13 deletion syndrome
• Other chromosomal conditions: Other changes in the number or structure of chromosome 22 can have a variety of effects, including intellectual disability, delayed development, physical abnormalities, and other medical problems. These changes include an extra piece of chromosome 22 in each cell (partial trisomy), a missing segment of the chromosome in each cell (partial monosomy), and a circular structure called ring chromosome 22 that is caused by the breakage and reattachment of both ends of the chromosome.
• Cat-eye syndrome is a rare disorder most often caused by a chromosomal change called an inverted duplicated 22. A small extra chromosome is made up of genetic material from chromosome 22 that has been abnormally duplicated (copied). The extra genetic material causes the characteristic signs and symptoms of cat-eye syndrome, including an eye abnormality called ocular iris coloboma (a gap or split in the colored part of the eye), small skin tags or pits in front of the ear, heart defects, kidney problems, and, in some cases, delayed development.
• A rearrangement (translocation) of genetic material between chromosomes 9 and 22 is associated with several types of blood cancer (leukemia). This chromosomal abnormality, which is commonly called the Philadelphia chromosome, is found only in cancer cells. The Philadelphia chromosome has been identified in most cases of a slowly progressing form of blood cancer called chronic myeloid leukemia, or CML. It also has been found in some cases of more rapidly progressing blood cancers (acute leukemias). The presence of the Philadelphia chromosome can help predict how the cancer will progress and provides a target for molecular therapies.
• Emanuel syndrome is a translocation of chromosomes 11 and 22. Originally known as supernumerary der (22) syndrome, it occurs when an individual has an extra chromosome composed of pieces of the 11th and 22nd chromosomes.

Cytogenetic band

References

References

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2. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. [https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_850_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
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4. Pertea M, Salzberg SL. (2010). "Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes.". Genome Biol.
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6. (2019-07-08). "Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 22".
7. (2017-03-29). "Chromosome 22: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens".
8. (2018-02-28). "Human chromosome 22: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM".
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10. (2017-05-19). "Search results - 22[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene".
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12. (May 2015). "Craniofacial abnormalities and developmental delay in two families with overlapping 22q12.1 microdeletions involving the gene". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A.
13. (December 2002). "Genetic variation in the 22q11 locus and susceptibility to schizophrenia". [[Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.]].
14. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. [https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_400_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
15. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. [https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_550_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
16. International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. (2013). "ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013)". Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers.
17. (2012). "2012 Ninth International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE)".
18. "'''p'''": Short arm; "'''q'''": Long arm.
19. For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article [[Locus (genetics). locus]].
20. These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). [[Arbitrary unit]].
21. '''gpos''': Region which is positively stained by [[G banding]], generally [[GC-content. AT-rich]] and gene poor; '''gneg''': Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally [[GC-content. CG-rich]] and gene rich; '''acen''' [[Centromere]]. '''var''': Variable region; '''stalk''': Stalk.