Blepharisma

Appearance

Blepharisma may be as small as 50 micrometres in length, or as large as 1 mm (though normal size range is between 75 and 300 micrometres). Body shape varies within the genus. The type species of the genus, B. persicinum, is ellipsoidal. Blepharisma lateritium is teardrop-shaped, with a rounded posterior; while Blepharisma elongatum and Blepharisma sphagni are long and thin, tapering at the posterior into a tail-like point.

All species are uniformly ciliated, with the cilia arranged in longitudinal rows, and stripes of pigment alternating between rows of cilia. Cilia, short hairlike organelles, sweep food into its mouth and are used for movement. The pink or red pigmentation may be quite pale, and in certain cases it is absent altogether. A contractile vacuole, often quite large, is located in the posterior. The Macronuclei can take a variety of forms. Depending on species and phase of life, they may be rod-shaped, ovoid, spherical, or moniliform (like a rosary, or string of beads).

Reproduction and sexual phenomena

Like all ciliates, Blepharisma reproduce asexually, by binary fission, dividing transversally. Fission may occur spontaneously, as part of the vegetative cell cycle, or it may follow a sexual phenomenon called conjugation, a process through which genetic material is exchanged between cells. In conjugation, two organisms come into close contact, and a temporary cytoplasmic bridge forms between them. The micronuclei of each cell then undergo meiosis, and haploid micronuclei pass from one individual to the other. This permits the reshuffling of hereditary characteristics, as in other types of sexual reproduction. Conjugation is immediately followed by binary fission of the two conjugants.

In Blepharisma, as in some other ciliates, chemical substances called gamones are used to induce conjugation by stimulating interaction between compatible mating partners.

Although clonal cells of Blepharisma are sometimes able to conjugate with one another (a phenomenon known as selfing), conjugation ordinarily involves the interaction of cells of different mating types. In the species Blepharisma japonicum, there are two mating types (I and II), each type excreting a specific pheromone (termed gamone 1 and gamone 2, respectively). When sexually mature mating-type I cells are moderately starved, they autonomously produce and secrete gamone I.

Feeding and behavior

Blepharisma feed on a variety of smaller organisms, including bacteria, flagellate algae, rotifers, other ciliates and even smaller members of the same species. Experiments with Blepharisma undulans have shown that cannibalism causes gigantism. When individuals are given a diet of smaller Blepharisma, or certain ciliates (particularly Colpidium colpoda or Tetrahymena), they grow to a relatively enormous size. As long as their diet remains unchanged, cannibal giants will divide to produce more giants. When large prey become unavailable, the offspring will revert to normal size.

Photobiology

Blepharisma are markedly photophobic, and when light levels are increased will seek out darkened areas. The ability to detect light is accomplished with photosensitive pigment granules located just under the plasma membrane of the cell. The pigment in these granules is blepharismin, the same substance that gives Blepharisma their characteristic pinkish color. Blepharisma are usually pink when collected in nature, but when grown in darkness with abundant food they turn red. Exposure to light or starvation causes them to lose their color, but deeply-pigmented cells can even be killed by strong light.

List of species

• B. americanum Suzuki, 1954
• B. bimicronucleatum Villeneuve-Brachon 1940
• B. bothrostoma Mermod 1914
• B. botezati Lepsi, 1926
• B. coeruleum Gajevskaja, 1927
• B. caudatus Dumas 1937
• B. clarissimum Kahl, 1928
• B. dawsoni Christie & Hirshfield 1967
• B. dileptus Kahl, 1928
• B. elegans Vuxanovici 1963
• B. elongatum (Stokes, 1884) Kahl, 1926
• B. falcatum Gelei 1954
• B. galianoi Fernandez-Leborans 1979
• B. grayi Hartwig & Parker, 1977
• B. halophila Ruinen 1938
  • Found to be a phylogenetic outlier under the orthographical variant Blepharisma halophilum.
• B. hyalinum Perty, 1852
• B. intermedium Bhandary, 1962
• B. ichthyoides V. Gelei, 1933
• B. japonicum (Suzuki, 1954) Giese, 1973
• B. lateritium (Ehrenberg, 1831) Kahl, 1932
• B. lentis Gelei 1954
• B. melana Borror, 1963
• B. minima Lepsi, 1926
• B. multinucleata Dragesco, 1960
• B. musculus Penard, 1922
• B. ovalis Dumas 1937
• B. ovatum Penard, 1922
• B. parasalinarum Dragesco 1997
• B. persicinum Perty, 1849
• B. salinarum Florentin, 1899
• B. seshachari Bhandary, 1962
• B. sphagni Lepsi, 1926
• B. steini Kahl, 1932
• B. tardum Kahl, 1928
• B. undulans Stein, 1868
• B. velatum Vacelet, 1961
• B. vestitum Kahl, 1928
• B. violaceae Tucolesco 1962
• B. vitreum Lepsi 1957
• B. wardsi Hirshfield, Isquith & Bhandary, 1965

References

References

1. (June 29, 1990). "Defensive Function of Pigment Granules in ''Blepharisma japonicum''". European Journal of Protistology.
2. Hirshfield. (1965). "A proposed organization of the genus ''Blepharisma'' Perty and description of four new species". The Journal of Protozoology.
3. (1930–1935). "Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) In: Die Tierwelt Deutschlands". G. Fischer.
4. "Blepharism".
5. Giese, Arthur. (Jan 1938). "Reversible bleaching of ''Blepharisma''". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society.
6. (2007). "The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification and Guide to the Literature". Springer.
7. (31 May 2005). "Developmentally and environmentally regulated expression of gamone 1: the trigger molecule for sexual reproduction in ''Blepharisma japonicum''". Journal of Cell Science.
8. Miyake A. (1981). Cell interaction by gamones in Blepharisma In: Sexual Interactions in Eukaryotic Microbes (O’Day, D.H. editor), pp. 95-129 New York: Academic Press. {{ISBN. 978-0124312975
9. (2010). "Behavioural changes induced by the conjugation-inducing pheromones, gamone 1 and 2, in the ciliate Blepharisma japonicum". Eur. J. Protistol..
10. Giese, Arthur. (1938). "Cannibalism and Gigantism in Blepharisma". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society.
11. Matsuoka. (2000). "Analyses of Structure of Photoreceptor Organelle and Blepharismin associated Protein in Unicellular Eukaryote ''Blepharisma''". Photochemistry and Photobiology.
12. Giese, Arthur C.. (1981). "Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews". Springer, Boston, MA.
13. (1 April 2021). "New contributions to the phylogeny of the ciliate class Heterotrichea (Protista, Ciliophora): analyses at family-genus level and new evolutionary hypotheses". Science China Life Sciences.