Chloroacetyl chloride

Production

Industrially, it is produced by the carbonylation of methylene chloride, oxidation of vinylidene chloride, or the addition of chlorine to ketene. It may be prepared from chloroacetic acid and thionyl chloride, phosphorus pentachloride, or phosgene.

Reactions

Chloroacetyl chloride is bifunctional—the acyl chloride easily forms esters and amides, while the other end of the molecule is able to form other linkages, e.g. with amines. The use of chloroacetyl chloride in the synthesis of lidocaine is illustrative:

:[[File:Synthesis of lidocaine.png|450px]]

Applications

The major use of chloroacetyl chloride is as an intermediate in the production of herbicides in the chloroacetanilide family including metolachlor, acetochlor, alachlor and butachlor; an estimated 100 million pounds are used annually. Some chloroacetyl chloride is also used to produce phenacyl chloride, another chemical intermediate, also used as a tear gas.

:[[File:Preparation of phenacyl chloride.svg|450px]]

With anisole, it is used for the synthesis of venlafaxine.

In one patent, chloroacetyl chloride was used in the production of trianisylethylene [7109-27-5], a compound with known estrogenic activity in its own right but is used as a precursor for Chlorotrianisene.

Safety

Like other acyl chlorides, reaction with other protic compounds such as amines, alcohols, and water generates hydrochloric acid, making it a lachrymator.

There is no regulated permissible exposure limit set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. However, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit at 0.05 ppm over an eight-hour work day.

References

References

1. "OSHA Occupational Chemical Database". Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
2. {{PGCH. 0120
3. Paul R. Worsham. (1993). "Acetic acid and its derivatives". M. Dekker.
4. Robert H. Baker and Frederick G. Bordwell. (1955). "tert-Butyl acetate".
5. T. J. Reilly. (1999). "The Preparation of Lidocaine". [[J. Chem. Educ.]].
6. Nathan Levin and Walter H. Hartung. (1955). "ω-Chloroisonitrosoacetophenone".
7. Г. Хухр нский Л. Н. Волове льский, SU213825 ().
8. (2011). "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.