Banpo

Site

The settlement was surrounded by a moat, with graves and pottery kilns located outside the moat perimeter. Many of the houses were semi-subterranean with the floor typically 1 m below the ground surface. The houses were supported by timber poles and had steeply pitched thatched roofs.

According to the paradigm of archaeology influenced by Marxist historiography that was prevalent in China at the time the site was being excavated, Banpo society was considered to be matriarchal; however, new research contradicts this claim and the Marxist paradigm is gradually being phased out in modern Chinese archaeological research. The archaeological evidence to date has not allowed for deeper insight or analysis concerning the religious or political structure of Banpo society.

The site is now home to the Xi'an Banpo Museum, built in 1957 to preserve the archaeological collection.

Banpo culture

Banpo is the type site of the Banpo culture, first phase of the Yangshao Culture. Archaeological sites with similarities to the site at Banpo are considered to be part of the "Banpo phase" (4th-3rd millennium BCE) of the Yangshao culture. Banpo was excavated from 1954 to 1957.

The tomb of a four-year-old girl contains one of the earliest examples of children's toys, a set of three stone balls.

Pottery innovations

Banpo was the first culture to use the potter's wheel in China, while other cultures continued to use coiling techniques, and the potter's wheel only became generalized by the end of the Yangshao period. Banpo also had the first pottery kilns in China. The designs of the Banpo were often geometric, and animal or anthropomorphic figures.

File:Banpo - Neolithic kiln (4535392749).jpg|Banpo pottery kiln File:Banpo Neolithic pottery (4535389317).jpg|Banpo pottery made on a potter's wheel File:YangshaoCordmarkedAmphoraBanpoPhase4800BCEShaanxi.jpg|Yangshao traditional cordmarked amphora (Banpo phase, 4800 BC, Shaanxi

Designs

Banpo is known for a characteristic type of decorative pottery, with a red clay coating all over the body, and geometrical drawings in black, typically depicting a round human head with some fish around it. The round human head had a triangular design on top. Similarities have been noted between the motifs of the Afanasievo culture and Okunev culture of the Minusinsk basin in Siberia, and those on the potteries of Banpo. Pottery style emerging from the Yangshao culture spread westward to the Majiayao culture, and then further to Xinjiang and Central Asia.

Several of the potteries have symbol marks, and are part of the Neolithic signs in China, but each sign occurs singly, which is antinomic with the function of a written script. They could instead be the personal mark of individual potters.

File:Pottery pot with human and fish design from Neolithic age (9000 to 2000 BC). Found in Shaanxi province. Beijing Capital Museum.jpg|Pottery pot with human and fish design, Shaanxi province. Beijing Capital Museum File:Banpo bowl.jpg|Human faced–fish decorated bowl recovered at Banpo. File:Banpo motif.jpg|Banpo anthropomorphic motif File:Banpo Neolithic Village burial.jpg|Banpo burial File:BanpoSkull.jpg|A skull recovered at Banpo displayed at the Xi'an Banpo Museum. File:Banpo pottery symbols.svg|Banpo pottery symbols

Footnotes

References

• Allan, Sarah (ed), The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective,
• Chang, Kwang-chih. The Archaeology of Ancient China,

References

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