From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

Borders of China

Political land boundaries between China and its neighbouring territories

Map of China and its borders within [[Asia

Style of China's boundary marker.

The People's Republic of China (PRC) shares land borders with 14 countries (tied with Russia for the most in the world): North Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam, and with two Special administrative regions of China, Hong Kong and Macao. The land borders, counterclockwise from northeast to southwest, are the China–North Korea border, the eastern segment of the China–Russia border, the China–Mongolia border, the western segment of the China–Russia border, the China–Kazakhstan border, the China–Kyrgyzstan border, the China–Tajikistan border, the China–Afghanistan border, the China–Pakistan border, the western segment of the China–India border (the most contested of the Sino-Indian border dispute), the China–Nepal border, the central segment of the China–India border (Sikkim), the China–Bhutan border, the eastern segment of the China–India border, the China–Myanmar border, the China–Laos border, the China–Vietnam border, a 3 km internal border with Macau, a Portuguese territory until 1999, and a 30 km internal border with the special administrative region of Hong Kong, which was a British dependency before 1997.

To the west, China has maritime borders with North Korea, Japan and contested limits with Taiwan and other countries in the South China Sea, among other territorial disputes.

At 22457 km, China has the longest land borders of any country.

Land border by polity

Below is a table of countries and territories that share a land border with China around its perimeter. In parentheses are their lengths in miles.

Country	Length	North Korea	Russia	Mongolia	Kazakhstan	Kyrgyzstan	Tajikistan	Afghanistan	Pakistan	India	Nepal	Bhutan	Myanmar	Laos	Vietnam
1416 km
3645 km
4678 km
1533 km
858 km
414 km
76 km
596 km
3488 km
1440 km
470 km
2185 km
423 km
1283 km

China Rim

The region of all countries bordering China is sometimes referred to by scholars as the China Rim, or simply as China's periphery (Chinese: 中国周边). The China Rim plays a significant role in competition between other countries and China, as is the case with America's China Containment Policy. Significant competition took place between America and China in the region after the middle of the 20th century. Currently, a greater level of scrutiny and competition are happening around the maritime portion of the rim (particularly Taiwan and Maritime Southeast Asia).

Relevant treaties

External link: 中俄边界谈判史

Since 1689, the relevant treaties on the boundary of China are:

Parties	Gregorian date	Full name of treaty
Qing DynastyRussian Empire	7 September 1689	Treaty of Nerchinsk
1727	Treaty of Kiakhta
28 May 1858	Aihui Treaty
14 November 1860	Beijing Treaty
7 October 1864	Record of Sino-Russian Exploration and Demarcations in the Northwest
1869, 1883	Cobb Convention
1870	Uriasutay Convention
1870, 1883	Talbahatay Convention
1870, 1882	The Ili Boundary Convention
1882	Northeast Kashgar Boundary Convention
1883	Arakbek Estuary Boundary Convention
1884	Northwest Kashgar Boundary Convention
Qing DynastyBritish Empire	1890	Sino-British Treaty of Tibet and India
Qing DynastyJapan	1909	Gando Agreement	Terms of the Korea-Korea Boundary on the Tumen River
Qing DynastyRussian Empire	20 December 1911	Manzhouli Boundary Convention
PRC	4 September 1958	Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea
PRCBurma	28 January 1960	Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on the Boundary Question between the two countries
14 May 1960	Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on the Boundary Question between the two countries
1 October 1960	Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Myanmar
4 January 1961	Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Myanmar
PRCNepal	5 October 1961	Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal
PRCBurma	13 October 1961	Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar concerning the Boundary between the two countries
PRCNorth Korea	12 October 1962	Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Sino-Korean Border Agreement
PRCMongolia	26 December 1962	Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Mongolia
PRCPakistan	2 March 1963	China-Pakistan Boundary Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Pakistan Concerning the Boundary Bordering Xinjiang of China and Various Areas under Pakistan's Effective Control for Defense
PRCMongolia	25 March 1963	Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Mongolia
PRCAfghanistan	22 November 1963	Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Afghanistan, or Sino-Afghan boundary treaty
PRCNorth Korea	20 March 1964	Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
20 March 1964	Sino-Korean Border Agreement, Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Concerning the China-Korea Boundary
PRC	10 December 1982	Signing of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (including the People's Republic of China)
PRCUK	19 December 1984	Sino-British Joint Declaration, or Joint Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Question of Hong Kong
PRCPortugal	13 April 1987	China-Portugal Joint Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Portuguese Republic on the Question of Macao
PRCUSSR	16 May 1991	Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Section of the Sino-Soviet Border
PRCLaos	24 October 1991	Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic
21 January 1992
PRC	25 February 1992	Law of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone
PRCUSSR	16 March 1992
PRCLaos	31 January 1993	Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic Concerning the Boundary between the two countries
PRCLaos	3 December 1993	Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic
PRCRussiaMongolia	27 January 1994	Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
PRCLaosMyanmar	8 April 1994	Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on Determining the Tri-Junction
11 October 1995	Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on Determining the Tri-Junction
PRCLaos	12 August 1994	Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic
PRCKazakhstan	26 April 1994	Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the China-Kazakhstan Boundary
PRCRussia	3 September 1994	Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation Concerning the Western Section of the China-Russia Boundary
PRC	16 November 1994	[:s: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
PRCRussia	17 October 1995	Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Western Section of the China-Russia Boundary
PRC	15 May 1996	Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the baselines of the Territorial Sea of the People's Republic of China
PRCRussiaMongolia	24 June 1996	Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia Concerning the Description of the Western Boundary Point of the Three Countries
24 June 1996	Signed the Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia Concerning the Description of the Eastern Junction of the Tri-Border
PRCKyrgyzstan	4 July 1996	Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the Boundary Area between China and the Kyrgyz Republic
PRCLaos	26 August 1997	Protocol supplementing to the Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic
PRCKazakhstan	24 September 1997	Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the China-Kazakhstan Boundary
4 July 1998	Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the China-Kazakhstan Boundary Area (1998)
PRCNorth KoreaRussia	3 November 1998	Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Demarcation Line of the Waters of the Three Countries along the Tumen River
PRC	29 April 1999	Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the Approval of the "Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Demarcation Line of the Waters of the Three Countries along the Tumen River"
PRCRussiaKazakhstan	5 May 1999	Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the Determination of the Boundary Points of the Tripartite State Border
PRCTajikistan	13 August 1999	Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan Concerning the China-Tajikistan Boundary
PRCKyrgyzstanKazakhstan	25 August 1999	Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
PRCKyrgyzstan	26 August 1999	Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the National Boundary between China and the Kyrgyz Republic
PRCVietnam	30 December 1999	Treaty on the Land Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
PRC	29 April 2000	Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Ratifying the Treaty on the Land Boundary between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
PRCTajikistanKyrgyzstan	5 July 2000	Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the Tri-Border Points
PRCVietnam	25 December 2000	Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf between the two countries in the Beibu Gulf
PRCTajikistan	17 May 2002	Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan concerning the China-Tajikistan Boundary
PRCDPRKRussia	20 June 2002	Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Description of the Boundary Points of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation on the Tumen River
29 March 2003	Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Description of the Boundary Points of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation on the Tumen River
PRC	25 June 2004	Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the "Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in the Beibu Gulf"
PRCRussia	14 October 2004	Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Eastern Section of the National Boundary between China and Russia
2 June 2005	Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Eastern Section of the National Boundary between China and Russia
PRCVietnamLaos	10 October 2006	Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
PRC	28 February 2007	Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the "Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries", Identifying the Three Countries Decision of the Treaty on Border Crossings
PRCTajikistanAfghanistan	5 June 2012	The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
PRC	10 September 2012	[Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the baselines of the territorial sea of the Diaoyu Dao and its Affiliated Islands
PRCTajikistanAfghanistan	14 December 2014	Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
PRCPhilippines	July 2016	China Adheres to the Position of Settling Through Negotiation the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea

Notes

References

"China". Central Intelligence Agency.
[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ CIA: The World Factbook, China]
S, Fletcher. (2005). "Energy competition seen raising tension in 'China Rim'". Oil & Gas Journal.
Pyatt, T. Roger. (June 1995). "Business Networks and Dyad Studies: Theory and Practice in Southeast Asia". Asia Pacific Business Review.
Weirauch, Wendy. (2005-11-01). "Producer's viewpoint: petrochemicals outlook in a changing world.". Hydrocarbon Processing.
Lanteigne, Marc. (2019-06-28). "Chinese Foreign Policy: An Introduction". Routledge.
(2015-02-20). "Conflict and Cooperation in Sino-US Relations: Change and Continuity, Causes and Cures". Routledge.
Freeman, Carla. (2021-01-01). "12. China's Periphery: A Rift Zone in U.S.-China Relations". Engaging China.
Cumings, Bruce. (1999). "The American Century and the Third World". Diplomatic History.
Huck, Arthur. (1979). "Review of China and the Major Powers in East Asia.; China and America.; Dragon and Eagle.". Pacific Affairs.
Sutter, Robert. (2015). "More American Attention to Taiwan Amid Heightened Competition with China". American Journal of Chinese Studies.

Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

borders-of-china

Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about Borders of China — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report