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Caribbean poetry

Poem, rhyme, or lyric that derives from the Caribbean region

Poem, rhyme, or lyric that derives from the Caribbean region

Caribbean poetry is a vast and rapidly evolving field of poetry written by people from the Caribbean region and the diaspora.

Caribbean poetry generally refers to a myriad of poetic forms, spanning epic, lyrical verse, prose poems, dramatic poetry and oral poetry, composed in Caribbean territories regardless of language. It is most often, however, written in English, Spanish, Spanglish, French, Hindustani, Dutch, or any number of creoles. Poetry in English from the former British West Indies has been referred to as Anglo-Caribbean poetry or West Indian poetry.

Since the mid-1970s, Caribbean poetry has gained increasing visibility with the publication in Britain and North America of several anthologies. Over the decades, the canon has shifted and expanded, drawing both on oral and literary traditions and including more women poets and politically charged works. Caribbean writers, performance poets, newspaper poets, singer-songwriters have created a popular art form, a poetry heard by audiences worldwide. Caribbean oral poetry shares the vigour of the written tradition.

Among the most prominent Caribbean poets whose works are widely studied (and translated into other languages) are: Derek Walcott (who won the 1992 Nobel Prize for Literature), Kamau Brathwaite, Edouard Glissant, Giannina Braschi, Lorna Goodison, Aimé Fernand Césaire, Linton Kwesi Johnson, Kwame Dawes, Claude McKay,and Claudia Rankine.

Common themes include: exile and return to the motherland; the relationship of language to nation; colonialism and postcolonialism; self-determination and liberty; racial identity.

Caribbean epic poetry

Derek Walcott's Omeros (1990) is one of the most renowned epic poems of the 20th century and of the Caribbean. The work is divided into seven books containing sixty-four chapters. Most of the poem is composed in a three-line form that is reminiscent of the terza rima form that Dante used for The Divine Comedy. The work, referencing Homer and other characters from the Iliad, refers to Greek, Roman, and American slavery. The narrative arch of the epic takes place on the island of St. Lucia, where Walcott was born and raised, but includes imaginings of ancient Greece and Rome, as well as travels to modern day Lisbon, London, Dublin, Toronto.

Giannina Braschi's Empire of Dreams (1988) is a postmodern Caribbean epic composed of six books of poetry that blend elements of eclogues, epigrams, lyrics, prose poem, and manifesto. Braschi's United States of Banana (2011) is a geopolitical tragic-comedy about the fall of the American empire, the liberation of Puerto Rico, and the unification of the Caribbean isles. Blending elements of poetry, lyrical essay, and dramatic dialogues, this postmodern epic tackles the subjects of global debt, labour abuse, and environmental crises on the rise.

Anthony Kellman created the Caribbean poetic form Tuk Verse, which incorporates melodic and rhythmic elements of Barbadian indigenous folk music called Tuk. His 2008 book Limestone: An Epic Poem of Barbados is the first published epic poem of Barbados.

In 1977, the government of Jamaica named Claude McKay the national poet and posthumously awarded him the Order of Jamaica for his contribution to literature.

Caribbean poets by country

Grouped by territory of birth or upbringing.

Anguilla

  • Patricia J. Adams
  • Bankie Banx
  • Rita Celestine-Carty

Barbados

  • Kamau Brathwaite
  • Frank Collymore
  • George Lamming
  • Anthony Kellman
  • Paterika Hengreaves (Patricia Hendy)
  • Claudia Rankine

Cuba

  • Roberto Fernández Retamar
  • Nicolás Guillén
  • Lezama Lima
  • José Martí
  • Nancy Morejon
  • Jorge Enrique González Pacheco

Dominica

  • Phyllis Shand Allfrey
  • Celia Sorhaindo

Dominican Republic

  • Rafael Nino Féliz
  • Blas Jiménez
  • Pedro Mir
  • Chiqui Vicioso

Guyana

  • John Agard
  • Martin Carter
  • Mahadai Das
  • Mark McWatt
  • Grace Nichols

Haiti

  • René Depestre
  • Félix Morisseau-Leroy
  • Jacques Roumain

Jamaica

  • Louise Bennett
  • Jean "Binta" Breeze
  • Michelle Cliff
  • Kwame Dawes
  • Lorna Goodison
  • Ishion Hutchinson
  • Linton Kwesi Johnson
  • Evan Jones
  • Ann-Margaret Lim
  • Una Marson
  • Claude McKay
  • Kei Miller
  • Mutabaruka
  • Oku Onuora
  • Claudia Rankine
  • Andrew Salkey
  • Olive Senior
  • Safiya Sinclair
  • Mikey Smith

Martinique

  • Nicole Cage
  • Aimé Césaire
  • Edouard Glissant

Montserrat

  • Howard Fergus
  • E. A. Markham
  • Yvonne Weekes

Puerto Rico

  • Julia de Burgos
  • Giannina Braschi
  • Luis Pales Matos
  • Mara Pastor

St Lucia

  • Adrian Augier
  • MacDonald Dixon
  • George Goddard
  • Kendel Hippolyte
  • Jane King
  • John Robert Lee
  • Canisia Lubrin
  • Vladimir Lucien
  • Derek Walcott

St Martin

  • Fabian Adekunle Badejo
  • Charles Borromeo Hodge
  • Drisana Deborah Jack
  • Laurelle "Yaya" Richards
  • Lasana M. Sekou

St Vincent and the Grenadines

  • Cecil Browne
  • Shake Keane
  • N. C. Marks
  • Philip Nanton
  • Cecil "Blazer" Williams

The Bahamas

  • Marion Bethel
  • Christian Campbell
  • Telcine Turner-Rolle
  • Nicolette Bethel
  • Patricia Glinton-Meicholas

Trinidad & Tobago

References

References

  1. [[Edward Baugh]], "A History of Poetry", in Albert James Arnold, Julio Rodríguez-Luis, J. Michael Dash (eds), ''A History of Literature in the Caribbean, Vol 2: English- and Dutch-speaking countries'', Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1994, pp. 227-282.
  2. Emilio Jorge Rodríguez, "Oral Tradition and New Literary Canon in Caribbean Poetry", in Albert James Arnold, Julio Rodríguez-Luis, J. Michael Dash (eds), ''A History of Literature in the Caribbean, Volume 3: Cross-Cultural Studies'', Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1994, pp. 177-185.
  3. Arturo Cattaneo, [http://users.unimi.it/caribana/essays/caribana_2/CATTANEO_A.pdf "Caribbean Verse: History of Literature As History in Literature"]. {{Webarchive. link. (2014-02-21)
  4. Christian Andrew Campbell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=czY7ka8vQkAC ''Romancing "the Folk": Rereading the Nation in Caribbean Poetics''], Duke University dissertation, 2007.
  5. (1986). "The Penguin Book of Caribbean Verse in English". Penguin Books.
  6. Poets, Academy of American. "Poems by Derek Walcott".
  7. (2020-09-06). "Derek Walcott".
  8. (2020-09-06). "Kamau Brathwaite".
  9. Britton, Celia. (2011-02-13). "Edouard Glissant". The Guardian.
  10. (2012-08-09). "Giannina Braschi".
  11. "Giannina Braschi: 2012 National Book Festival".
  12. (2020-09-06). "Lorna Goodison".
  13. (2020-09-06). "Aimé Fernand Césaire".
  14. [[Maya Jaggi]], [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/may/04/poetry.books "Profile: Linton Kwesi Johnson - Poet on the front line"] {{Webarchive. link. (2016-12-26 , ''[[The Guardian]]'', 4 May 2002.)
  15. "Linton Kwesi Johnson - Literature".
  16. (2020-09-06). "Kwame Dawes".
  17. (2025-03-15). "Claude McKay".
  18. "Claudia Rankine {{!}} Biography, Poetry, & Facts".
  19. Muhammad, Ismail. (2020-09-04). "Claudia Rankine's Quest for Racial Dialogue".
  20. (2009). "Perspectives on the 'Other America'".
  21. (2017). "Strangers at Home: Opaque Citizenships in Contemporary Caribbean Literature".
  22. "CFPs – The Caribbean Commons".
  23. "caribbean literature themes - Google Search".
  24. Burge, Peggy. "LibGuides: Caribbean Writer Series: Caribbean Literature".
  25. (1997). "Epic of the Dispossessed: Derek Walcott's Omeros". University of Missouri Press.
  26. (1991). "Derek Walcott's 'Omeros' and Derek Walcott's Homer". Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics.
  27. (1999). "Homer Travels to the Caribbean: Teaching Walcott's 'Omeros'". The Classical World.
  28. (2020). "What is behind Myth and History in Derek Walcott's Omeros?". Cogent Arts & Humanities.
  29. (2020). "Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi". University of Pittsburgh Press.
  30. (2014). "'Under the Skirt of Liberty': Giannina Braschi Rewrites Empire". American Quarterly.
  31. (March 2020). "Falling for debt: Giannina Braschi, the Latinx avant-garde, and financial terrorism in the United States of Banana". Latino Studies.
  32. (2019). "Precarious Crossings: Immigration, Neoliberalism, and the Atlantic". Ohio State University Press.
  33. [http://peepaltreepress.com/authors/anthony-kellman "Anthony Kellman"] {{Webarchive. link. (2016-03-08, Authors, Peepal Tree Press.)
  34. "Kellman, Anthony {{!}} Encyclopedia.com".
  35. (2009). "The Civil Rights Reader: American Literature from Jim Crow to Reconciliation". University of Georgia Press.
  36. (February 19, 2007). "Jamaica National Heritage Trust". Jnht.com.
  37. "Welcome to House of Nehesi Publishers".
  38. "BVI Book of Poetry Set for Year End Reveal - BVIPlatinum.com | BVIDailyNews.com".
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