Beta

Name

Like the names of most other Greek letters, the name of beta comes from the acrophonic name of the corresponding letter in Phoenician, which was the common Semitic word *bayt ('house', compare bayt and báyit). In Greek, the name was βῆτα bêta, pronounced in Ancient Greek. It is spelled βήτα in modern monotonic orthography and pronounced .

History

The letter beta was derived from the Phoenician letter beth [[Image:Phoenician beth.svg|20px|Beth]].

The letter Β had the largest number of highly divergent local forms. Besides the standard form (either rounded or pointed, ), there were forms as varied as (Gortyn), and (Thera), (Argos), (Melos), (Corinth), (Megara, Byzantium), and (Cyclades).

Uses

Algebraic numerals

In the system of Greek numerals, beta has a value of 2. Such use is denoted by a number mark: Β′.

Computing

Finance

Beta is used in finance as a measure of investment portfolio risk.

International Phonetic Alphabet

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, Greek minuscule beta denotes a voiced bilabial fricative .

A superscript version may also indicate a compressed vowel, like .

Meteorology

Beta has twice been used to name an Atlantic Basin tropical cyclone:

• Hurricane Beta, in 2005
• Tropical Storm Beta, in 2020

Mathematics and science

• Beta is often used to denote a variable in mathematics and physics, where it often has specific meanings for certain applications.
• Some uses of beta in math include:
  • β is sometimes used as a placeholder for an ordinal number if α is already used. For example, the two roots of a quadratic equation are typically labelled α and β.
  • In regression analysis, symbolizes nonstandardized partial slope coefficients, whereas represents standardized (standard deviation-score form) coefficients; in both cases, the coefficients reflect the change in the criterion Y per one-unit change in the value of the associated predictor X.
  • In statistics, beta may represent type II error, or regression slope.
  • Dirichlet beta function
• Some uses of beta in physics and engineering include:
  • In spaceflight, beta angle describes the angle between the orbit plane of a spacecraft or other body and the vector from the sun.
  • In physics β is used for a beta particle (an unbound energetic electron or positron).
• β is also used for naming in biology. For example, e.g. β-Carotene, a primary source of provitamin A; β cells in pancreatic islets, which produce insulin; and beta sheet, a common motif in protein secondary structure.
• The uppercase letter beta is not generally used as a symbol because it tends to be rendered identically to the uppercase Latin B.

Rock climbing terminology

The term "beta" refers to advice on how to successfully complete a particular climbing route, boulder problem, or crux sequence.

Slang

Main article: Alpha and beta male

Beta male, or simply beta, is a slang term for men derived from the designation for beta animals in ethology, along with its counterpart, alpha male. The term has been used as a pejorative self-identifier among members of manosphere communities, particularly incels, who do not believe they are assertive or traditionally masculine, and feel overlooked by women. It is also used to negatively describe other men who are not assertive, particularly in heterosexual relationships.

curled beta

Typography

In some high-quality typesetting, especially in the French tradition, a typographic variant of the lowercase letter without a descender is used within a word for ancient Greek: is printed .

In typesetting technical literature, it is a commonly made mistake to use the German letter ß (a s–z or s–s ligature) as a replacement for β. The two letters resemble each other in some fonts, but they are unrelated.

Videotape formats

"Beta" can be used to refer to several consumer and professional videotape formats developed by Japan's Sony Corporation. Although similarly named, they are very different in function and obsolescence.

• Betamax was the name of a domestic videotape format developed in the 1970s and 1980s. It competed with the Video Home System (VHS) format developed by the Japanese Victor Company, to which it eventually succumbed. The Betamax format was also marketed Betacord by (Sanyo); some cassettes were simply labeled "Beta", and the logo was a lower-case beta. Betamax lost in the market and is an oft-used example of a technically superior solution that failed due to market forces.
• Betacam, including Beta SP and DigiBeta, is a family of professional videotape formats launched in 1982 that was the de facto standard for professional video, advertising, and television production through the 2000s. The formats outlasted analog NTSC television, and their scarcity today is because the industry has moved to HD formats.

Unicode

• ( in TeX)
• (Japanese square katakana of ベータ ja)

These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style:

References

References

1. "UN Romanization of Greek for Geographical Names (1987)".
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3. (1961). "The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece". Oxford University Press.
4. Weisstein, Eric W.. "Beta".
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6. Bhandari, Pritha. (2021-01-18). "Type I & Type II Errors {{!}} Differences, Examples, Visualizations".
7. Weisstein, Eric W.. "Dirichlet Beta Function".
8. "Thermal Operation {{!}} The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Experiment".
9. Rutherford, E.. (January 1899). "VIII. Uranium radiation and the electrical conduction produced by it". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science.
10. Rock and Ice. (3 October 2016). "Rock & Ice – Climbing Terminology".
11. (January 2008). "The myth of the alpha male: A new look at dominance-related beliefs and behaviors among adolescent males and females". International Journal of Behavioral Development.
12. Hosie, Rachel. (9 May 2017). "The Myth of the Alpha Male". The Independent.
13. (2020). "Sluts and soyboys: MGTOW and the production of misogynistic online harassment". New Media & Society.
14. (2018). "The Persistence of Global Masculinism: Discourse, Gender and Neo-Colonial Re-Articulations of Violence". [[Palgrave Macmillan]].
15. Haralambous, Yannis. (1999). "From Unicode to typography, a case study: the Greek script".
16. (2013). ""Las normas ortográficas y ortotipográficas de la nueva Ortografía de la lengua española (2010) aplicadas a las publicaciones biomédicas en español: una visión de conjunto". Panace@.
17. "Slaughter & Rees Report: The Betamax Bust and the Future of Global Business".