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Barlas

Turco-Mongolian aristocratic tribal confederation clan

Barlas

Turco-Mongolian aristocratic tribal confederation clan

later Sunni Islam

  • Mongol Empire
  • Chagatai Khanate
  • Transoxiana Sheikh Mirza Beg Shah Sardar Emir Ghazi Sultan Qachuli Barlas

In Transoxiana: Qarachar Barlas

  • Timurid Dynasty
  • Mughal Dynasty
  • Muhammad Khwaja Tribe

The Barlas (; Chagatai Turkic/ Barlās; also Berlās) were a Mongol tribe, which later became Turkified in Central Asia, forming a nomadic confederation. They were a sub-clan of the Borjigin, emerged within the Khamag Mongol confederation in present-day Mongolia in the early to mid-12th century, and traced their military roots to one of the elite regiments of the Mongol Empire’s Kheshig guard. The Barlas spawned as one imperial dynasties with two major empires in Asia: the Timurid Empire in Central Asia and Persia; and its later branch, the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent.

History

Origins

quote=To the best of my knowledge, the earliest portrait of Timur can be found in a genealogical scroll (Istanbul, Topkapı Palace Museum, H. 2152, fols 32-43&quot;), produced shortly after his death in Samarqand (probably under the reign of Khalil Sultan, r. 1405-1409)}}</ref>

According to the Secret History of the Mongols (written during the reign of Ögedei Khan [r. 1229–1241]) and historian Rashid al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318) who wrote the Jami' al-tawarikh, the Barlas shared ancestry with the Khiyad Borjigin, who were the descendents of Khaidu Khan. He also noted that the Barlas' relationship with the imperial Mongol ruling clan was through a common ancestry via Tumbinai Khan, who was both Timur and Genghis Khan's ancestor. Rashid al-Din Hamadani also traced the ancestry of the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors, as well as other related Mongol clans. The progenitor of the Barlas clan is Qachuli, who founded the tribe in Khamag Mongol in Northern Mongolia; Qachuli was either the son of Tumanay Setsen or Tumbinai Khan (the chief of the Borjigin), as well as the twin brother of Qabul Khan, the founder and first ruler of the Khamag Mongol Confederations. Qachuli's great-grandson was Qarachar Barlas, a minister (Noyan) and military commander of a (Tumen) under Genghis Khan; during the Mongol Invasions of Central Asia, he migrated and established new settlements in the regions of Central asia and Transoxiana. Genghis Khan later assigned Qarachar to be a minister and governor (Darughachi) of Transoxiana under the command of Chagatai Khan.

The Barlas controlled the region of Kish (modern day Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan) and all of its lineages seem to have been associated with this region. In contrast to most neighboring tribes who remained nomadic, the Barlas were a sedentary due to there military and aristrocratic natures and status of tribe. Due to extensive contacts with the native population of Central Asia, the tribe had adopted the religion of Islam and leaving there forefathers Tengrism, and as they native Mongol speaker they adopted the Chagatai language, a Turkic language of the Qarluq branch, which was heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian. Although the Barlas were not always exogamous, but many marriages recorded were outside the tribe.

Timurids and Mughals

Main article: Timurid dynasty, Mughal dynasty

quote=The first Mughal emperor, Babur, who reigned from 1526 to 1530, is shown seated on the right with his son and successor, Humayun.}}</ref>

Its most famous representatives were the Timurids, a dynasty founded by the conqueror Timur in the 14th century, who ruled over modern-day Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and almost the entire rest of the Caucasus, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as parts of contemporary Pakistan, Mesopotamia, and Anatolia. One of his descendants, Babur, later founded the Mughal Empire of Central Asia and South Asia.

References

References

  1. Grupper, S. M. 'A Barulas Family Narrative in the Yuan Shih: Some Neglected Prosopographical and Institutional Sources on Timurid Origins'. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 8 (1992–94): 11–97
  2. Chann, Naindeep Singh. (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus.
  3. Anooshahr, Ali. (2018-04-19). "Mongols in the Tarikh-i Rashidi". Oxford Scholarship Online.
  4. Rührdanz, Karin. (2016-01-01). "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting". BRILL.
  5. B.F. Manz, ''The rise and rule of Tamerlan'', [[Cambridge University. Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge 1989, p. 28: ''"... We know definitely that the leading clan of the Barlas tribe traced its origin to Qarachar Barlas, head of one of Chaghadai's regiments ... These then were the most prominent members of the Ulus Chaghadai: the old Mongolian tribes — Barlas, Arlat, Soldus and Jalayir ..."''
  6. "Timur and the Timurids, Svat Soucek, Princeton University, New Jersey, Publisher Cambridge University Press".
  7. M.S. Asimov & [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth. C. E. Bosworth]], ''History of Civilizations of Central Asia'', [[UNESCO]] Regional Office, 1998, {{ISBN. 92-3-103467-7, p. 320: ''"... One of his followers was [...] Timur of the Barlas tribe. This Mongol tribe had settled [...] in the valley of Kashka Darya, intermingling with the Turkish population, adopting their religion (Islam) and gradually giving up its own nomadic ways, like a number of other Mongol tribes in Transoxania ..."''
  8. G.R. Garthwaite, ''"The Persians"'', Malden, {{ISBN
  9. (2007-03-01). "Family tree of major Timurid princes". Cambridge University Press.
  10. (1972-12-31). "Part Two: The Secret History of the Mongols Index". De Gruyter Mouton.
  11. Saunders, J. J.. (2023-07-07). "The Turkish rehearsal for the Mongol conquests". Routledge.
  12. Grupper, S. M. 'A Barulas Family Narrative in the Yuan Shih: Some Neglected Prosopographical and Institutional Sources on Timurid Origins'. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 8 (1992–94): 11–97
  13. Gérard Chaliand, ''A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century'', [[University of California Press]], California 2014, p. 151
  14. Lee, Joo-Yup. (2019-12-23). "Turkic Identity in Mongol and Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Qipchaq Steppe". Oxford University Press.
  15. (4 December 2023). "Manuscript Albums and their Cultural Contexts: Collectors, Objects, and Practices". Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
  16. Kamola, Stefan. (2019-09-01). "Making Mongol History". Edinburgh University Press.
  17. (1972-12-31). "Part Two: The Secret History of the Mongols Index". De Gruyter Mouton.
  18. Rührdanz, Karin. (2016-01-01). "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting". BRILL.
  19. Kamola, Stefan. (2019-09-01). "Making Mongol History". Edinburgh University Press.
  20. [[The Secret History of the Mongols]], transl. by I. De Rachewiltz, [http://www.mongolianculture.com/TheSecretHist.htm Chapter I] {{webarchive. link. (February 23, 2007.)
  21. Kamola, Stefan. (2019-09-01). "Making Mongol History". Edinburgh University Press.
  22. Joshi, Harit. (2020). "Akbarnama". Presses de l’Inalco.
  23. Melville, Charles. (2021-10-11). "On Some Manuscripts of Hatifi’s Timurnama". De Gruyter.
  24. (1972-12-31). "Part Two: The Secret History of the Mongols Index". De Gruyter Mouton.
  25. Rührdanz, Karin. (2016-01-01). "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting". BRILL.
  26. Chann, Naindeep Singh. (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus.
  27. Kamola, Stefan. (2019-09-01). "Making Mongol History". Edinburgh University Press.
  28. Kamola, Stefan. (2019-09-01). "Making Mongol History". Edinburgh University Press.
  29. Chann, Naindeep Singh. (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus.
  30. Rührdanz, Karin. (2016-01-01). "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting". BRILL.
  31. Kamola, Stefan. (2019-09-01). "Making Mongol History". Edinburgh University Press.
  32. Chann, Naindeep Singh. (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus.
  33. Rührdanz, Karin. (2016-01-01). "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting". BRILL.
  34. (1972-12-31). "Part One: The Secret History of the Mongols Text". De Gruyter Mouton.
  35. Rührdanz, Karin. (2016-01-01). "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting". BRILL.
  36. Chann, Naindeep Singh. (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus.
  37. Kamola, Stefan. (2019-09-01). "Making Mongol History". Edinburgh University Press.
  38. B.F. Manz, ''The rise and rule of Tamerlan'', [[Cambridge University. Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge 1989, p. 156–7
  39. Gérard Chaliand, ''A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century'', [[University of California Press]], California 2014, p. 151
  40. Kamola, Stefan. (2019-09-01). "Making Mongol History". Edinburgh University Press.
  41. Rührdanz, Karin. (2016-01-01). "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting". BRILL.
  42. Kamola, Stefan. (2019-09-01). "Making Mongol History". Edinburgh University Press.
  43. G. Doerfer, "''{{usurped
  44. Rührdanz, Karin. (2016-01-01). "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting". BRILL.
  45. B.F. Manz, ''The rise and rule of Tamerlan'', [[Cambridge University. Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge 1989, p. 157
  46. Rührdanz, Karin. (2016-01-01). "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting". BRILL.
  47. "Babur and Humayun with Courtiers, from the Late Shah Jahan Album".
  48. René Grousset, ''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia'', Rutgers University Press, 1988. {{ISBN
  49. {{iranica. babor-zahir-al-din. Ẓahīr-al-Dīn Moḥammad Bābor. Timurid]] prince, military genius, and literary craftsman who escaped the bloody political arena of his Central Asian birthplace to found the Mughal Empire in India. His origin, milieu, training, and education were steeped in [[Muslim]] culture and so Bābor played significant role for the fostering of this culture by his descendants, the Mughals of India, and for the expansion of Islam in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and [[historiographical]] results.
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1100s-establishments barlas former-confederations borjigin mongolian-nobility mongol-empire-people ethnic-groups-in-mongolia mongol-empire
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