Bosch (company)

History

1886–1920

The company began in Stuttgart-West as the Werkstätte für Feinmechanik und Elektrotechnik (Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering) on 15 November 1886. From 1897, Bosch started installing magneto ignition devices into automobiles and became a supplier of an ignition system. In 1902, the chief engineer at Bosch, Gottlob Honold, unveiled the high-voltage magneto ignition system with a spark plug.

In 1901, Bosch opened its first factory in Stuttgart. In 1906, the company produced its 100,000th magneto. In the same year, Bosch introduced the eight-hour day for workers. In 1910, the Feuerbach plant was founded near Stuttgart, where Bosch began producing generators and headlights (Bosch-Light) in 1914. The motorization of road traffic led to the company's rapid growth after 1900. Bosch had a workforce of 45 in 1901, which grew to more than 1,000 by 1908.

Bosch's international development began in 1898 with the opening of a branch in London, followed the next year by Paris, Vienna, and Budapest. By 1909, Bosch was represented by trading partners on every continent. Bosch opened the first factory outside Germany in Paris in 1905 and the first on another continent in 1912 in Springfield, Massachusetts (USA). In 1913, Bosch founded an apprentice workshop to recruit young people for the production of automotive electrics.

In 1917, Bosch was transformed into a corporation and remained so until 1937, when Robert Bosch regained sole ownership by purchasing back his shares. In the process, the company became a limited liability company (GmbH).

1920s–1940s

After the First World War, Bosch lost most of its international holdings, including its US factories. The company had to rebuild its global activities. This included expansion in South America and Asia. In 1922, Illies & Company established a sales office for Bosch in Calcutta, India. In the years that followed, Bosch concluded contracts in Asia with sales partners in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Indonesia, as well as on the American continents with partners in Mexico, Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador.

In the 1920s, Bosch expanded its product range to include numerous automotive technology products essential for cars, such as electric horns (1921), windshield wipers (1926), and direction indicators ("trafficator", 1927). In 1927, Bosch launched injection pumps for diesel engines. Bosch purchased the gas appliances production facility from Junkers & Co. in 1932 as a part of a diversification strategy. In 1932, the company developed its first electric drill and presented its first car radio. In 1933, Bosch introduced its first electric refrigerator for private households.

Effect of Nazi regime

Like most German businesses at the time, Bosch had links to the ruling Nazi Party. Prior to World War II, Bosch under the direction of the Nazi Party began relocating armament production to Germany's interior. Bosch founded two factories in 1935 and 1937: Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH in Kleinmachnow and Feinmechanische Industrie GmbH (later Trillke-Werke GmbH) in Hildesheim, for armament production. These factories were built secretly and in close cooperation with the Nazi authorities. In 1937, Bosch AG became a limited liability company (GmbH).

The Bosch subsidiary Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH (DLMG) in Kleinmachnow employed around 5,000 people, more than half of whom were forced labourers, prisoners of war, and female concentration camp prisoners, including many women from the Warsaw Uprising. During the Second World War, there were at least 3,000 workers in the mechanics division at the Bosch Hildesheim factory, almost all of them from nearby occupied countries; there were only 200 recorded German workers. In the last years of the war, all new German tanks included starter elements from the Bosch factory in Hildesheim. Bosch had a monopoly position in the outfitting of German Luftwaffe aircraft.

21st century

In 2001, Bosch acquired Mannesmann Rexroth AG, which they later renamed to Bosch Rexroth AG. In the same year, the company opened a new testing center in Vaitoudden, close to Arjeplog in north Sweden. A new development center for automotive engineering, in Abstatt, Germany was constructed shortly after. In 2002, Bosch acquired Philips CSI, which at the time was manufacturing a broad range of professional communication and security products and systems including CCTV, congress, and public address systems. In the 2000s the company developed the electric hydraulic brake, common rail fuel injection with piezo-injectors, digital car radio with a disc drive, and the cordless screwdriver with a lithium-ion battery in 2003. In 2004, Bosch bought Sigpack Systems from SIG.

Bosch received the Deutsche Zukunftspreis () from the German president in 2005 and 2008. A new development center was planned in 2008 in Renningen. In 2014, the first departments moved to the new center, while the remaining departments followed in 2015. In 2006, Bosch acquired Telex Communications and Electro-Voice. In 2009, Bosch invested about in research and development. Approximately 3,900 patents are published per year. In addition to increasing energy efficiency by employing renewable energies, the company plans to invest in new areas such as biomedical engineering.

In May 2019, Bosch said it planned to reach carbon neutrality by 2020 by investing in clean electricity and a carbon offset program. In July 2019, Bosch sold its packaging machinery business unit to CVC Capital Partners, which was subsequently rebranded to Syntegon. Bosch has formed a strategic alliance with the Technische Universität Darmstadt. In the first quarter of 2020, Bosch was certified as being carbon neutral, across more than 400 sites, worldwide. In 2020, Bosch funded the creation of a report entitled Decarbonising Road Transport: There Is No Silver Bullet, which contained disputed information about the environmental performance of electric vehicles.

In January 2021, Volkswagen filed a class-action against Bosch and Continental AG in the United States after VW was forced to reduce production due to a lack of automotive microchips. On 26 January 2021, the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed that Bosch won on all claims. In June 2021, Bosch opened a newly built semiconductor manufacturing plant in which it invested , its largest-ever spending on a single project. In April 2022, Bosch acquired Five.ai, a vehicular automation startup. Also in April 2022, Bosch acquired Arioso Systems, a Dresden-based MEMS micro speaker producer, added to Bosch Sensortec GmbH.

In July 2022, Bosch announced plans to invest into its semiconductor chip production and R&D over the next four years, including opening new facilities for manufacturing a computer chip development in Dresden and Reutlingen. China is both a market and a manufacturing location for Bosch. In 2023, Bosch had 58,000 employees in China and group sales of CNY 139.1 billion. In September 2023, Bosch acquired TSI Semiconductors, a Roseville-headquartered silicon carbide (SiC) power device manufacturer. In August 2025, Bosch acquired the heating and air conditioning operations of Johnson Controls for . In September 2025, the company announced plans to cut 13,000 jobs at its auto parts business, representing 3% of its global workforce, in stages by 2030 as it relies more on artificial intelligence. Bosch won the German Future Prize again in late 2025, for developing a zero-emission fuel-cell power module to power heavy vehicles. The system transforms hydrogen and oxygen to electrical energy, emitting only water vapor, when using green hydrogen.

By 2026, the Bosch Group had almost halved its profits. In Germany alone, more than 20,000 jobs are to be cut by 2030, primarily in the Mobility division.

Business divisions

Mobility

The mobility division is the largest, in terms of revenue. The Bosch 2024 global annual report, showed that this division accounted for 61% of global revenues of . This division creates solutions for vehicles and fleet management, developing software, vehicle electronics, logistics management solutions, driver assistance and safety systems and vehicle energy systems such as thermal performance. The mobility division is active in powertrain systems, but has evolved to include hydrogen storage, electric propulsion, automated driving and connectivity.

Since 2022, this division is going through a comprehensive transformation process due to rapid technological advancements that are affecting the sector. Bosch Mobility is developing advanced driver assistance system software, cameras and sensors that they are overlaying with artificial intelligence. In 2025, this divisions production was affected by geo-political decisions that led to exports of Nexperia's finished products being banned, which affected the supply chain of the automotive sector. By December 2025 Bosch Mobility was announcing an AI extension platform, developed with technology partners, that allows existing vehicle cockpit systems to be upgraded to incorporate advanced AI without the requirement to change existing hardware and system infrastructure.

Consumer goods

Consumer Goods contributed 22% of total Bosch Group sales in 2024. The Consumer Goods business division includes BSH Hausgeräte GmbH, which offers energy-efficient, and increasingly connected household appliances. Its products include washing machines, tumble dryers, refrigerators, freezers, stoves and ovens, and dishwashers. Small appliances include vacuum cleaners, coffee makers, and food processors. BSH Hausgerate is the largest manufacturer of home appliances in Europe.

The Professional and DIY Power Tools division manufactures power tools and accessories, and measuring technology. This includes tools such as hammer drills, cordless screwdrivers and jigsaws. This division also makes gardening equipment such as lawnmowers, hedge trimmers, and high-pressure cleaners. One of the division's focal points is high-performance cordless tools. In 2019, they were ranked as the largest power tools manufacturer in the world, based on 2018 revenue. In 2025, Bosch announced it would close two of the power tools manufacturing sites based in Germany in 2026 due to economic factors affecting the construction sector and consumer confidence, with production moving to alternative locations to improve efficiency. Bosch is also a manufacturer of electric bicycles, offering motors and systems connected to e-bikes such as batteries, displays, and digital services. The eBike Systems division was established in 2009.

Brands in this sector include Dremel, Siemens (under licence), Constructa-Neff, Gaggenau Hausgeräte, and Thermador.

It is noteworthy that Bosch consumer products are sometimes considered best-in-breed, such as evaluation of dishwashers in 2025 where Bosch-brand machines took the top 4 (and top 5 of 6) evaluations by Consumer Reports.

Energy and building technology

The Energy and Building Technology business sector generated of total Bosch Group sales in 2024. Its Building Technologies division (formerly Security Systems) has two areas of business: the global product business for security and communications, and the regional integrator business. The latter offers services for building security, energy efficiency, and building automation in selected countries. Both units focus on commercial applications. The products encompass video surveillance, intrusion detection, fire detection, and voice-alarm systems, as well as access control and professional audio and conference systems.

The Thermotechnik GmbH Thermotechnology division offers systems for air conditioning, hot water, and decentralized energy management. It provides heating systems and energy management for residential buildings, water heaters, and commercial and industrial heating and air-conditioning systems. The Bosch Global Service Solutions division offers outsourcing for business processes and services, primarily for customers in the automotive, travel, and logistics industries and in information and communications technology. Within Bosch, it also provides shared-service functions. Robert Bosch Smart Home GmbH offers web-enabled, app-controlled products for the home. Brands within this sector included Dynacord, Telex, Worcester Bosch, Electro-Voice, and Junkers. In 2025, the security/communications/conference systems business unit, which included brands Electro-Voice and Dynacord, was sold to Triton Partners, an investment firm, based in Duke Street, London to be operated as Keenfinity Group.

Industrial technology

In 2024, the Industrial Technology business sector generated roughly 7% of total Bosch Group sales. The sector includes the Drive and Control Technology division, whose products include customized drive, control, and linear motion for factory automation, plant construction and engineering, and mobile machinery. In addition, the Bosch Connected Industry business unit, which develops software and carries out Industry 4.0 projects for internal and external customers, has been part of the Industrial Technology business sector since the start of 2018.

Bosch Rexroth sits within this division and has a "focus on hydraulics, automation, and additional manufacturing technologies". In 2025, Bosch Rexroth was partnering with Hyroad Energy and GenH2, to develop a "zero-loss liquid hydrogen refueling station in the United States", which will utilise Bosch Rexroth's Liquid Hydrogen CryoPump technology.

Other business areas

The Bosch Group operates in other business areas that are not assigned to a particular sector. Bosch Healthcare Solutions GmbH is a wholly owned subsidiary of Robert Bosch GmbH, established in 2015, that provides products and services in the area of healthcare and medical technology. In March 2020, Bosch Healthcare developed a COVID-19 testing tool that provided results within two and a half hours that was performed directly at the point of care.

The Grow Platform GmbH is the legal entity of Grow and a 100% subsidiary of the Bosch corporation. Grow is an internal start-up incubator. This has been renamed Bosch Business Innovations, is led by Axel Deniz and aims to build up to 20 new start-ups by 2030. Robert Bosch Venture Capital GmbH (Rbvc, also known as Bosch Ventures) is the corporate venture capital company of the Bosch Group. RBVC invests worldwide in innovative start-up companies. Its investment activities focus on technology companies working in areas of business of current and future relevance for Bosch, above all, automation and electrification, energy efficiency, enabling technologies, and healthcare systems. RBVC also invests in services and business models as well as new materials that are relevant to the above-mentioned areas of business.

Locations

Through a complex network of over 468 subsidiaries and regional entities, the company operates in over 60 countries worldwide. Including sales and service partners, Bosch's global manufacturing, engineering, and sales network covers nearly every country in the world. At 125 locations across the globe, Bosch employs roughly 90,100 associates in research and development.

Britain

In the UK, Bosch has its corporate head office in Denham, Buckinghamshire, and employs circa. 6,300 people. There are 30 Bosch Group locations throughout the country, including 10 manufacturing sites. Alongside sales and support functions for all Bosch business sectors in the region, the company also manufactures boiler systems, mobile hydraulics, as well as packaging machinery alongside lawn and garden products in the UK. In March 2019, Bosch opened its London Connectory, a Shoreditch-based "co-innovation space" open to partners from the public, private, and academic sectors, from start-ups to multinational organizations.

America

In North America, Robert Bosch LLC (a wholly owned Bosch subsidiary) has corporate headquarters in Farmington Hills, Michigan and Plymouth, Michigan. Three Research Technology Centers are located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Sunnyvale, California, and Cambridge, Massachusetts. Factories and distribution facilities are located in Mt. Prospect, Illinois; Hoffman Estates, Illinois; Broadview, Illinois; Kentwood, Michigan; Warren, Michigan; Owatonna, Minnesota; Waltham, Massachusetts; Clarksville, Tennessee; Anderson, South Carolina; Charleston, South Carolina; New Bern, North Carolina; and 11 other cities. There are also two corporate sites in Brazil and ten in Mexico. A central purchasing office for all divisions of Bosch Group is located in Broadview, Illinois. In North America, Bosch employs about 41,000 people in over 100 locations, generating in annual sales.

In May 2015, Bosch Security Systems opened a distribution center in Greer, South Carolina. The distribution center adds more than 50 new associates in the state and will receive, store and ship more than 50,000 different products for video surveillance, intrusion and fire detection, access control and management systems and professional audio and conference systems. In 2017, Bosch launched its first co-creation IoT innovation space in the world, the Connectory. A partnership with 1871, it is located within the Merchandise Mart in downtown Chicago, Illinois.

India

Bosch entered India in 1922, when Illies & Company set up a sales office in Calcutta. For three decades, the company operated in the Indian market only through imports. In 1951, the Motor Industries Company Ltd. (MICO) was founded, with Bosch instantly buying 49% of its stock. MICO became the sole distributor and, after the Indian state implemented restrictive import regulations, a factory was set up at Adugodi, Bangalore in 1953, to manufacture various products with Bosch licensing. From this point onward, vocational training took place as well, culminating in the creation of a Vocational Centre in 1960. By 1961, 2,000 people worked at the Bangalore plant, which had already started an export business, and 57.5% of MICO shares had been bought by Bosch. This was followed by increased investments into MICO plants in India in the late 1960s and early 1970s; a second plant was installed in Nasik in 1969–1971, and a third in Naganathapura in 1988. In the late 1980s, the second-largest contingent of Bosch employees outside of Germany was based in India until eventually, in 2008, MICO was renamed Bosch Limited.

Bosch India has a turnover of over and over 31,000 employees spread across 10 locations and 7 application development centers. Approximately 84% of Bosch India revenues come from its automotive business, with the remaining 16% split between its non-automotive businesses that include packaging, energy and building, power tools, and consumer retail. Bosch also has R&D facilities in Pune, Hyderabad, Coimbatore, and Bangalore, India. This is Bosch's largest R&D operation outside its home market of Germany. In September 2014, Bosch announced the launch of a locally developed eye-irrigation fluid in India. The company's new eye screening and detection system offers a combination of hardware and software and provides affordable eye care. Bosch India is listed on the Indian stock exchanges and has a market capitalization of over . In 2022, Bosch's engineering and software arm Robert Bosch Engineering and Business Solutions (abbreviated as RBEI), changed its name to Bosch Global Software Technologies.

Previous joint ventures

BSH Hausgeräte

Main article: BSH Hausgeräte

BSH Hausgeräte GmbH, in which Bosch acquired all shares in 2014, is one of the world's top three companies in the household appliances industry. In Germany and Western Europe, BSH is the market leader. It includes the principal brand names Bosch and Siemens, Gaggenau, Balay, Neff, Thermador, Constructa, Viva and Ufesa brands, and further six regional brands. Bosch household appliances for the North American market are mainly manufactured at its factory near New Bern, North Carolina.

EM-motive

Daimler AG and Bosch established a 50:50 joint venture (JV) to develop and manufacture electric motors in 2011. The JV, called EM-motive GmbH, manufactures traction motors for electric, fuel cell and extended-range vehicles at a facility in Hildesheim, Germany. In 2019, Bosch acquired the remaining shares and assumed full control of the company.

Purolator filters

Bosch co-owned Purolator Filters in a joint venture with Mann+Hummel until 2013. In 2013 the Mann+Hummel Group acquired Bosch's stake.

SB LiMotive

Main article: SB LiMotive

In June 2008 Bosch formed SB LiMotive, a 50:50 joint company with Samsung SDI. The company held a ceremony for a 28.000 m2 lithium-ion battery cell manufacturing plant in September 2009 and it is scheduled to start production for hybrid vehicles in 2011 and for electric vehicles in 2012. The plant will generate 1,000 jobs in Ulsan, Korea in addition to the 500 employees in Korea, Germany, and the United States. SB LiMotive was officially ended in September 2012 with both companies focusing on automotive batteries alone.

Current joint ventures

Static ADAS Calibration

In October 2020, Bosch and Mitchell International paired up to develop the MD-500, a wireless tablet that repair planners can use to link directly to OEM repair procedures from Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs), automatically upload pre-scan and post-scans, and write estimates and calibration reports. Bosch and Mitchell launched the MD-TS21, a target system that permits repair facilities to quickly and accurately calibrate blind-spot monitors, front-facing camera, and radar sensors in automobile models with ADAS, in February 2021.

Corporate affairs

Robert Bosch GmbH is 94% owned by the Robert Bosch Stiftung, a charitable foundation. While most of the profits are invested into the corporation to build for the future and sustain growth, nearly all of the profits distributed to shareholders are devoted to humanitarian causes.

The Robert Bosch Stiftung (Robert Bosch Foundation) owns 94% of the shares of Robert Bosch GmbH, but no voting rights. The Robert Bosch Industrietreuhand KG (Robert Bosch Industrial Trust KG), with old members of the company management, agents of the Bosch family, and other eminent people from the industry (such as Jürgen Hambrecht, CEO of BASF), have 93% of the votes, but no shares (0.01%). The remaining 8% of shares and 7% of voting rights are held by the descendants of the company founder Robert Bosch. Bosch invests 9% of its revenue on research and development, nearly double the industry average of 4.7%.

Finances

Controversies

Role in emission cheating software

In 2006, Volkswagen asked Bosch for help in developing software for their emission defeat devices. Volkswagen is one of Bosch's biggest customers. Volkswagen engineers provided specifications to Bosch, who wrote the code. Bosch was concerned about the legality of the software and asked Volkswagen to assume responsibility if the fraud was discovered, but Volkswagen refused. Starting in 2008, Bosch supplied 17 million motor control and mixture control devices containing illegal software to various manufacturers, domestically and globally. The automobiles fitted with Bosch's devices emitted more nitrogen oxides than allowed under regulations.

On 1 February 2017, Bosch agreed to pay US consumers as compensation for its role in devising the software. Bosch also provided emissions software for over 100,000 Fiat Chrysler's 3.0 L V6 diesel engine and Grand Cherokee SUVs and agreed to pay affected consumers as part of a broader settlement in January 2019. In May 2019, Bosch paid another fine for its connection to the Dieselgate scandal.

Violations of international sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

In March 2022, German engineering firm Bosch faced allegations of violating international sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine after Ukrainian authorities reported finding Bosch components in Russian military vehicles. In April 2024, the Russian government placed Bosch's Russian subsidiary under the temporary management of a Gazprom entity, citing responses to Western hostilities. Additionally, reports have surfaced indicating that Bosch, along with other companies, has been selling appliances intended for the Ukrainian market in Russia.

Literature

• Johannes Bähr, Paul Erker: Bosch – Geschichte eines Weltunternehmens. (Bosch – the story of a global company). C.H. Beck Verlag, Munich 2013 in German

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