Charaxes phoebus

Description

Upperside

Front wings ferruginous, paler just beyond the middle, with a broad submarginal black band along the outer margin; apical part of submarginal edge intersected with black at the nervures; a triangular black spot, its base resting upon the first subcostal nervule near the apex; a black elongate spot closing the cell; two spots, one above the cell, the other halfway between the subapical spot and the end of the cell; two black spots placed obliquely just below the end of the cell. Hindwings as above, but without any spots, and with black marginal edge. Body ferruginous.

Underside

Reddish olivaceous, basal half curiously marked with silvery spots and streaks with dark centres; central band silvery, very narrow, tapering from the inner margin of hindwing near the anal angle to the front margin of anterior wing near the apex. Front wings with a submarginal row of eight dusky black spots between the nervules along the outer margin; a row of six dusky spots on the central band. Hindwings with a submarginal olivaceous band varied with silver; anal angle ochreous, enclosing a violaceous spot.

Hab. Abyssinia. B.M.

Related species

Historical attempts to assemble a cluster of presumably related species into a "Charaxes jasius Group" have not been wholly convincing. More recent taxonomic revision, corroborated by phylogenetic research, allow a more rational grouping congruent with cladistic relationships. Within a well-populated clade of 27 related species sharing a common ancestor approximately 16 mya during the Miocene, 26 are now considered together as The jasius Group. One of the two lineages within this clade forms a robust monophyletic group of seven species sharing a common ancestor approximately 2-3 mya, i.e. during the Pliocene, and are considered as the jasius subgroup. The second lineage leads to 19 other species within the Jasius group, which are split into three well-populated subgroups of closely related species.

The jasius Group (26 Species):

Clade 1: jasius subgroup (7 species)

Clade 2: contains the well-populated three additional subgroups (19 species) of the jasius Group: called the brutus, pollux, and eudoxus subgroups.

• the pollux subgroup (4 species):
• Charaxes pollux
• Charaxes phoebus
• Charaxes ansorgei
• Charaxes dowsetti

Further exploration of the phylogenetic relationships amongst existing Charaxes taxa is required to improve clarity.

References

• Victor Gurney Logan Van Someren, 1970 Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part VI. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology)197-250.https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19402#page/249/mode/1up

References

1. Larsen, T.B.. (2011). "''Charaxes phoebus''".
2. Butler, A.G. 1866. Monograph of the species of ''Charaxes'', a genus of diurnal Lepidoptera. ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London'' 1865: 622-639.
3. [http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/charaxinae/charaxes/ "''Charaxes'' Ochsenheimer, 1816"] at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms''
4. "Afrotropical Butterflies: File H - Charaxinae - Tribe Charaxini".
5. Butler, A.G. (1866a): Monograph of the species of Charaxes, a genus of diurnal Lepidoptera. ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London'' 1865:622-639.
6. Turlin, B.. (2005). "Butterflies of the World: Charaxes 1". Goecke & Evers.
7. [http://www.nymphalidae.net/Aduse-Pokuetal2009.pdf/ "Out of Africa again: A phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus ''Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)'' based on five gene regions"] {{Webarchive. link. (2019-07-25 . Aduse-Poku, Vingerhoedt, Wahlberg. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2009) 53;463–478)