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Calcium phosphate

Chemical compound

Chemical compound

| NFPA-H = 2 | NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-R = 1 | NFPA-S = The term calcium phosphate refers to a family of materials and minerals containing calcium ions (Ca2+) together with inorganic phosphate anions. Some so-called calcium phosphates contain oxide and hydroxide as well. Calcium phosphates are white solids of nutritional value and are found in many living organisms, e.g., bone mineral and tooth enamel. In milk, it exists in a colloidal form in micelles bound to casein protein with magnesium, zinc, and citrate–collectively referred to as colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP). Various calcium phosphate minerals, which often are not white owing to impurities, are used in the production of phosphoric acid and fertilizers. Overuse of certain forms of calcium phosphate can lead to nutrient-containing surface runoff and subsequent adverse effects upon receiving waters such as algal blooms and eutrophication (over-enrichment with nutrients and minerals).

Orthophosphates, di- and monohydrogen phosphates

These materials contain Ca2+ combined with , , or :

  • Monocalcium phosphate, E341 (CAS# 7758-23-8 for anhydrous; CAS#10031-30-8 for monohydrate: Ca(H2PO4)2 and Ca(H2PO4)2(H2O)
  • Dicalcium phosphate (dibasic calcium phosphate), E341(ii) (CAS# 7757-93-9): CaHPO4 (mineral: monetite), dihydrate CaHPO4(H2O)2 (mineral: brushite) and monohydrate CaHPO4(H2O)
  • Tricalcium phosphate (tribasic calcium phosphate or tricalcic phosphate, sometimes referred to as calcium phosphate or calcium orthophosphate, whitlockite), E341(iii) (CAS#7758-87-4): Ca3(PO4)2
  • Octacalcium phosphate (CAS# 13767-12-9): Ca8H2(PO4)6·5H2O
  • Amorphous calcium phosphate is a glassy precipitate of variable composition that may be present in biological systems.

Di- and polyphosphates

These materials contain Ca2+ combined with the polyphosphates, such as and triphosphate :

  • Dicalcium diphosphate (CAS#7790-76-3]: Ca2P2O7
  • Calcium triphosphate (CAS# 26158-70-3): Ca5(P3O10)2

Hydroxy- and oxo-phosphates

These materials contain other anions in addition to phosphate:

  • Hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH)
  • Apatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH,F,Cl,Br)2
  • Tetracalcium phosphate (CAS#1306-01-0): Ca4(PO4)2O

Culinary use

Calcium phosphate was approved by the FDA in the USA for use as a white food coloring because of a 2023 petition from Innophos Inc. of Cranbury, New Jersey. https://apnews.com/article/fda-food-dyes-natural-color-additives-897923a5969b636e0eee848982906014

Clinical significance

Calcium phosphate stones account for approximately 15% of kidney stone disease. Calcium phosphate stones tend to grow in alkaline urine, especially when Proteus bacteria are present. It is the most common type in pregnant women.

Calcium phosphate is the usual constitution of microcalcifications of the breast, particularly dystrophic calcifications. Microcalcifications as can be seen on mammography can be an early sign of breast cancer. Based on morphology, it is possible to classify by radiography how likely microcalcifications are to indicate cancer. File:Urine crystals comparison.png|Urine crystals comparison, with calcium phosphate crystal depicted at top center. File:Histopathology of dystrophic microcalcifications in ductal carcinoma in situ.jpg|Histopathology of dystrophic calcium phosphate microcalcifications in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast, H&E stain.

References

References

  1. "Calcium Phosphate".
  2. (2008). "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry". Wiley-VCH.
  3. (2015-07-15). "What Substances Make Up Your Teeth? – Affordable Dental Care".
  4. (2006). "Brined cheeses - The Society of Dairy Technology (SDT)". Wiley-Blackwell.
  5. (2022). "Mineral-hydrogel composites for mitigating harmful algal bloom and supplying phosphorous for photo-biorefineries". Science of the Total Environment.
  6. "FDA Approves Three Food Colors from Natural Sources". [[FDA]].
  7. Frassetto L, Kohlstadt I. (2011). "Treatment and prevention of kidney stones: an update.". Am Fam Physician.
  8. (November 2009). "Evaluation of breast calcifications". The Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging.
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