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Chandelier cell

Field	Value
name	Chandelier cell
image	Mouse Chandelier Cell.jpeg
caption	Reconstruction of a mouse chandelier cell. Soma and dendrites are labeled in blue, axon arbor in red. (Woodruff & Yuste, 2008, PLoS Biology)

that polysynaptic pathways similar to this one can be activated by a single action potential in a cortical pyramidal cell.]] Chandelier cells or chandelier neurons are a subset of GABAergic cortical interneurons. They are described as parvalbumin-containing and fast-spiking to distinguish them from other subtypes of GABAergic neurons, although some studies have suggested that only a subset of chandelier cells test positive for parvalbumin by immunostaining. The name comes from the specific shape of their axon arbors, with the terminals forming distinct arrays called "cartridges". The cartridges are immunoreactive to an isoform of the GABA membrane transporter, GAT-1, and this serves as their identifying feature.

-- GAT-1 is involved in the process of GABA reuptake into nerve terminals, thus helping to terminate its synaptic activity. Chandelier neurons synapse exclusively to the axonal initial segment of pyramidal neurons, near the site where action potential is generated. It is believed that they provide inhibitory input to the pyramidal neurons, but there is data showing that in some circumstances the GABA from chandelier neurons could be excitatory.

The axon cartridges formed by chandelier cells are one of the synapse types that show the most dramatic changes during normal adolescence, and could potentially be relevant to the adult onset of psychiatric disease. Furthering this link, in schizophrenia, scientists have observed changes in their form and functionality, such as 40% decrease in the axon terminal density.

References

(September 2008). "Of Mice and Men, and Chandeliers". [[PLoS Biol.]].
(September 2008). "Complex events initiated by individual spikes in the human cerebral cortex". [[PLoS Biol.]].
(January 2013). "The Spatial and Temporal Origin of Chandelier Cells in Mouse Neocortex". Science.
(1996). "GABA transporter heterogeneity: Pharmacology and cellular localization". Neurochemistry International.
(2005). "A comparison of possible markers for chandelier cartridges in rat medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus". Brain Research.
(2004). "Electrophysiological classes of neocortical neurons". Neural Networks.
(2006). "Excitatory Effect of GABAergic Axo-Axonic Cells in Cortical Microcircuits". Science.
(1995). "Synchronous development of pyramidal neuron dendritic spines and parvalbumin-immunoreactive chandelier neuron axon terminals in layer III of monkey prefrontal cortex". Neuroscience.
(1999). "Alterations in chandelier neuron axon terminals in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic subjects". The American Journal of Psychiatry.

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