Cannabigerol

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

In vitro, CBG has identified pharmacodynamic actions and its mechanism of action appears to be from interactions with multiple targets.

CBG is a weak ligand of the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors with affinities (Ki) of 380–2,600nM and 153–3,460nM, respectively. It is a weak partial agonist or antagonist of both of these receptors. There is no information on the binding or activity of CBG at the GPR55 (the potential non-homologous CB3 receptor). CBG has relatively low affinity for the cannabinoid receptors, with approximately 5-fold lower affinity for the CB1 receptor and 27-fold lower affinity for the CB2 receptor than THC.

CBG is a highly potent agonist of the α2-adrenergic receptor ( = 0.2–72.8nM) and a moderately potent antagonist of the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor (KB = 51.9nM). Activation of the α2-adrenergic receptor by CBG might produce effects including sedation, dry mouth, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure. This has raised safety concerns about CBG. The actions of CBG at the α2-adrenergic receptor and 5-HT1A receptor are of far greater potency than its interactions with the cannabinoid receptors and are more likely to be involved in its pharmacodynamic effects.

The compound is a weak agonist of the transient receptor potential channels TRPA1 (EC50 = 700nM), TRPV1 (EC50 = 1,300nM), TRPV2 (EC50 = 1,720nM), TRPV3 (EC50 = 1,000nM), and TRPV4 (EC50 = 5,100nM) (efficacy 18–100% at these targets) and a more potent antagonist of the transient receptor potential channel TRPM8 ( = 160nM). It is also a weak agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR-γ (EC50 = 1,270–15,700nM).

CBG is a voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) blocker (Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.5, and Nav1.7) and voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) blocker. Inhibition of VGSCs may be involved in the analgesic effects of CBG.

It shows no inhibition of several endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes including fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), diacylglycerol lipase (DGL), and N-acylethanolamine acid amide hydrolase (NAAA). However, other research has found that CBG does inhibit FAAH and DGL, as well as monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), although it is less potent as an inhibitor of FAAH than cannabidiol (CBD). Aside from endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes, CBG is a weak inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes (30% inhibition of each at 25,000nM). In addition, it has been found to inhibit both the metabolism and reuptake of anandamide.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of CBG have been studied in animals and to a lesser extent in humans. CBG is metabolized in the liver by CYP2J2, similarly to other cannabinoids as well as endocannabinoids.

Chemistry

CBG is a highly lipophilic and hydrophobic compound. Its predicted log P ranges from 7.0 to 7.5.

Synthetic derivatives of CBG have been synthesized and studied.

History

CBG was isolated from cannabis in 1964.

Society and culture

Legal status

CBG is not scheduled by the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances. In the United States, CBG derived from marijuana is illegal under the Controlled Substances Act, while CBG derived from hemp is legal, as long as the hemp THC content is less than 0.3% of dry weight.

In Switzerland, it is legal to produce hemp rich in CBG as a tobacco substitute, as long as its THC content remains below 1.0%.

Regulation

As of 2022, the US Food and Drug Administration has issued numerous warning letters to American companies for illegally marketing cannabis supplement products, including one selling CBG products with unproven illegal claims of efficacy against the COVID-19 virus and inflammation.

Biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of CBG begins by loading hexanoyl-CoA onto a polyketide synthase assembly protein and subsequent condensation with three molecules of malonyl-CoA. This polyketide is cyclized to olivetolic acid via olivetolic acid cyclase, and then prenylated with a ten carbon isoprenoid precursor, geranyl pyrophosphate, using an aromatic prenyltransferase enzyme, geranyl-pyrophosphate—olivetolic acid geranyltransferase, to biosynthesize cannabigerolic acid, which can then be decarboxylated to yield CBG.

Research

CBG is under laboratory research to determine its pharmacological properties and potential effects in disease conditions, with no conclusions about therapeutic effects or safety, as of 2021. A clinical trial published in July 2024 assessed the effects of CBG on anxiety, stress, and mood. CBG has been determined to have antimicrobial properties both in in vivo and in vitro models. The clinical development has, however, been hindered by its poor drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties.

References

References

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