Bill Cosby

Early life and further education

William Henry Cosby Jr. was born on July 12, 1937, in Philadelphia.

Cosby was the class president as well as captain of both the baseball and track-and-field teams at Mary Channing Wister Public School in Philadelphia. Teachers noted his propensity for joking around instead of studying, and he described himself as the class clown. Cosby attended Philadelphia's Central High School, a magnet school and academically rigorous college prep school, where he ran track and played baseball, football, and basketball. He transferred to Germantown High School but failed the tenth grade.

In 1956, Cosby enlisted in the Navy and served as a hospital corpsman at the Marine Corps Base Quantico in Virginia; at Naval Station Argentia in Newfoundland, Canada; and at the National Naval Medical Center in Maryland. He worked in physical therapy with Navy and Marine Corps personnel who were injured during the Korean War. He served until 1960 and became a petty officer 3rd class.

Cosby earned his high school equivalency diploma (HSED) through correspondence courses and was awarded a track-and-field scholarship to Temple University in 1961. At Temple, he studied physical education while he ran track and played fullback on the college's football team. Cosby began bartending at a Philadelphia club, where he earned bigger tips by making the customers laugh. He then began performing on stage and left his university studies to pursue a career in comedy.

Cosby resumed his formal education in 1971. Temple University granted him his bachelor's degree on the basis of what it referred to as life experience. He then began graduate work at UMass Amherst, receiving his Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1972.

He returned to UMass Amherst, and in 1976, while producing Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, he earned his Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) degree. His dissertation was titled An Integration of the Visual Media Via 'Fat Albert And The Cosby Kids' into the Elementary School Curriculum as a Teaching Aid and Vehicle to Achieve Increased Learning.

Career

Stand-up comedy

Cosby lined up stand-up jobs at clubs in Philadelphia and then in New York City, where he appeared at The Gaslight Cafe beginning in 1961. He booked dates in cities such as Chicago, Las Vegas, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C. On July 28, 1964, he received national exposure on NBC's The Tonight Show. This led to a recording contract with Warner Bros. Records which, in 1964, released his debut LP, Bill Cosby Is a Very Funny Fellow...Right!, the first of a series of comedy albums. His album To Russell, My Brother, Whom I Slept With was number one on Spin magazine's list of "The 40 Greatest Comedy Albums of All Time", calling it "stand-up comedy's masterpiece".

Cosby's comedy genres included observational comedy, satire, surreal humor and deadpan. While many comics of the time were using the growing freedom of that decade to explore controversial and sometimes risqué material, Cosby was making his reputation with humorous recollections of his childhood. Many Americans wondered about the absence of race as a topic in Cosby's stories. As Cosby's success grew, he had to defend his choice of material regularly; as he argued, "A white person listens to my act and he laughs and he thinks, 'Yeah, that's the way I see it too.' Okay. He's white. I'm Negro. And we both see things the same way. That must mean that we are alike. Right? So I figure this way I'm doing as much for good race relations as the next guy."

In 1983, Cosby released the live comedy performance film Bill Cosby: Himself, in which he gave his views ranging from marriage to parenthood. The film also showcased Cosby's conversational style of stand-up comedy; for most of the performance, Cosby was seated center-stage, only getting up to emphasize a joke. Nearly all of Cosby's routine in the film concerned the trials and tribulations of parenting, frequently illustrated with anecdotes involving his own family. Many of the comedic routines presented in the film were precursors to Cosby's most popular sitcom, The Cosby Show. The film was well regarded by comedians and critics, with some calling it "the greatest stand up concert movie ever." Rolling Stone placed Cosby's concert film Bill Cosby: Himself as number8 on its list of "The 25 Best Stand-Up Specials of All Time", acknowledging the significance of the film while still saying: "Yes, it's damned near impossible to watch anything the tainted comedian has done and not think of the headlines, the heckling, the revelations and what is, by any definition, monstrous behavior." They also placed Cosby at number8 on their list of "The Best Stand-up Comics of All Time", saying: "Bill Cosby is not likely to perform again; listening to his records will never have that gentle, sweet sense of nostalgia for anyone; and while it is impossible to disconnect the performer from the man, scrubbing his name from the annals of stand-up would be impossible."

Cosby performed his first TV stand-up special in 30 years, Bill Cosby: Far from Finished, on Comedy Central on November 23, 2013. His last show of the "Far from Finished" tour was performed at the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre in Atlanta on May 2, 2015. In 2014, Cosby was set to release his new standup special Bill Cosby 77 on Netflix. The release of the film was canceled due to allegations of sexual assault against Cosby. His last known standup performance prior to his conviction was held at the LaRose Jazz Club in Philadelphia on January 23, 2018.

Television and film

In 1965, Cosby was cast alongside Robert Culp in the I Spy espionage adventure series on NBC. I Spy became the first weekly dramatic television series to feature an African American in a starring role. At first, Cosby and NBC executives were concerned that some affiliates might be unwilling to carry the series. At the beginning of the 1965 season, four stations declined the show; they were in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. Viewers were taken with the show's exotic locales and the authentic chemistry between the stars. It became one of the ratings hits of the season. I Spy finished among the twenty most-watched shows that year, and Cosby was honored with three consecutive Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. When accepting his third Emmy for the show, Cosby told the audience: "Let the message be known to bigots and racists that they don't count!"

During the series' run, Cosby continued to do stand-up comedy performances and recorded half a dozen record albums for Warner Bros. Records. He also began to dabble in singing, recording Silver Throat: Bill Cosby Sings in 1967. In June 1968, Billboard magazine reported that Cosby had turned down a five-year, $3.5million contract renewal offer and would leave the label in August that year to record for his own record label.

In July 1968, Cosby narrated Black History: Lost, Stolen, or Strayed, a CBS documentary addressing the representation of black people in popular culture. Andy Rooney wrote the Emmy-awarded script for Cosby to read. Georgetown University professor Michael Eric Dyson said it was one of "the rare exceptions when Cosby took off the gloves and blinders, to discuss race in public with candor and discernment". Due to its popularity and controversial nature, it was rebroadcast less than a month later.

Tetragrammaton Records, a division of the Campbell, Silver, Cosby (CSC) Corporation—the Los Angeles–based production company founded by Cosby, his manager Roy Silver, and filmmaker Bruce Post Campbell—produced films as well as records, including Cosby's television specials, the Fat Albert cartoon special and series, and several motion pictures. CSC hired Artie Mogull as President of the label. Tetragrammaton was fairly active during 1968–69 but ceased trading during the 1970s.

Throughout the 1960s Cosby pursued a variety of additional television projects and appeared as a regular guest host on The Tonight Show and as the star of an annual special for NBC. In 1969, he returned with another series, The Bill Cosby Show, a situation comedy that ran for two seasons. Cosby played a physical education teacher at a Los Angeles high school. While only a modest critical success, the show was a hit with ratings, finishing eleventh in its first season. Cosby was lauded for using African American performers such as Lillian Randolph, Moms Mabley, and Rex Ingram as characters. According to commentary on the Season1 DVDs for the show, Cosby was at odds with NBC over his refusal to include a laugh track in the show, as he felt viewers had the ability to find humor for themselves when watching a TV show.

For the PBS series The Electric Company, Cosby recorded several segments teaching reading skills to young children. Cosby resumed his formal education in 1971; he began graduate work at UMass Amherst. In 1972, he was back in prime time with a variety series, The New Bill Cosby Show. However, this show lasted only a season. More successful was a Saturday-morning cartoon, Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, hosted by Cosby and based on his own childhood. That series ran from 1972 to 1979, then ran as The New Fat Albert Show in 1979, and finally ran as The Adventures of Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids. Cosby would use his experience producing Fat Albert in his educational endeavors; his dissertation for his Ed. D. at UMass Amherst discussed the use of Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids as a teaching tool in elementary schools.

During the 1970s, Cosby and other African-American actors, including Sidney Poitier, joined forces to make successful comedy films to counter the violent "blaxploitation" films of the era, such as Uptown Saturday Night in 1974, Let's Do It Again in 1975, and A Piece of the Action in 1977. He also starred in Mother, Jugs & Speed, co-starring Raquel Welch and Harvey Keitel in 1976. In 1978, he starred in California Suite, a compilation of four Neil Simon plays.

Cosby also hosted Cos in 1976. In addition, he produced an hour-long variety show featuring puppets, sketches, and musical numbers. It was during this season that ABC decided to take advantage of this phase of Cosby's career, by joining with Filmation producers of Fat Albert to create live-action segments starring Cosby, for the 1972 animated film Journey Back to Oz; it subsequently aired in syndication. Cosby was also a regular on children's public television programs starting in the 1970s, hosting the "Picture Pages" segments that lasted into the early 1980s.[[File:Bill Cosby Reminds Us That We Can All Be Scientists (cropped).jpg|thumb|226x226px|Cosby wearing a sweater in 1990, similar to the ones he wore on [[The Cosby Show]] in the role of [[Cliff Huxtable]]]] Cosby's greatest television success came in September 1984 with the debut of The Cosby Show. Cosby, an advocate for family-oriented humor, co-produced the series, held creative control and involved himself in every aspect of production. Plots were often based on ideas that Cosby suggested while in meetings with the writing staff. The show had parallels to Cosby's actual family life: like the characters Cliff and Clair Huxtable, Cosby and his wife Camille were college-educated and financially successful, and they had five children. On the show, Cosby played the role of an obstetrician. Much of the material from the pilot and first season of The Cosby Show was taken from his video Bill Cosby: Himself, released in 1983. The series was an immediate success, debuting near the top of the ratings and having five consecutive No. 1 ratings in its eight-season run.

In 1987, Cosby attempted to return to film with the spy spoof Leonard Part 6. Although Cosby himself was the producer and wrote the story, he realized during production that the film was not going to be what he wanted and publicly denounced it, warning audiences to stay away. The film was however marked the first project for Columbia to be greenlighted by studio executive David Puttman. Later in the 1980s, Cosby served as an advisor to the Los Angeles Student Film Institute.

After The Cosby Show went off the air in 1992, Cosby embarked on a number of other projects, which included a revival of the classic Groucho Marx game show You Bet Your Life (1992–93), the TV movie I Spy Returns (1994), and The Cosby Mysteries (1994). In the mid-1990s, he appeared as a detective in black-and-white film noir-themed commercials for Turner Classic Movies. During this time, he reunited with Sidney Poitier starring in Ghost Dad (1990) and appeared in minor roles in Robert Townsend's superhero comedy The Meteor Man (1993), and Francis Ford Coppola's coming of age film Jack (1996). In addition, he was interviewed in Spike Lee's HBO project 4 Little Girls (1997), a documentary about the 1963 racist bombing of a church in Birmingham, Alabama which injured 22 people, killing four girls.

Also in 1996, he started up a new show for CBS, Cosby, again co-starring Phylicia Rashād, his onscreen wife on The Cosby Show. Cosby co-produced the show for Carsey-Werner Productions. It centered on Cosby as Hilton Lucas, an iconoclastic senior citizen who tries to find a new job after being downsized and, in the meantime, gets on his wife's nerves. Madeline Kahn co-starred as Rashād's goofy business partner Pauline. Cosby was hired by CBS to be the official spokesman of its Detroit affiliate WWJ-TV during an advertising campaign from 1995 to 1998. Cosby also hosted a CBS special, Kids Say the Darndest Things, on February 6, 1995, which was followed after as a full-season show, with Cosby as host, from January 9, 1998, to June 23, 2000. After four seasons, Cosby was canceled. Its last episode aired April 28, 2000. Kids Say the Darndest Things was terminated the same year.

A series for preschoolers, Little Bill, created by Cosby as a semi-biographical representation of his childhood growing up in Philadelphia, made its debut on Nickelodeon in 1999. The network renewed the popular program in November 2000. In 2001, Cosby's agenda included the publication of a new book, as well as delivering the commencement addresses at Morris Brown College, Ohio State University, and at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Also that year, he signed a deal with 20th Century Fox to develop a live-action feature film centering on the popular Fat Albert character from his 1970s cartoon series. Co-written and executive produced by Cosby, Fat Albert was released in theaters in December 2004. Cosby makes an appearance in the film as himself.

In May 2007, Cosby spoke at the commencement of High Point University. In the summer of 2009, Cosby hosted a comedy gala at Montreal's Just for Laughs, the largest comedy festival in the world. During this time he also made an appearance in Mario Van Peebles film Baadasssss! in 2003.

Advertising

Cosby was a popular spokesperson for advertising from the 1960sbefore his first starring television roleuntil the early 2000s. He started with White Owl cigars, and later endorsed Jell-O pudding and gelatin, Del Monte, Ford Motor Company, Coca-Cola (including New Coke), American Red Cross, Texas Instruments, E. F. Hutton & Co., Kodak, and the 1990 United States census. , Cosby held the record for being the longest-serving celebrity spokesperson for a product, through his work with Jell-O. In 2011, he won the President's Award for Contributions to Advertising from the Advertising Hall of Fame.

Cosby was one of the first black people to appear in the United States as an advertising spokesperson. He was known for his appeal to white consumers in the second half of the 20th century, in an industry seen as slow to accept diversity. In spite of making contradictory soft drink pitches and endorsing a disgraced financial company, he continued to be considered effective and believable. In the 1980s, studies found Cosby the "most familiar" and "most persuasive" spokesperson, to the point where Cosby attributed his wealth to these contracts primarily, over his television series.

Cosby's first advertisement was for White Owl cigars. His agent approached them in 1965, before the debut of I Spy, but after several appearances on the late-night talk program The Tonight Show, a signifier of success in American comedy. He told agent Norman Brokaw of William Morris Agency that he liked their tagline, "We're going to get you." Cosby later said there were no commercials "with a black person holding something, buying a product, so the absence of pictures, in retrospect, said a lot". Despite the stigma among advertisers around using a black spokesperson, sales of the product rose. According to an entry in Ad Age Encyclopedia, the public acceptance of Cosby and Robert Culp appearing as equals on I Spy made it possible for advertisers to show black people and white people together in their commercials.

Cosby appeared in commercials for Coca-Cola's 1979 campaign, "Have a Coke and a Smile," and made a guest appearance at the Great Get-Together, a major bottlers' convention held that year. This campaign continued into 1981. Cosby returned as Coca-Cola's spokesperson in its 1982 "Coke Is It" campaign, a series of commercials mocking the Pepsi Challenge. Cosby continued to be a Jell-O spokesman through the 1990s. He was present for the lighting of the brand's first billboard in New York's Times Square in 1998. In 1999, Cosby's 25th year as spokesman for Jell-O, was also the final year he appeared in its advertising. The company distributed 120,000 copies of his picture book series, Little Bill, into American public libraries. Despite the transitions of advertising agencies and despite the 1989 merger of General Foods into Kraft, the then-newly merged company Kraft General Foods let Cosby remain with Jell-O as their spokesperson. He appeared at the Utah State Senate in 2001 to designate Jell-O the official state snack, and made a promotional visit to the Jell-O Gallery in 2004. In 2010, Cosby returned to Jell-O as executive producer for the company's "Hello Jell-O" campaign. In return, the brand sponsored his weekly web show OBKB, a children's interview series similar to Kids Say the Darndest Things. As of 2002, Cosby's time with Jell-O was considered the longest-standing celebrity endorsement in American advertising history.

Cosby has not appeared in advertising roles since the widespread publicization of his sexual assault allegations in 2014.

Legal issues

Main article: Bill Cosby sexual assault cases

1965–1996 allegations

The earliest allegation against Cosby dates back to December 1965: in 2005, Kristina Ruehli came forward as Jane Doe #12 in the Andrea Constand case and alleged that Cosby had drugged and assaulted her at that time in his Beverly Hills home. Further, Ruehli said she had told her boyfriend about the incident, and had told her daughter in the 1980s.

In the early 1980s, Joan Tarshis told freelance reporter John Milward about an alleged sexual assault by Cosby. Milward did not write about the allegations. In 1996, Playboy Playmate Victoria Valentino gave a videotaped interview in which she made sexual assault allegations against Cosby. The interview was conducted for an exposé on the lives of Playboy models, which was never published.

After the allegations resurfaced in 2014, Wendy Williams recalled that during her radio show in 1990, she referred to sexual assault allegations against Cosby that had been published in the National Enquirer tabloid. Williams said Cosby called her boss in the middle of the broadcast demanding that Williams be fired.

Later allegations and investigations (2000–2006)

On February 1, 2000, according to a statement provided by Detective Jose McCallion of the New York County District Attorney's Special Victims Bureau, Lachele Covington, who was 20 years old at the time, filed a criminal complaint against Cosby alleging that on January 28, 2000, at his Manhattan townhouse, he had tried to put her hands down his pants and then exposed himself. Covington also alleged that Cosby grabbed her breasts and tried to put his hands down her pants. Cosby was questioned and insisted "it was not true". The New York City Police Department (NYPD) referred her complaint to the D.A., but they declined to prosecute.

In January 2004, Andrea Constand, a former Temple University employee, accused Cosby of drugging and fondling her; however, in February 2005, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania's District Attorney said there would be no charges due to insufficient credible and admissible evidence. Constand then filed a civil claim in March 2005, with thirteen women as potential witnesses if the case went to court. Cosby settled out of court for an undisclosed amount in November 2006. After learning that charges were not pursued in the Constand case, California lawyer Tamara Lucier Green, the only publicly named woman in the prior case, came forward with allegations in February 2005 that Cosby had drugged and assaulted her in the 1970s. Cosby's lawyer said Cosby did not know her and that the events did not happen.

In a July 2005 Philadelphia Daily News interview, Beth Ferrier, one of the anonymous "Jane Doe" witnesses in the Constand case, alleged that in 1984 Cosby had drugged her coffee and she awoke with her clothes partially removed. In 2005, Shawn Upshaw Brown, a woman with whom Cosby admitted to having an extramarital affair in the 1970s, claimed in the National Enquirer that Cosby drugged and raped her the last time the two were together sexually. Brown is the mother of Autumn Jackson, who claims to be Cosby's illegitimate daughter. Jackson was convicted in 1997 of extortion after she threatened to make the claims public in the Globe tabloid. In 2015, Brown went into more detail with her renewed allegations in an interview.

On June 9, 2006, Philadelphia magazine published an article by Robert Huber, titled "Dr. Huxtable & Mr. Hyde", which gave graphic detail about Constand's allegations, and the similar stories told by Green and Ferrer about how they stated that they too were drugged and sexually assaulted. With these severe allegations against Cosby, Huber wrote: "His lawyers have gotten it pushed to the back burner, down to a simmer, and maybe it will amount to nothing, yet there is also the possibility that it will bubble up to destroy him." The article also presented Barbara Bowman, who had come forward after having read about Constand's story, saying she could not sit in silence any longer. Details of Bowman's similar drug and sexual assault allegations were published in the magazine's November 1, 2006, issue. Bowman reported two incidents that happened around early 1986, wherein she was eighteen years old and working as an aspiring model and actress after her agent had introduced her to Cosby and he had become her good friend and mentor, saying that she escaped his attacks, returned home to Denver and Cosby thereafter subverted her career.

Hannibal Buress remarks (October 2014)

On October 16, 2014, as part of a comedy routine in Philadelphia, Hannibal Buress addressed Cosby's legacy of "talk[ing] down" to young black men about their mode of dress and lifestyle. Buress criticized the actor's public moralizing by saying: "Yeah, but you raped women, Bill Cosby, so that kind of brings you down a couple notches."

The audience appeared to respond to Buress's accusation as an incredulous joke, then he encouraged everyone to search "Bill Cosby rape" on Google when they got home. Buress had been using the same Cosby routine for the previous six months with little response, but word of the October performance spread rapidly after being posted on Philadelphia magazine's website. Media coverage intensified, with numerous publications tackling the question of how Cosby had managed to maintain, as Buress called it in his routine, a "teflon image" despite more than a decade of public sexual abuse accusations.

Shortly afterward, USA Today reported that either Cosby or his representative posted a request for Twitter followers to "Go ahead. Meme me!" The tweet was deleted after a large number of the submitted memes made reference to the accusations against Cosby.

Additional assault allegations

After Buress's remarks came to the attention of journalist Joan Tarshis, in November 2014, model Janice Dickinson, actress Louisa Moritz, actor Lou Ferrigno's wife Carla, Florida nurse Therese Serignese, Playboy Playmates Valentino and Sarita Butterfield, actress Michelle Hurd, and eleven other women also made accusations of alleged assaults by Cosby committed against them between 1965 and 2004. Charlotte Laws wrote a November 2014 article published by Salon accusing Cosby of assaulting a friend of hers, with whom she subsequently had lost contact. The following month, in a Vanity Fair article, model Beverly Johnson alleged that she was drugged by Cosby during a 1986 audition, and that she knew other women with similar accounts.

Cosby's attorney said Dickinson's account differed from prior accounts she had given of the incident and released a statement that said in part: "Mr. Cosby does not intend to dignify these allegations with any comment." A follow-up statement dismissed the allegations as "unsubstantiated" and an example of "media vilification". A joint statement from Cosby and Constand, who had received a civil settlement in 2006, clarified the statement released a few days prior by stating that it did not refer to Constand's case, which was resolved years ago.

In January 2015, Cindra Ladd alleged that Cosby drugged and sexually assaulted her in 1969. In May 2015, Lili Bernard claimed that Cosby sexually assaulted her in the early 1990s, and that she had been interviewed by police in Atlantic City, New Jersey, regarding the allegation. Because the state of New Jersey has no statute of limitations for rape, Bernard hoped charges would be brought, but media reports noted that "it wasn't clear...if what [Bernard] says happened to her happened in New Jersey."

On July 27, 2015, New York magazine's cover featured images of 35 women sitting in chairs with the last chair empty, suggesting there may be more victims who have not come forward yet. The 35 women told "their stories about being assaulted by Bill Cosby, and the culture that wouldn't listen". Eleven other women known to New York who alleged sexual assault by Cosby declined to be photographed and interviewed for the feature. According to Vox, the stories span "more than five decades" and are "remarkably similar, typically involving the comedian offering a woman a cup of coffee or some sort of alcoholic beverage—which may be spiked with drugs—and allegedly sexually assaulting the victim as she's impaired or unconscious."

On September 17, 2015, A&E broadcast the documentary Cosby: The Women Speak, a program in which thirteen alleged victims were interviewed. By October 24, nearly sixty women had claimed they were sexually abused by Cosby, and the terms "sociopath" and "serial rapist" were used to describe him. Jewell Allison, one of Cosby's accusers, described him as a "sociopath" and stated: "We may be looking at America's greatest serial rapist that ever got away with this for the longest amount of time. He got away with it because he was hiding behind the image of Cliff Huxtable."

Aftermath

In the wake of the allegations, numerous organizations have severed ties with Cosby, and honors and titles that were previously awarded to him have been revoked. Reruns of The Cosby Show and other shows featuring Cosby have also been pulled from syndication by many organizations. Twenty-five colleges and universities have rescinded honorary degrees.

In July 2015, PAVE: Promoting Awareness and Victim Empowerment, a nonprofit group focusing on sexual assault prevention, launched a WhiteHouse.gov petition, calling upon President Barack Obama to revoke Cosby's Presidential Medal of Freedom (which Cosby received from President George W. Bush in July 2002). Later the same month, in response to a question at a news conference, President Obama said:

Trial, conviction, and conviction overturn

| concur/dissent = With the exception of Andrea Constand's allegations, most of the sexual assault allegations against Cosby have fallen outside of the statutes of limitations for criminal prosecution. Numerous civil lawsuits have been brought against him. Attorney Gloria Allred has represented 33 of Cosby's alleged victims. In July 2015, some of the court records from Andrea Constand's 2005 civil suit against Cosby were unsealed and released to the public. The full transcript of his deposition was also released to the media by a court reporting service. In his testimony, Cosby admitted to casual sex with a series of young women involving the recreational use of the sedative methaqualone (Quaalude); he further acknowledged that his dispensation of the prescription drug was illegal.

On April 26, 2018, following a jury trial, Cosby was found guilty of three counts of aggravated indecent assault against Andrea Constand. An initial trial on the charges had ended in a mistrial when the jurors could not reach a unanimous verdict. On September 25, 2018, he was sentenced to three to ten years in state prison and a $25,000 fine, together with court costs of both trials. After a brief period in the Montgomery County Correctional Facility, Cosby was moved to a state prison, SCI Phoenix in Skippack Township, Pennsylvania, on September 25, 2018, where he was confined to a single cell. On January 28, 2019, Cosby was moved from administrative segregation into the general population. On December 10, 2019, the verdict was upheld by the Pennsylvania Superior Court on the initial level of appeal.

On June 23, 2020, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court agreed to hear a further level of appeal of Cosby's sexual assault conviction based on questions about testimony from a witness being "more prejudicial than probative". The court would hear his appeal on arguments of whether it was proper for the judge to allow five prosecution witnesses to testify in the case about prior, unrelated instances of sexual assault, and to permit the jury to learn of a deposition in which Cosby admitted to giving Quaaludes to other women in the past to facilitate sexual encounters. The court also agreed to review whether Cosby's rights were violated by being prosecuted in the Constand matter, after a former prosecutor had informed Cosby that he would not be prosecuted for the assault, resulting in Cosby's agreeing to testify without claiming his self-incrimination privilege in his accuser's civil lawsuit.

On June 30, 2021, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court overturned Cosby's conviction, citing violations of his due process rights. According to Justice David Wecht, "Even though society has a strong interest in prosecuting crimes, it has an even stronger interest in ensuring that the constitutional rights of the people are vindicated." The following situation was cited: previously in February 2005, District Attorney Bruce Castor declared in a press release that due to insufficient evidence rendering a conviction "unattainable", he "declines to authorize the filing of criminal charges" against Cosby regarding allegations Andrea Constand made against him. Castor said he did so to compel Cosby to testify in a civil lawsuit, brought by Constand, without the right to not incriminate himself as accorded by the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, so that Constand could win damages from Cosby. Cosby testified that he had given Constand Benadryl, and that he had separately provided Quaaludes to women he wanted to have sex with. Cosby settled the civil lawsuit by paying $3.38 million. Six of the seven Pennsylvania Supreme Court justices interpreted Castor's 2005 press release as a promise not to prosecute Cosby, which led Cosby to provide testimony in his civil lawsuit that was later used as key evidence in his criminal trial; thus, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court concluded that Cosby's due process rights were violated. The court further barred prosecution of Cosby "on these particular charges".

Cosby was released from prison on the same day that his conviction was overturned. He had served nearly three years before Pennsylvania's Supreme Court overturned his conviction. In November 2021, the District Attorney filed papers with the Supreme Court of the United States seeking to have the Court consider whether to overturn the decision of the state supreme court. Cosby's attorney filed a response in late January 2022, urging the Supreme Court to decline review. On March 7, 2022, the court declined to review the decision of the Pennsylvania court.

Cosby's legal issues continued following his release from prison. In 2014, Judy Huth had filed a civil suit against Cosby in California, alleging that he had sexually assaulted her in 1975, when she was 16 years old. The trial began in 2022, and the jury ruled in Huth's favor. Cosby was ordered to pay $500,000 in compensatory damages. A separate civil suit was filed in 2023 by Donna Motsinger, who alleged that Cosby drugged and sexually assaulted her in 1972; in a deposition, Cosby reportedly named Dr. Leroy Amar as the person who gave him the quaaludes to seduce Motsinger.

Legacy

Influence on other comedians

Before the 2014 allegations, younger, well-established comics like Jerry Seinfeld had credited Cosby as an innovator both as a practitioner of stand-up comedy, as well as a person who paved the way for comics to break into sitcom television.

Seinfeld said of Cosby: "He opened a door for all of us, for all of the networks to even consider that this was a way to create a character, was to take someone who can hold an audience just by being up there and telling their story. He created that. He created the whole idea of taking a quote-unquote 'comic' and developing a TV show just from a persona that you see on stage."

Comedian Larry Wilmore also saw a connection between Bill Cosby: Himself and the later success of The Cosby Show, saying: "It's clear that the concert is the template for The Cosby Show."

Impact of sexual assault allegations on Cosby's legacy

Joan Tarshis, who had accused Cosby of raping her, within a Salon.com article, compared Cosby's damaged legacy to that of O. J. Simpson, saying: "When you hear O. J. Simpson's name, you don't think 'Oh, great football player'. That doesn't come to mind first. I'm thinking it's not going to be 'Oh, great comedian'. It's going to be 'Oh, serial rapist'."

In 2015, Ebony magazine released an issue with the allegations against Cosby as the cover story, discussing the importance of The Cosby Show and if it is possible to separate Bill Cosby from Cliff Huxtable. The cover depicted a photograph of the Huxtables with a cracked frame, symbolizing the show's damaged and complicated legacy.

In late 2018, the Christmas song "Baby, It's Cold Outside" was pulled from several radio stations amid controversy that its lyrics allegedly promote sexual predation. Susan Loesser, daughter of composer Frank Loesser, blamed Bill Cosby for backlash against its lyric "say, what's in this drink?". Loesser said, "Bill Cosby is ruining it for everybody.... Ever since Cosby was accused of drugging women, I hear the date rape thing all the time.... I think it would be good if people looked at the song in the context of the time. It was written in 1944. It was a different time."

The 2022 premiere of the 21st season of Law & Order touched on the Cosby cases, with the plot being centered around the murder of an entertainer (in this case a singer) released from prison after his conviction was overturned in a manner resembling Cosby's. Like Cosby, he had been accused of many counts of rape yet maintained his innocence but was shot and killed by a victim looking for revenge.

In 2022, W. Kamau Bell released the Showtime documentary We Need to Talk About Cosby, which explores Cosby's life and career up to his sexual assault cases, through conversations with comedians, journalists, and survivors. A representative for Cosby issued a statement days prior to the series's premiere, stating: "Mr. Cosby has spent more than 50 years standing with the excluded; made it possible for some to be included; standing with the disenfranchised; and standing with those women and men who were denied respectful work because of race and gender within the expanses of the entertainment industries, continues to be the target of numerous media that have, for too many years, distorted and omitted truths ... intentionally. Mr. Cosby vehemently denies all allegations waged against him. Let's talk about Bill Cosby. He wants our nation to be what it proclaims itself to be: a democracy."

Personal life

Cosby has been married to Camille Cosby (née Hanks) since January 25, 1964. Together, they have five children, two of whom are deceased: Erika (born 1965), Erinn (born 1966), Ennis (1969–1997), Ensa (1973–2018), and Evin (born 1976). Their only son, Ennis, was murdered on January 16, 1997, while changing a flat tire on the side of Interstate 405 in Los Angeles. Cosby's daughter Ensa died of renal disease on February 23, 2018, while awaiting a kidney transplant. The Cosbys have three grandchildren. Cosby, a Protestant, maintains homes in Shelburne, Massachusetts, and Cheltenham, Pennsylvania.

Cosby hosted the Los Angeles Playboy Jazz Festival from 1979 to 2012. Known as a jazz drummer, he can also be seen playing bass guitar with Jerry Lewis and Sammy Davis Jr. on Hugh Hefner's 1970s talk show. His story, "The Regular Way", was featured in Playboys December 1968 issue. Cosby has become an active member of The Jazz Foundation of America. Cosby became involved with the foundation in 2004. For several years, he has been a featured host for its annual benefit, A Great Night in Harlem, at the Apollo Theater in New York City.

Cosby and his wife have collected more than three hundred works of African-American art since 1967. The works went on display in "Conversations", an exhibit at the National Museum of African Art in 2014. The show was controversial because of the sexual assault allegations made against Cosby.

Cosby is a supporter of his alma mater, Temple University, particularly its men's basketball team, the Temple Owls, whose games Cosby frequently attended prior to his arrest. He is also a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity; he was initiated in the fraternity's Beta Alpha Alpha graduate chapter in White Plains, New York, in 1988, and served briefly on the board of directors for the CDC Foundation.

In 2016, Cosby's attorneys reported that he is now legally blind. In April 2017, Cosby agreed to be interviewed by the National Newspaper Publishers Association, because, as Andrew Wyatt, his spokesman, stated, "they grew comfortable that the NNPA Newswire would be more interested in 'facts over sensationalism'." In the interview, both Cosby and one of his former publicists confirmed the loss of eyesight, noting that it occurred at some point in 2015.

Following his release from prison in 2021, Cosby was reported to be attempting to make a post-prison comeback. Plans for the comeback included a comedy tour that would go from the United States to Canada to London, with Cosby's team having contacted a number of promoters and comedy clubs about performance opportunities. It was also reported that Cosby was working on a five-part docuseries that covers his legacy and his experience in prison, and that he was planning on releasing a book. Later in September, it was reported that Cosby put his plans for a comeback on hold due to ongoing legal problems.

Politics and views

Cosby endorsed Reverend Jesse Jackson in his 1984 and 1988 presidential bids. Cosby received an award at the celebration of the 50th-anniversary commemoration of Brown v. Board of Education ruling—a ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court that outlawed racial segregation in public schools. Later, in May 2004, he made public remarks critical of African Americans who put higher priorities on sports, fashion, and "acting hard" than on education, self-respect, and self-improvement. He pleaded for African American families to educate their children on the many different aspects of American culture. In the Pound Cake speech, Cosby asked that African American parents teach their children better morals at a younger age. As reported in The Washington Times, Cosby "told reporters during a special session of the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation's 34th annual legislative conference [that] parenting needs to come to the forefront. If you need help and you don't know how to parent, we want to be able to reach out and touch you." Richard Leiby of The Washington Post reported, "Bill Cosby was anything but politically correct in his remarks Monday night at a Constitution Hall bash commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education decision."

Cosby was again criticized, and was largely unapologetic, for his stance when he made similar remarks during a speech at a July1 meeting of the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition that commemorated the anniversary of Brown v. Board, where he said: "...you've got to stop beating up your women because you can't find a job, because you didn't want to get an education and now you're [earning] minimum wage." During that speech, he admonished Blacks for not assisting or concerning themselves with the individuals who are involved with crime or have counterproductive aspirations. He further described those who needed attention as Blacks who "had forgotten the sacrifices of those in the Civil Rights Movement".

In 2005, Georgetown University sociology professor Michael Eric Dyson wrote a book, Is Bill Cosby Right? Or Has the Black Middle Class Lost Its Mind? In the book, Dyson wrote that Cosby was overlooking larger social factors that reinforce poverty and associated crime; factors such as deteriorating schools, stagnating wages, dramatic shifts in the economy, offshoring and downsizing, chronic underemployment, and job and capital flight. Dyson suggested that Cosby's comments "betray classist, elitist viewpoints rooted in generational warfare". However, Cornel West defended Cosby and his remarks, saying: "He's speaking out of great compassion and trying to get folk to get on the right track, 'cause we've got some brothers and sisters who are not doing the right things, just like in times in our own lives, we don't do the right thing... He is trying to speak honestly and freely and lovingly, and I think that's a very positive thing."

In a 2008 interview, Cosby mentioned Philadelphia, Atlanta, Chicago, Detroit, Oakland, California, and Springfield, Massachusetts among the cities where crime was high and young African American men were being murdered and jailed in disproportionate numbers. Cosby stood his ground against criticism and affirmed that African American parents were continuing to fail to inculcate proper standards of moral behavior. After Barack Obama was elected president, Cosby expressed strong approval of the incoming President, despite publicly giving the impression that he was more miffed towards Obama in November 2007.

Cosby has also been critical of conservative Republican politicians in regard to their views on socioeconomic and racial issues. In a 2013, CNN interview regarding voting rights, Cosby stated "this Republican Party is not the Republican Party of 1863, of Abraham Lincoln, abolitionists and slavery, is not good. I think it's important for us to look at the underlying part of it. What is the value of it? Is it that some people are angry because my people no longer want to work for free?" Cosby's social commentary led to the unsealing of documents in a previous civil suit by a woman who had accused Cosby of sexual assault, which in turn sparked renewed interest in older allegations. The judge ruled that releasing the sealed documents was justified by the "stark contrast between Bill Cosby, the public moralist and Bill Cosby, the subject of serious allegations concerning improper (and perhaps criminal) conduct".

Awards and honors

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Bill Cosby, List of honorary degrees awarded to Bill Cosby

Due to the sexual assault allegations against Cosby, numerous awards and honors were rescinded, including the Kennedy Center Honor that he received in 1998 and was rescinded in 2018, as well as the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, which he received in 2009 and was rescinded in 2018. On May 3, 2018, Cosby was expelled as a member of the Actors Branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, along with Roman Polanski and Harvey Weinstein, due to their breach of the academy's standards of conduct.

Works

Filmography

Main article: Bill Cosby filmography

Cosby had a starring role in the television secret-agent show I Spy (1965–1968) opposite Robert Culp, and made history when Cosby won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1966, making him the first African American to earn an Emmy Award for acting. Cosby's acting career continued as he starred in the sitcom The Bill Cosby Show, which ran for two seasons from 1969 to 1971.

In 1972, using the Fat Albert character developed during his stand-up routines, Cosby created, produced, and hosted the animated comedy television series Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids which ran until 1985, centering on a group of young friends growing up in an urban area. Throughout the 1970s, Cosby starred in various films including the western film Man and Boy (1971), a reuniting with Culp in the crime film Hickey & Boggs (1972), and Sidney Poitier's crime comedies Uptown Saturday Night (1974), Let's Do It Again (1975), and A Piece of the Action (1977). He also starred in the comedies Mother, Jugs & Speed (1976) and Neil Simon's California Suite (1978) alongside Richard Pryor. He also starred in the original cast of The Electric Company alongside Rita Moreno and Morgan Freeman from 1971 to 1973.

Beginning in the 1980s, Cosby produced and starred in The Cosby Show, which was rated as the number-one show in America from 1985 through 1989. The sitcom highlighted the experiences and growth of an affluent African American family, and Cosby gained a reputation as "America's Dad" for his portrayal of Cliff Huxtable on the sitcom. Cosby produced the spin-off sitcom A Different World, which aired from 1987 to 1993. His 1983 comedy film Bill Cosby: Himself was well regarded by comedians and critics, with some calling it the greatest stand-up concert movie ever. Cosby also starred in The Cosby Mysteries (1994–1995), the sitcom Cosby (1996–2000) and hosted Kids Say the Darndest Things (1998–2000). He then created and produced the animated children's program Little Bill (1999–2004).

Discography

Main article: Bill Cosby discography

Cosby released a number of albums, including live recordings of his stand-up comedy as well as studio albums of both vocal and instrumental music. He charted a number of times on the Billboard Hot 100, including the 1967 single "Little Ole Man (Uptight, Everything's Alright)" from his album Silver Throat: Bill Cosby Sings.

Books written

Notes

References

Citations

General sources

• Leiby, Richard. "Publications with a Cannes-Do Attitude". The Washington Post. May 19, 2004: 3.
• Morano, Marc. "Bill Cosby was hounded by President Nixon". World Entertainment News Network. May 1, 2000. March 2, 2006.
• "Segregated Expectations". USA Today. May 15, 2003: 12.
• Wu, Frank H. "Brown at 50: Keeping Promises". Black Issues in Higher Education. May 20, 2004: 49

References

1. (June 17, 2017). "Bill Cosby mistrial: From trailblazer to alleged assaulter".
2. "Breaking Barriers". [[PBS]].
3. (July 13, 2004). "Bill Cosby: America's granddad gets ornery".
4. Allyn, Bobby. (January 23, 2018). "Bill Cosby Makes Surprise Stand-Up Appearance Ahead Of Retrial". NPR.
5. "Bill Cosby of 'I Spy' Series Wins TV Emmy; First Negro Cast in a Lead Role Also Co-Host at Awards Sinatra Show Voted the Best Musical Bob Hope Cited". [[The New York Times]].
6. Sherman, Jolie. (July 1, 2021). "Vermont legal experts weigh in after Cosby freed from prison".
7. Dale, Maryclaire. (June 30, 2021). "Bill Cosby released from prison after court finds due process violation".
8. Patten, Dominic. (June 22, 2022). "Bill Cosby Sexually Abused Judy Huth In 1970s, Civil Jury Decides – Update".
9. (July 13, 2012). "Monitor".
10. "Bill Cosby Biography (1937–)". Filmreference.com.
11. Pylant, James. (June 2011). "A Glimpse at Bill Cosby's Virginia Roots".
12. "Bill Cosby Trivia". TV.com.
13. Sof, Eric. (December 28, 2016). "Bill Cosby". Spec Ops.
14. (September 11, 2007). "Bill Cosby and Me". [[The Washington Post]].
15. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140221193501/http://www.wma.com/bill_cosby/bio/BILL_COSBY.pdf William Morris Agency]. Retrieved July 15, 2015
16. . (December 4, 2014). ["Bill Cosby's honorary chief status revoked amid controversy"](http://www.navytimes.com/story/military/2014/12/04/bill-cosby-sexual-assault-navy-chief-honor-revoked/19897577/). *Navy Times*.
17. "Famous Veterans: Bill Cosby". Military.com.
18. "Bill Cosby". [[The Kennedy Center]].
19. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030914222430/http://esperstamps.org/t61.htm "Bill Cosby"]. Ebony Society of Philatelic Events and Reflections. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
20. Vecsy, George. (December 4, 2010). "Cosby Can Laugh Now, but Football Was Serious Business". [[The New York Times]].
21. (July 2019). "Bill Cosby". [[Verve Records]]}}{{dead link.
22. Holznagel, Fritz. (December 5, 2010). "From Dropout to Doctorate: A Bill Cosby Educational Timeline". Who2 Biographies.
23. [https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4218&context=dissertations_1#:~:text=1%2D1%2D1976-,An%20integration%20of%20the%20visual%20media%20via%20Fat%20Albert%20and,vehicle%20to%20achieve%20increased%20learning.&text=WILLIAM%20HENRYCOSBY%2C%20JR.&text=WILLIAM%20HENRY%20COSBY%2C%20JR. An integration of the visual media via Fat Albert and the Cosby kids into the elementary school curriculum as a teaching aid and vehicle to achieve increased learning]
24. (May 24, 2017). "Cosby Unraveled". [[WHYY-FM]].
25. (May 24, 2017). "Bill Cosby: the man and the trial". [[WHYY-FM.
26. Ghare, Madhavi. "Bill Cosby Biography".
27. "Bill Cosby".
28. (November 1, 2011). "SPIN's 40 Greatest Comedy Albums of All Time".
29. Smith, Ronald L.. (1997). "Cosby: The Life of a Comedy Legend". [[Prometheus Books]].
30. Penn, Nathaniel. (May 22, 2013). "Comedians Salute the Stand-Up Comedy Classic Bill Cosby: Himself".
31. (July 29, 2015). "Divine Comedy: 25 Best Stand-Up Specials and Movies".
32. (February 14, 2017). "50 Best Stand-Up Comics of All Time".
33. Genzlinger, Neil. (November 22, 2013). "The Art of Burning Rubber vs. Steady Wins the Race". The New York Times.
34. Kenneally, Tim. (May 4, 2015). "Bill Cosby Battles Hecklers at Atlanta Performance: 'Stop it! This Is Our Show'". [[The Boston Globe]].
35. Spangler, Todd. (August 14, 2014). "Netflix Adds Bill Cosby Stand-Up Special to Comedy Lineup".
36. Holloway, Daniel. (July 28, 2015). "Netflix Chief Ted Sarandos on Bill Cosby Special: 'I Don't Think it's Appropriate to Release That'". TheWrap News Inc..
37. Allyn, Bobby. (January 23, 2018). "Bill Cosby Makes Surprise Stand-Up Appearance Ahead Of Retrial". NPR.
38. Coates, Ta-Nehisi. (May 2008). "'This Is How We Lost to the White Man': The audacity of Bill Cosby's black conservatism". [[The Atlantic Monthly]].
39. Jackson, Andrew Grant. (2015). "1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music". St. Martin's Press.
40. Sanneh, Kelefa. (September 15, 2014). "The Eternal Paternal Bill Cosby's never-ending tour".
41. (August 19, 1967). "Album Reviews".
42. (June 1, 1968). "Cosby to Exit WB in August to Join Own Record Firm".
43. Jenkins, Henry. (1998). "The Children's Culture Reader". [[NYU Press]].
44. (2010). "Andy Rooney: 60 Years of Wisdom and Wit{{snd}}Real Truth from Real Couples About Lasting Love". ReadHowYouWant.com, Limited.
45. Rooney, Andy. (January 25, 1997). "Black, white, nation weeps for the Great Bill Cosby". The Daily Reporter.
46. Dyson, Michael Eric. (2008). "Is Bill Cosby Right?: Or Has the Black Middle Class Lost Its Mind?.". [[Basic Books]].
47. (July 1, 2014). "Bill Cosby's Forgotten 'Militant' Documentary – 'Black History: Lost, Stolen or Strayed'".
48. "TetragrammatonAlbum Discography".
49. Blair, Elizabeth. (October 25, 2021). "50 years ago, 'The Electric Company' used comedy to boost kids' reading skills".
50. (1985). "Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946-1981, Part II: Live, Film, and Tape Series". [[The Scarecrow Press]].
51. (December 10, 1984). "People Magazine article".
52. (2001). "Television and the American Family". Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
53. Tueth, Michael. (2005). "Laughter In The Living Room: Television Comedy And The American Home Audience". Peter Lang.
54. "Bill Cosby". Yahoo! Movies.
55. (July 9, 1986). "Cosby To Produce, Star In Pic For Col". [[Variety (magazine).
56. (1994). "National Student Film Institute/L.A: The Sixteenth Annual Los Angeles Student Film Festival".
57. (1991). "Los Angeles Student Film Institute: 13th Annual Student Film Festival".
58. (2007). "The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present". Ballantine Books.
59. (August 2001). "Who Were Our 2001 College Commencement Speakers? (A sampling)". The Black Excel Newsletter.
60. (Spring 2001). "The Ohio State University Commencement Address by Bill Cosby". The Ohio State University.
61. (May 12, 2001). "Cosby Urges Rensselaer Graduates: Be Honest, Be Humble".
62. (Spring 2015). "Commencement 2015: Previous Graduation Speakers". High Point University.
63. Brown, Georgia. (March 16, 2007). "Five top comedy festivals around the world". The Guardian.
64. Miley, Marissa. (January 8, 2009). "Black Agency Employees Paid 20% Less Than Whites". [[Advertising Age]].
65. (September 16, 2014). "Cosby: His Life and Times". Simon and Schuster.
66. Crain, Rance. (28 March 2011). "Bill Cosby Looks Back on His Life in Commercials". Ad Age.
67. (15 September 2003). "Archetype/Stereotype". Ad Age Encyclopedia.
68. Noel, Pamela. (July 1984). "TV ad wars' newest weapon". Ebony.
69. Smith, Andrew F.. (2007). "The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink". Oxford University Press.
70. "Cosby Part 5". WSLR Radio Sarasota.
71. Hughes, Holly. (8 April 2009). "Frommer's 500 Places for Food and Wine Lovers". John Wiley & Sons.
72. Thompson, Stephanie. (19 November 2001). "Jell-O sales jiggle downward; X-treme products readied". Advertising Age.
73. McMath, Robert. (27 April 2011). "What Were They Thinking?: Marketing Lessons You Can Learn from Products That Flopped". Random House Digital, Inc..
74. Spackman, Christy. (17 August 2012). "Mormonism's Jell-O Mold". Slate.com.
75. Pendergrast, p. 346
76. Pendergrast, p. 324
77. (1 June 1998). "Jell-O in Big Apple". Advertising Age.
78. (30 April 1999). "Cosby, Jello mark 25th anniversary". Rome News-Tribune.
79. Elliott, Stuart. (8 September 2000). "Giants Engage in Battle for Billings as DaimlerChrysler Conducts Assignment Review". New York Times.
80. (15 September 2003). "Kraft Foods". Advertising Age.
81. Swinyard, Kersten. (1 February 2001). "Jell-O jiggles its way through Senate vote". Deseret News.
82. Griggs, Brandon. (1 October 2007). "Utah Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff". Globe Pequot.
83. Fredrix, Emily. (16 May 2010). "Bill Cosby & Jell-O: Together Again". TheHuffingtonPost.com.
84. Cross, Mary. (30 September 2002). "A century of American icons: 100 products and slogans from the 20th century consumer culture". Greenwood Press.
85. . (November 24, 2014). ["Cosby accuser: I had 2 drinks, went blank"](http://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2014/11/24/newday-cosby-accuser-kristina-ruehli.cnn/video/playlists/new-day-top-clips/). *CNN*.
86. Roig-Franzia, Manuel. (November 22, 2014). "Bill Cosby's legacy, recast: Accusers speak in detail about sexual-assault allegations".
87. (November 21, 2014). "Bill Cosby Allegedly Tried to Get Wendy Williams Fired for Mentioning the Rape Accusations in 1990". VICE.
88. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K12WIUL-NtQ&t=19m44s ''The Wendy Williams Show'' (November 19, 2014)], clip telling her story about her 1990 ''Dishing The Dirt'' radio show (on 98.7 Kiss in New York) where she had discussed Cosby allegations as reported in ''The National Enquirer'', with Cosby personally phoning her station manager demanding that she be fired.
89. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUtiT9MMCEQ&t=3m51s 'Bill Cosby Guilty'], clip from ''[[The Wendy Williams Show]]'' (published to YouTube on April 27, 2018).
90. (November 18, 2014). "More Cosby Claims: New Accuser Secretly Told Cops About Unwanted 'Sexual Contact' With Bill—Read The Shocking Police Report".
91. (November 8, 2006). "Cosby, Canadian woman settle lawsuit over alleged assault". CBC News.
92. (July 3, 2014). "Bill Cosby Fast Facts". CNN.
93. McDonald, Soraya Nadia. (October 31, 2014). "Is the world starting to turn against Bill Cosby?". The Washington Post.
94. (December 16, 2014). "The Bill Cosby sexual abuse claims—accusation by accusation". The Guardian.
95. Fiorillo, Victor. (November 17, 2014). "Q&A: New Bill Cosby Accuser Joan Tarshis". [[Philadelphia (magazine).
96. Carter, Bill. (November 14, 2014). "Cosby Is Off Another Show as Rape Accusations Swirl". The New York Times.
97. Leopold, Todd. (November 12, 2014). "Rape allegations won't go away for Bill Cosby". CNN.
98. Egan, Nicole Weisensee. (June 23, 2005). "Another Cosby accuser speaks out". Philadelphia Daily News.
99. (November 26, 2014). "Cosby mistress claims comedian drugged and raped her, fathered her daughter". AOL News.
100. Huber, Robert. (June 9, 2006). "Dr. Huxtable & Mr. Hyde". Metro Corp..
101. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwqMST1KTcQ Reporter who saw Cosby's scandal coming], Bob Huber interviewed about his 2006 magazine article that highlighted Cosby allegations (2014 CNN report, uploaded to YouTube on Nov 30)
102. Huber, Robert. (November 1, 2006). "'Cosby Threw Me on the Bed', In a follow-up to our June profile of Bill Cosby, another woman steps forward with allegations against him.". Metro Corp..
103. (November 18, 2014). "Who is Hannibal Buress, and why did he call Bill Cosby a 'rapist'?". CBS News.
104. (March 3, 2015). "A Timeline of the Abuse Charges Against Bill Cosby [Updated]". Vulture.com.
105. (October 17, 2014). "Hannibal Buress on Bill Cosby: You're a Rapist". Phillymag.com.
106. (November 24, 2014). "Comic Hannibal Buress is low-key on his role in Bill Cosby firestorm". Los Angeles Times.
107. (November 17, 2014). "Why Are Old Assault Claims Against Bill Cosby Back?". CBS News.
108. (November 13, 2014). "Bill Cosby raped me. Why did it take 30 years for people to believe my story?". The Washington Post.
109. Durando, Jessica. (November 10, 2014). "Bill Cosby meme generator backfires on social media". USA Today.
110. (November 18, 2014). "Bill Cosby Is a 'Serial Rapist', Accuser Joan Tarshis Tells CNN's Don Lemon (Video)".
111. Bueno, Antoinette. (November 18, 2014). "Janice Dickinson Details Bill Cosby Sexual Assault Accusations: He Raped Me". Entertainment Tonight.
112. (November 21, 2014). "Lou Ferrigno's wife Carla Ferrigno accuses Bill Cosby of assault; more come forward". Fox News Channel.
113. (November 20, 2014). "Therese Serignese, Florida Nurse, Says Bill Cosby Drugged and Raped Her in 1976". The Huffington Post.
114. Roig-Franzia, Manuel. (November 22, 2014). "Bill Cosby's legacy, recast: Accusers speak in detail about sexual-assault allegations". The Washington Post.
115. (November 23, 2014). "Playboy bunny claims Bill Cosby tried to kiss, fondle her". New York Daily News.
116. Stern, Marlow. (November 24, 2014). "Bill Cosby's Long List of Accusers (So Far): 18 Alleged Sexual Assault Victims Between 1965-2004". [[The Daily Beast]].
117. (November 20, 2014). "7th Accuser Joins Claims of Assault by Bill Cosby". The New York Times.
118. Laws, Charlotte. (November 30, 2014). "Bill Cosby and drugging: My 34-year-old secret". Salon.
119. (December 11, 2014). "Bill Cosby Drugged Me. This Is My Story.".
120. Littleton, Cynthia. (November 19, 2014). "Bill Cosby Lawyer Disputes Janice Dickinson's Rape Claim". Variety.
121. Singer, Martin D.. "Statement by Martin D. Singer, attorney for Bill Cosby". The Washington Post.
122. (November 17, 2014). "Bill Cosby". BillCosby.com.
123. Fisher, Luchina. (January 27, 2015). "Bill Cosby Faces New Accuser, Cindra Ladd". [[Good Morning America]].
124. (May 1, 2015). "Cosby accuser aims for criminal charges". USA Today.
125. Malone, Noreen. (July 26, 2015). "'I'm No Longer Afraid': 35 Women Tell Their Stories About Being Assaulted by Bill Cosby, and the Culture That Wouldn't Listen". [[New York (magazine).
126. Lopez, German. (July 26, 2015). "35 Bill Cosby accusers posed for one defiant, powerful magazine cover". [[Vox (website).
127. (September 17, 2015). "Cosby: The Women Speak". [[A&E (TV channel).
128. Pilkington, Ed. (September 18, 2015). "Bill Cosby back in the spotlight as 13 alleged victims give TV interviews". The Guardian.
129. (October 24, 2015). "Two more Cosby accusers go public as total nears 60".
130. Holley, Peter. (December 1, 2014). "Colleges cut ties with Bill Cosby as the list of women accusing him of sexual assault hits 20". The Washington Post.
131. Thistlethwaite, Susan. (July 7, 2015). "Bill Cosby: Race, Gender and Serial Rape Denial". The Huffington Post.
132. (November 20, 2014). "Bill Cosby on Rape Allegations: 'I Don't Talk About It'".
133. (November 23, 2014). "Bill Cosby defiant about answering sexual assault allegations". KFOR-TV.
134. Talmadge, Stephanie. (May 15, 2015). "Bill Cosby addresses sexual misconduct allegations for the first time".
135. Holley, Peter. (December 1, 2014). "Colleges cut ties with Bill Cosby as the list of women accusing him of sexual assault hits 20". The Washington Post.
136. (July 8, 2015). "Asked About Cosby Scandal, Obama Weighs In on a Sexual Violence Discussion". The Hill.
137. Shear, Michael. (July 16, 2015). "Asked About Cosby Scandal, Obama Weighs In on a Sexual Violence Discussion". [[The New York Times]].
138. (July 7, 2015). "Bill Cosby's admission on Quaaludes may spur lawsuits against him, legal experts say". [[Los Angeles Times]].
139. (June 30, 2021). "Bill Cosby home from prison after court reverses sexual assault conviction". [[Reuters]].
140. (September 15, 2015). "Bill Cosby Tells Judge That Insurer Is Threatening His Defense Against Accusers".
141. Moghe, Sonia. (July 24, 2015). "Cosby deposition: Quaaludes came from L.A. gynecologist". [[CNN]].
142. (July 18, 2015). "Bill Cosby, in Deposition, Said Drugs and Fame Helped Him Seduce Women". The New York Times.
143. Ho, Rodney. (September 9, 2016). "Gloria Allred wins Cobb Energy Bill Cosby concert protest case". MyAgc.
144. (April 26, 2018). "Bill Cosby guilty on all three counts in indecent assault trial". [[CNN]].
145. Reilly, Kate. (May 16, 2018). "What Makes This Bill Cosby Accusation Different From Others".
146. (September 25, 2018). "Bill Cosby, Once a Model of Fatherhood, Is Sentenced to Prison". The New York Times.
147. (September 25, 2018). "Cosby sentenced to prison for sex assault". [[BBC News]].
148. ABC News]]. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
149. (September 25, 2018). "Bill Cosby sentenced to 3 to 10 years". [[CNN]].
150. (September 26, 2018). "Bill Cosby, now inmate NN7687, placed in single cell". [[MSN]].
151. Bowley, Graham. (February 6, 2019). "Bill Cosby, isolated no more, joins other inmates in prison". [[Toronto Star]].
152. Puente, Maria. (December 10, 2019). "Bill Cosby loses appeal on sex-crimes conviction". [[USA Today]].
153. Li, David K.. (June 23, 2020). "Bill Cosby allowed to appeal sexual assault conviction before Pennsylvania Supreme Court". [[NBC News]].
154. Savage, Charlie. (July 1, 2021). "Bill Cosby's Release From Prison, Explained". The New York Times.
155. (June 30, 2021). "The court decision freeing Bill Cosby, explained as best we can". [[Vox (website).
156. Weiss, Debra. (June 30, 2021). "Bill Cosby's sexual assault conviction is overturned because of initial district attorney's decision". [[ABA Journal]].
157. (July 1, 2021). "Why Bill Cosby's conviction was overturned". Associated Press.
158. Madani, Doha. (July 1, 2021). "60 women accused Bill Cosby. His conviction had been considered a big win for #MeToo". NBC News.
159. Bowley, Graham. (June 30, 2021). "Bill Cosby to Be Freed as Court Overturns His Sex Assault Conviction".
160. "Court Opinions and Postings {{!}} Supreme Court {{!}} Courts {{!}} Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania". www.pacourts.us.
161. (June 30, 2021). "Bill Cosby released from prison after sexual assault conviction vacated by Pennsylvania Supreme Court". The Washington Post.
162. (March 7, 2022). "Court declines review of Cosby decision". Associated Press.
163. Papuckoski, Spiro (January 28, 2026). [https://torontosun.com/entertainment/celebrity/bill-cosby-sedative-young-woman-sex Bill Cosby allegedly gave sedative to young woman he wanted to have sex with]. ''[[Toronto Sun]]''. Retrieved January 28, 2026.
164. [https://www.msn.com/en-us/entertainment/celebrities/bill-cosby-quietly-confessed-in-court-to-getting-quaaludes-to-drug-women-before-sex/ar-AA1VbQfO Bill Cosby quietly confessed in court to getting quaaludes to drug women before sex]. ''[[MSN]]''. January 28, 2026. Retrieved January 28, 2026.
165. Penn, Nathaniel. (May 2013). "The 30th Anniversary of Bill Cosby: Himself – An All-Star Stand-Up Salute".
166. Williams, Mary Elizabeth. (July 27, 2015). "Bill Cosby's accusers paint a chilling portrait of the man and his legacy: 'I'm thinking it's not going to be, Oh, great comedian. It's going to be, Oh, serial rapist'". Salon.
167. Moyer, Justi Wm.. (October 22, 2015). "Ebony's cracked 'Cosby Show' cover reveals fractures in show's legacy for black community". The Washington Post.
168. Papenfuss, Mary. (December 7, 2018). "Bill Cosby Blamed For Controversy Over 'Baby, It's Cold Outside'". HuffPost.
169. (24 February 2022). "Law & Order's First Episode in 12 Years Tackles a Bill Cosby–esque Case".
170. Poniewozik, James. (February 7, 2022). "'We Need to Talk About Cosby' (Among Others)". The New York Times.
171. Legaspi, Althea. (January 26, 2022). "Bill Cosby Responds to 'PR Hack' W. Kamau Bell on Damning New Series".
172. Towers, Andrea. (January 26, 2022). "Bill Cosby responds to accusations in We Need to Talk About Cosby docuseries, rep calls director a 'PR hack'".
173. B. DRUMMOND AYRES JR.January 17, 1997. (January 17, 1997). "Bill Cosby's Son Is Slain Along Freeway". The New York Times.
174. Hautman, Nicholas. (February 26, 2018). "Bill Cosby's Daughter Ensa Cosby Dead At 44". US Magazine.
175. (January 20, 2012). "Bill Cosby Comes Clean". [[News Observer]].
176. "Q&A: Bill Cosby Talks Family, Faith and Tim Tebow". [[The Christian Post]].
177. (November 9, 2006). "Bill Cosby settles lawsuit in drug, sexual assault case". [[Los Angeles Times]].
178. Cosby, Bill. (December 1968). "The Regular Way". [[Playboy (magazine).
179. (October 13, 2009). "Bill Cosby". famegame.com.
180. (September 25, 2001). "Bill Cosby".
181. Lee, Felicia R.. (May 17, 2007). "Arts, Briefly; Jazz for the Sake of Jazz". The New York Times.
182. Kennicott, Philip. (November 9, 2014). "'Conversations': Museum's African art outshines Cosby's African American art". The Washington Post.
183. McGlone, Peggy. (October 27, 2016). "At 80, Johnnetta Cole reflects on her career and the controversial Cosby exhibition". The Washington Post.
184. "Beta Alpha Alpha Chapter Lines". Beta Alpha Alpha chapter of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.
185. "Fiscal Year 2008 Report to Contributors".
186. Montero-Hernandez, Ricardo. (October 28, 2016). "Bill Cosby is legally blind, according to defense attorneys". [[CNN]].
187. Shnurr, Samantha. (April 26, 2017). "Bill Cosby Breaks His Silence to Confirm He's Blind". [[E!]].
188. Brown, Stacy. (April 26, 2017). "NNPA Newswire Exclusive: Bill Cosby Finally Breaks His Silence".
189. Sanfiorenzo, Dimas. (July 7, 2021). "Fresh Out of Prison, Bill Cosby is Allegedly Planning a Comeback Tour".
190. Lampen, Claire. (September 9, 2021). "Apparently Bill Cosby Finally Read the Room".
191. "Campaign '84;NEWLN:Celebrity train runs out of steam before Democratic convention - UPI Archives".
192. "User Clip: Bill Cosby for Jesse Jackson".
193. Brownfeld, Alan. (June 17, 2013). "Father's Day with Bill Cosby, an American Original". Salem-News.com.
194. "Bill Cosby: Charity Work & Causes".
195. DeBose, Brian. (September 9, 2009). "Cosby urges leaders to aid black families". [[The Washington Times]].
196. (May 19, 2004). "Publicists With a Cannes-Do Attitude". The Washington Post.
197. Williams, Juan. (2007). "Enough: The Phony Leaders, Dead-End Movements, and Culture of Failure That Are Undermining Black America – and What We Can Do About It". [[Crown Publishing.
198. (July 15, 2004). "Tough Talk: Bill Cosby". PBS.
199. (October 26, 2009). "Fattah Lauds Bill Cosby as 'Hometown Hero'". Congressman Chaka Fattah.
200. "Is Bill Cosby Right or Is the Black Middle Class Out of Touch?". [[NPR]].
201. Dyson, Michael Eric. (July 21, 2006). "The Injustice Bill Cosby Won't See". The Washington Post.
202. [https://archive.today/20081202200132/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/tavissmiley/archive/200405/20040526_cosby.html Cornel West radio clip] played on ''[[Tavis Smiley]]'' edition "Bill Cosby: Airdate May 26, 2004"
203. (June 2, 2008). "Cosby to blacks: Come on people, it's time for change". [[Chicago Tribune]].
204. Burns, Alexander. (January 10, 2025). "Cosby hails Obama, knocks Hannity". Politico.
205. (January 11, 2009). "'Meet the Press' transcript for Jan. 11, 2009". Meet the Press.
206. (November 3, 2007). "CNN Larry King Live: Interview with Bill Cosby". Larry King Live.
207. Johnson, Ted. (January 11, 2009). "Bill Cosby on Obama". Variety.
208. Jones, Joyce. (March 6, 2013). "Bill Cosby Sounds Off on the GOP".
209. (July 7, 2015). "Cosby admitted in 2005 to getting sedatives to give to women he sought sex with". [[The Globe and Mail]].
210. Derschowitz, Jessica. (December 5, 2014). "Bill Cosby's Hollywood Walk of Fame star vandalized". CBS News.
211. "Biography of Bill Cosby". [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]].
212. McGlone, Peggy. (May 7, 2018). "Kennedy Center rescinds Honors, Twain awards given to Bill Cosby". The Washington Post.
213. Itzkoff, Dave. (October 27, 2009). "Bill Cosby receives Mark Twain Prize". The New York Times.
214. Farhi, Paul. (October 27, 2009). "Bill Cosby is awarded the Twain Prize for humor at the Kennedy Centre". The Washington Post.
215. (May 3, 2018). "Roman Polanski and Bill Cosby expelled from the film Academy". [[The Guardian]].
216. "Chart history for Bill Cosby". Billboard.