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Cabomba aquatica

Species of aquatic plant

Species of aquatic plant

|Cabomba aubletii Michx. |Nectris aquatica (Aubl.) J.F.Gmel. |Nectris peltata Pursh}}

In an aquarium

Cabomba aquatica is a rhizomatous, perennial, aquatic herb in the family Cabombaceae native to South America. It occurs in fresh standing water or in lakes and rivers with slight currents.

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Cabomba aquatica is a rhizomatous, perennial, aquatic herb with green to red, up to 1.5 m long stems. Both submerged and floating leaves are produced. The finely divided, reniform, 4–5 cm long, and 6 cm wide submerged leaves are trichotomously branched. The orbicular to broadly elliptic floating leaves, which are produced towards the apex of the shoot, with an entire margin are 5–20 mm long, and 4–15 mm wide. The petiole is 9.0–55.0 mm long.

Generative characteristics

The golden yellow, solitary, bisexual, diurnal, incompletely protogynous, nectariferous, 0.5–1.1 cm wide flower extends beyond the water surface. It has 3(–4) 3.7–3.8 mm long, and 1.4–2.1 mm wide sepals. The androecium consists of (3–)6 bright yellow stamens with 2.5–4 mm long filaments. The very large, elongate, monosulcate pollen grains are 71.8–88.3 μm long, and 38.9–48.4 μm wide. The gynoecium consists of 2–3(–4) carpels. Each fruit bears a single oval, black, 2–3.5 mm long, and 1.5–2.5 mm wide seed. The fruit develops underwater.

Cytology

The chromosome count is 2n = 52. The chloroplast genome of Cabomba aquatica is 159487 bp long.

Taxonomy

It was published by Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet in 1775. It is the type species of its genus.

Etymology

The specific epithet aquatica means growing in or near water.

Relationship with ''Cabomba schwartzii''

The controversial species Cabomba schwartzii is often included in Cabomba aquatica, but it may represent a separate species. Cabomba schwartzii reportedly differs from Cabomba aquatica in the number of floral organs, yet this may be attributed to intraspecific variation.

Distribution

It is native to the North of South America, namely Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. It has been introduced to Bangladesh and Malaysia.

Ecology

Pollination

The flowers are pollinated by bees, wasps, and flies.

Habitat

It occurs in stagnant or flowing water in ponds, floodplains, lakes, creeks, and swamps in bright light conditions.

Use

Aquarium

It is used as an aquarium plant, but it is difficult to cultivate. It requires a high light intensity, soft, slightly acidic water, and temperatures of 18–26 °C. Algae can be a challenge in cultivation by covering submerged leaves and damaging the plant. Likewise, it may be harmed by fish in the aquarium, or too strong water currents.

Model organism

It has been explored to use Cabomba aquatica as a potential model organism for studies of early angiosperm evolution.

References

References

  1. (1979). "Studies on ''Cabomba aquatica'' (Cabombaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution.
  2. Die Riesen-Haarnixe - ''Cabomba aquatica''. (2021, February 5). Aquarium Ratgeber. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.aquarium-ratgeber.com/aquarienpflanzen/pflanzen-vz/haarnixe/riesen-haarnixe/
  3. Government of Singapore. (n.d.-a). ''Cabomba aquatica'' Aubl. NParks Flora Fauna Web. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/9/5991
  4. De Saint Sauveur, T. (2019). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Le_Larousse_des_Poissons_et_Aquariums/yxa_DwAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=%22Cabomba%20aquatica%22%20aquarium&pg=PA324&printsec=frontcover Le Larousse des Poissons et Aquariums.] p. 324. Larousse.
  5. Wilstermann-Hildebrand, M. (n.d.-a). Gattung ''Cabomba'' - Haarnixen. Heimbiotop. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.heimbiotop.de/cabomba.html#aquatica
  6. Henkel, F., Rehnelt, F., Dittmann, L., Dittman, L. (1907). [https://archive.org/details/Henkel_Nymphaeaceen/page/n35/mode/1up Das Buch der Nymphaeceen oder Seerosengewächse.] p. 34. Deutschland: F. Henkel.
  7. Lima, C. T. D., Santos, F. D. A. R. D., & Giulietti, A. M. (2014). [https://www.scielo.br/j/abb/a/QbhBgS8vgYdHsFypbpDPpCn/?format=pdf&lang=en Morphological strategies of ''Cabomba'' (Cabombaceae), a genus of aquatic plants.] Acta Botanica Brasilica, 28, 327-338.
  8. BARBOSA, T. D., TRAD, R. J., BAJAY, M. M., ZUCCHI, M. I., & DO AMARAL, M. D. C. E. (2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tiago-Barbosa-7/publication/327467928_Reestablishment_of_Cabomba_schwartzii_Cabombaceae_an_aquatic_plant_species_endemic_to_the_Brazilian_Amazon/links/5d939775a6fdcc2554abb284/Reestablishment-of-Cabomba-schwartzii-Cabombaceae-an-aquatic-plant-species-endemic-to-the-Brazilian-Amazon.pdf Reestablishment of ''Cabomba schwartzii'' (Cabombaceae), an aquatic plant species endemic to the Brazilian Amazon.] Phytotaxa, 367(3), 245-255.
  9. Silva, J. B. D., & Leite, A. V. D. L. (2011). [https://www.scielo.br/j/rod/a/4LDw4P3LzYQKWWB5szm4VbT/?format=pdf&lang=en Reproductive biology and pollination of ''Cabomba aquatica'' (Cabombaceae).] Rodriguésia, 62(4), 919-926.
  10. Pellegrini, M. O. O. & Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. (n.d.-a). ''Cabomba aquatica'' Aubl. Flora E Funga Do Brasil. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB6611
  11. Siber. (1892). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Gartenflora/pMdKAQAAMAAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=%22Cabomba%20aquatica%22&pg=PA350&printsec=frontcover ''Cabomba aquatica'' Aubl. (''Villarsia aquatica'' Willd.).] Gartenflora Zeitschrift Für Garten- Und Blumenkunde, 41, 350–352.
  12. Siti Munirah Mat Yunoh (2011, November). Cabomba aquatica. Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS). Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/122.
  13. Remizowa, M. V., Sokoloff, D. D., Macfarlane, T. D., Yadav, S. R., Prychid, C. J., & Rudall, P. J. (2008). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00173130802184214 Comparative pollen morphology in the early-divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae reveals variation at the infraspecific level.] Grana, 47(2), 81-100.
  14. Ørgaard, M. (1991). [https://nsojournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1991.tb01819.x The genus ''Cabomba'' (Cabombaceae)–a taxonomic study.] Nordic Journal of Botany, 11(2), 179-203.
  15. Gruenstaeudl, M., Gerschler, N., & Borsch, T. (2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325925567_Bioinformatic_Workflows_for_Generating_Complete_Plastid_Genome_Sequences-An_Example_from_Cabomba_Cabombaceae_in_the_Context_of_the_Phylogenomic_Analysis_of_the_Water-Lily_Clade Bioinformatic workflows for generating complete plastid genome sequences—an example from ''Cabomba'' (Cabombaceae) in the context of the phylogenomic analysis of the water-lily clade.] Life, 8(3), 25.
  16. Aublet, Fusée. (1775). Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise : rangées suivant la méthode sexuelle, avec plusieurs mémoires sur différens objects intéressans, relatifs à la culture & au commerce de la Guiane Françoise, & une notice des plantes de l'Isle-de-France ... (Vol. 1, p. 321). P. F. Didot jeune. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/362297
  17. ''Cabomba aquatica'' Aubl. (n.d.-b). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.ipni.org/n/605272-1
  18. Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.-e). ''Cabomba aquatica'' Aubl. Tropicos. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.tropicos.org/name/22600062
  19. Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.-f). ''Cabomba'' Aubl. Tropicos. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.tropicos.org/name/40033874
  20. ''Ipomoea aquatica''. (n.d.). Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b142
  21. ''Cabomba aquatica'' Aubl. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:605272-1
  22. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). (n.d.). ''Cabomba aquatica'' (CABAQ). EPPO Global Database. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CABAQ
  23. Barbosa, T. D., Trad, R. J., Bajay, M. M., & Amaral, M. C. (2015). [https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.3732/apps.1500076 Microsatellite markers isolated from ''Cabomba aquatica'' sl (Cabombaceae) from an enriched genomic library.] Applications in plant sciences, 3(11), 1500076.
  24. ''Cabomba aquatica'' - Feinblättrige Haarnixe. (n.d.). Flowgrow. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.flowgrow.de/db/wasserpflanzen/cabomba-aquatica
  25. Allgayer, R. (2006). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Plantes_d_aquarium/DA-3s2IIfgoC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=%22Cabomba%20aquatica%22&pg=PA39&printsec=frontcover Plantes d'aquarium.] Frankreich: Artémis.
  26. ''Cabomba aquatica''. (n.d.). B-Aqua. Retrieved February 16, 2025, from https://www.b-aqua.com/pages/Plantsfiche.aspx?id=1091
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  28. Vialette-Guiraud, A. C., Alaux, M., Legeai, F., Finet, C., Chambrier, P., Brown, S. C., ... & Scutt, C. P. (2011). [https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-abstract/108/4/589/240556 ''Cabomba'' as a model for studies of early angiosperm evolution.] Annals of Botany, 108(4), 589-598.
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