Cartoonist

Terminology

A cartoonist's discipline encompasses both authorial and drafting disciplines{{cite book |author2-link = Barry Lyga

Ambiguity might arise when illustrators and writers share each other's duties in authoring a work.

History

Editorial cartoons

Main article: Editorial cartoon

The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged in the 18th century, poked fun at contemporary politics and customs; illustrations in such style are often referred to as "Hogarthian". Following the work of Hogarth, editorial/political cartoons began to develop in England in the latter part of the 18th century under the direction of its great exponents, James Gillray and Thomas Rowlandson, both from London. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, calling the king (George III), prime ministers and generals to account, and has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon. Emerging in 1841, Punch magazine coined the term "cartoon" in its modern sense as a humorous illustration. Artists at Punch included John Tenniel who, from 1850, contributed over two thousand cartoons over 50 years.

U.S. cartoonists

While never a professional cartoonist, Benjamin Franklin is credited with the first cartoon published in The Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754: Join, or Die, depicting the American colonies as segments of a snake. In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as Thomas Nast, whose work appeared in Harper's Weekly, introduced other familiar American political symbols, such as the Republican elephant.

English comic literature

Illustrated humorous newspapers were popular in Britain as early as the 19th century, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. Sometimes these cartoons in these newspapers appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper appeared in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character appeared in his own weekly newspaper in 1884.

Comic strips

Main article: Comic strip

Comic strips received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by syndicates.

Calum MacKenzie, in his preface to the exhibition catalog, The Scottish Cartoonists (Glasgow Print Studio Gallery, 1979) defined the selection criteria: :The difference between a cartoonist and an illustrator was the same as the difference between a comedian and a comedy actor—the former both deliver their own lines and take full responsibility for them, the latter could always hide behind the fact that it was not his entire creation.

Many strips were the work of two people although only one signature was displayed. Shortly after Frank Willard began Moon Mullins in 1923, he hired Ferd Johnson as his assistant. For decades, Johnson received no credit. Willard and Johnson traveled about Florida, Maine, Los Angeles, and Mexico, drawing the strip while living in hotels, apartments and farmhouses. At its peak of popularity during the 1940s and 1950s, the strip ran in 350 newspapers. According to Johnson, he had been doing the strip solo for at least a decade before Willard's death in 1958: "They put my name on it then. I had been doing it about 10 years before that because Willard had heart attacks and strokes and all that stuff. The minute my name went on that thing and his name went off, 25 papers dropped the strip. That shows you that, although I had been doing it ten years, the name means a lot."

References

Citations

Works cited

• {{cite book|last1= Hess|first1= Stephen|last2 = Northrop|first2 = Sandy|title= American Political Cartoons: The Evolution of a National Identity, 1754-2010|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=04VY36Q_OxAC|year= 2011|publisher = TransactionPublishers

References

1. ''Contemporary Literary Criticism'', Volume 195, Gale, 2005, p. 167: "(Full name [[Neil Richard Gaiman]]) English [[graphic novelist]]".
2. link. (3 March 2010 Retrieved 11 April 2010.)
3. (16 June 2015). "Satire, sewers and statesmen: why James Gillray was king of the cartoon".
4. Punch.co.uk. "History of the Cartoon".
5. "Sir John Tenniel". National Portrait Gallery.
6. "Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia {{!}} "Join, or Die," Pennsylvania Gazette, 9 May 1754".
7. Clark & Clark 1991, p. 17.
8. Harvey 2001, p. 77.
9. Clark & Clark 1991, p. 17.
10. "Draw Anime for Beginners".
11. Meskin & Cook 2012, p. xxii.
12. "The Comics Reporter".
13. MacKenzie, Calum. ''The Scottish Cartoonists''. Glasgow Print Studio Gallery, 1979.{{page needed. (September 2023)
14. (28 September 1989). "Toon Talk : Two Comic-Strip Artists Discuss the Craft They Love".