Benefit principle

Overview

:Thus, considered in themselves, in their own nature, in their normal state, and apart from all abuses, public services are, like private services, purely and simply acts of exchange. - Frédéric Bastiat

The benefit principle takes a market-oriented approach to taxation. The objective is to accurately determine the optimal amount of revenue that should be spent on public goods.

• More equitable/fair because taxpayers, like consumers, would "pay for what they get"
• Taxes are more akin to prices that people would pay for government services
• Consumer sovereignty - specific rather than general...charges are more direct...so the preferences of taxpayers, rather than government planners, are given more weight
• More efficient allocation of limited resources...it is less likely that funds will be overinvested in low priority programs.
• There's no such thing as a free lunch - taxpayers would have a better understanding of the costs of public goods
• Provides the foundation for voluntary exchange theory.

Examples

Here are a few of the public services that are currently funded, in some part, on the basis of the benefit principle...

• Public college tuition (only paid by the people who attend public colleges)
• National park admission fees (only paid by the people who visit public parks)
• Fuel taxes (only paid by the people who purchase fuel)
• Bus fares (only paid by the people who take the bus)
• Bridge tolls (only paid by people who use the bridge)

Passages

:Until people are made to bear the full costs of their decisions, those decisions are unlikely to be socially sound, in this as in other areas of public policy. - Bird, Richard M. (1976). Charging for Public Services: A New Look at an Old Idea

:The doctrine of consumer sovereignty is applied to the provision of social goods in so far as the consumer buys national defence, police service, fire protection and electricity or water supply from the public sector of his own choice and according to the benefits received just as he buys food, clothes, fuel, tooth brushes and automobiles from the private producers. - P.C. Jain (1989), The Economics of Public Finance, 2nd ed., v. 1, p. 63.

Criticism

The free-rider problem is the primary criticism given for limiting the scope of the benefit principle. When information about marginal benefits is available only from the individuals themselves, they tend to under report their valuation for a particular good, this gives rise to the preference revelation problem. Each individual can lower his tax cost by under reporting his benefits derived from the public good or service. One solution would be to implement tax choice. If taxpayers had to pay taxes anyway, but could choose where their taxes went (without the possibility of secret rebates or similar), then they would have no incentive to hide their true preferences.

References

References

1. Fritz Neumark and Charles E. McLure, Jr., 2013. "Taxation," The Benefit Principle, ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/584578/taxation/72013/The-benefit-principle preview.]
2. • [[Richard Musgrave (economist)
3. Bernd Hansjürgens, 2000. "The Influence of Knut Wicksell on Richard Musgrave and James Buchanan", ''Public Choice'', 103(1/2), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/30026155?uid=3739936&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101776158417 95]-116.
4. Richard A. Musgrave, 1959. ''The Theory of Public Finance'', ch. 4, "The Benefit Approach," pp. 71-89.
5. Richard A. Musgrave and Peggy B. Musgrave, 1973. ''Public Finance in Theory and Practice'' (under "Subject Index," Benefit Principle).
6. James M. Buchanan, 1986. [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1986/buchanan-lecture.html# "The Constitution of Economic Policy,"] V. The Constitution of Economic Policy, Nobel Prize lecture. Republished in 1987, ''American Economic Review'', 77(3), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1804093?uid=3739936&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101650471787 243]-250.
7. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1829016 The Economics of Earmarked Taxes]