Brucite

Discovery

Brucite was first described in 1824 by François Sulpice Beudant and named for the discoverer, American mineralogist, Archibald Bruce (1777–1818). A fibrous variety of brucite is called nemalite. It occurs in fibers or laths, usually elongated along [1010], but sometimes [1120] crystalline directions.

Occurrence

A notable location in the US is Wood's Chrome Mine, Cedar Hill Quarry, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Yellow, white and blue brucite with a botryoidal habit was discovered in Qila Saifullah District of Province Baluchistan, Pakistan. In a later discovery, brucite also occurred in the Bela Ophiolite of Wadh, Khuzdar District, Province Baluchistan, Pakistan. Brucite has also occurred from South Africa, Italy, Russia, Canada, and other localities as well, but the most notable discoveries are the US, Russian and Pakistani examples.

Industrial applications

Synthetic brucite is mainly consumed as a precursor to magnesia (MgO), a useful refractory and thermal insulator. It finds some use as a flame retardant because it thermally decomposes to release water in a similar way to aluminium hydroxide () and mixtures of huntite () and hydromagnesite (). It also constitutes a significant source of magnesium for industry. Although generally deemed safe, brucite can be contaminated with naturally occurring asbestos fibers.

Degradation of cement and concrete

When cement or concrete are exposed to and ions simultaneously present in seawater, the precipitation of the poorly soluble brucite contributes to enhance the formation of gypsum in the sulfate attack :

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The precipitation of insoluble helps to considerably drive the chemical equilibrium of the reaction to the right. It exacerbates the sulfate attack resulting in the formation of gypsum and ettringite (an expansive phase) responsible for the mechanical stress in the hardened cement paste. However, brucite, a phase with a small molar volume (24.63 cm3/mol), may contribute to clogging the porous network in the hardened cement paste, hindering the diffusion of these harmful reactive species in the cement matrix. This can delay the decalcification of the C-S-H phase (the "glue" phase in the hardened cement paste responsible for the cohesion in concrete) and its transformation into an M-S-H phase.

The exact mechanism of brucite degradation of hardened cement paste remains a matter of debate. If brucite had a high molar volume, it could be de facto considered a swelling phase (like ettringite, or highly hydrated minerals), but this does not appear to be the case. It is unclear if it causes expansion or not, and how. If it replaces another phase locally (topo chemical replacement), in cases where its molar volume is smaller than that of the phase it replaces, no expansion is expected; rather, a decrease in porosity is anticipated. However, if it crystallizes in a large number of tiny crystals growing between existing ones, even with a small molar volume, it could exert a considerable crystallization pressure in the cement matrix, resulting in tensile stress, expansion and cracking.

Anyway, prolonged contact between seawater, or naturally rich Mg-brines, and concrete may induce durability issues for regularly immersed concrete structures, and their components, especially if they also contain steel reinforcements (pitting corrosion caused by chloride ions).

The use of dolomite as aggregate in concrete made with a cement with a too high alkali content can also cause brucite precipitation, driving the dedolomitization reaction, as observed in the alkali-aggregate reaction.

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Consequently, the use of dolomite is prohibited as aggregate for concrete.

Gallery

Brucite - Killa Saifullah, Pakistan.jpg|Yellow brucite from Balochistan, Pakistan Nemalite.jpg|Nemalite Brucite-169935.jpg|Brucite crystals from the Sverdlovsk Region, Urals, Russia (size: 10.5 x 7.8 x 7.4 cm) Mg(OH)2Xray.jpg|Structure of Mg(OH)2

References

References

1. Warr, L.N.. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine.
2. [http://www.mindat.org/min-820.html Brucite] on Mindat.org
3. [http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/brucite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy]
4. [http://webmineral.com/data/Brucite.shtml Brucite on Webmineral]
5. {{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd
6. (2021-01-13). "Blog {{!}} GeoRarities".
7. Hollingbery, LA. (2010). "The Thermal Decomposition of Huntite and Hydromagnesite - A Review". Thermochimica Acta.
8. Hollingbery, LA. (2010). "The Fire Retardant Behaviour of Huntite and Hydromagnesite - A Review". Polymer Degradation and Stability.
9. (2021). "Commercial brucite, a worldwide used raw material deemed safe, can be contaminated by asbestos". Periodico di Mineralogia.
10. "Data consultation – Minerals – Molar volume".
11. Lee, Hyomin. (2002). "Observations on brucite formation and the role of brucite in Iowa highway concrete deterioration". Environmental and Engineering Geoscience.
12. (1 May 2002). "Observations on brucite formation and the role of brucite in Iowa highway concrete deterioration". Environmental and Engineering Geoscience.