Benzylamine

Manufacturing

Benzylamine can be produced by several methods, the main industrial route being the reaction of benzyl chloride and ammonia. It is also produced by the reduction of benzonitrile and reductive amination of benzaldehyde, both done over Raney nickel.

: [[File:Benzonitrile hydrogenation.svg|class=skin-invert-image|400px]]

It was first produced accidentally by Rudolf Leuckart in the reaction of benzaldehyde with formamide in a process now known as the Leuckart reaction.

Biochemistry

Benzylamine occurs biologically from the action of the N-substituted formamide deformylase enzyme, which is produced by Arthrobacter pascens bacteria. This hydrolase catalyses the conversion of N-benzylformamide into benzylamine with formate as a by-product. Benzylamine is degraded biologically by the action of the monoamine oxidase B enzyme, resulting in benzaldehyde.

Uses

Benzylamine is used as a masked source of ammonia, since after N-alkylation, the benzyl group can be removed by hydrogenolysis:

: C6H5CH2NH2 + 2 RBr → C6H5CH2NR2 + 2 HBr : C6H5CH2NR2 + H2 → C6H5CH3 + R2NH

Typically a base is employed in the first step to absorb the HBr (or related acid for other kinds of alkylating agents).

Benzylamine reacts with acetyl chloride to form N-benzylacetamide.

Isoquinolines can be prepared from benzylamine and glyoxal acetal by an analogous approach known as the Schlittler-Müller modification to the Pomeranz–Fritsch reaction. This modification can also be used for preparing substituted isoquinolines.

: [[File:Synthesis CL20.svg|left|thumb|upright=1.33|class=skin-invert-image|Synthesis of HNIW from benzylamine]]

Benzylamine is used in the manufacture of other pharmaceuticals, including alniditan, lacosamide, moxifloxacin, and nebivolol.

Benzylamine is also used to manufacture the military explosive hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW), which is superior to older nitroamine high explosives like HMX and RDX. Illustrating the debenzylation tendency of benzylamines, four of the benzyl groups are removed from hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane by hydrogenolysis catalysed by palladium on carbon.

Pharmacology and derivatives

Benzylamine's α-methylated derivative has been found to act as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), including of both monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B).

A derivative, pargyline (N-methyl-N-propargylbenzylamine), is an MAOI that has been used pharmaceutically as an antihypertensive agent and antidepressant. α-Methylbenzylamine (1-phenylethylamine) is an MAOI, inhibiting both MAO-A and MAO-B, as well.

Another derivative, α,N-DMMDBA (MDM1EA; α,N-dimethyl-3,4-methylenedioxybenzylamine), partially substitutes for MDMA at high doses in drug discrimination tests in rats. Benzylamine is also similar in structure to benzylpiperazine (BZP), which is a monoamine releasing agent and psychostimulant. However, both benzylamine and α-methylbenzylamine have been found to be inactive as norepinephrine releasing agents.

Salts

The hydrochloride salt of benzylamine, C6H5CH2NH3Cl or C6H5CH2NH2·HCl, is prepared by reacting benzylamine with hydrochloric acid, and can be used in treating motion sickness. NASA astronaut John Glenn was issued with benzylamine hydrochloride for this purpose for the Mercury-Atlas 6 mission. The cation in this salt is called benzylammonium and is a moiety found in pharmaceuticals such as the anthelmintic agent bephenium hydroxynaphthoate, used in treating ascariasis.

Other derivatives of benzylamine and its salts have been shown to have anti-emetic properties, including those with the N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)benzylamine moiety. Commercially available motion-sickness agents including cinnarizine and meclizine are derivatives of benzylamine.

Other benzylamines

1-Phenylethylamine is a methylated benzylamine derivative that is chiral; enantiopure forms are obtained by resolving racemates. Its racemic form is sometimes known as (±)-α-methylbenzylamine. Both benzylamine and 1-phenylethylamine form stable ammonium salts and imines due to their relatively high basicity.

Safety and environment

Benzylamine exhibits modest oral toxicity in rats with LD50 of 1130 mg/kg. It is readily biodegraded.

References

References

1. {{GESTIS
2. "Benzylamine". [[Sigma-Aldrich]].
3. Hall, H. K.. (1957). "Correlation of the Base Strengths of Amines". [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]].
4. "This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury". [[NASA.
5. Heuer, L.. (2006). "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry". [[Wiley-VCH]].
6. (2011). "Organic Reactions".
7. (2009). "Class 3 Hydrolases: EC 3.4.22–3.13". [[Springer Science & Business Media]].
8. (2004). "Amine-synthesizing enzyme ''N''-substituted formamide deformylase: screening, purification, characterization, and gene cloning". [[Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.]].
9. (6 December 2015). "MAOB: Monoamine oxidase B – Homo sapiens". [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]].
10. (2004). "Monoamine oxidases: Certainties and uncertainties". [[Curr. Med. Chem.]].
11. Gatto, V. J.. (1993). "4,13-Diaza-18-Crown-6".
12. Li, J. J.. (2014). "Name Reactions: A Collection of Detailed Mechanisms and Synthetic Applications". [[Springer Science+Business Media.
13. (1995). "The discovery of a series of new non-indole 5HT_1D agonists". [[Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.]].
14. (1996). "Synthesis and anticonvulsant activities of ''N''-Benzyl-2-acetamidopropionamide derivatives". [[J. Med. Chem.]].
15. (2008). "Synthesis and anticonvulsant activities of ''N''-benzyl-(2''R'')-2-acetamido-3-oxysubstituted propionamide derivatives". [[Bioorg. Med. Chem.]].
16. Peterson, U.. (2006). "Analogue-based Drug Discovery". [[John Wiley & Sons]].
17. "Derivatives of 2,2'-iminobisethanol".
18. (2005). "Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and CL-20-based formulations (review)". [[Combust. Explos. Shock Waves]].
19. (January 2004). "Monoamine oxidase and head-twitch response in mice. Mechanisms of alpha-methylated substrate derivatives". Neurotoxicology.
20. (June 1972). "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors". J Pharm Sci.
21. (2011). "[[The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds]]". Transform Press.
22. (December 1994). "Behavioral and developmental effects of two 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) derivatives". Drug Alcohol Depend.
23. (2022). "Novel Psychoactive Substances". Elsevier.
24. (1978). "Stimulants". Springer US.
25. "Benzylamine hydrochloride". [[Sigma-Aldrich]].
26. "This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury". [[NASA.
27. (2003). "Handbook of Drugs for Tropical Parasitic Infections". [[CRC Press]].
28. "Benzylamine derivatives".
29. PubChem Public Chemical Database. (26 December 2015). "1-Phenylethylamine". [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]].