Artemisia vulgaris

Description

Artemisia vulgaris is an aromatic, herbaceous, perennial plant that grows to 1.5 m in height. It spreads through vegetative expansion and the anthropogenic dispersal of root rhizome fragments—the plant rarely reproduces from seeds in temperate regions, as few seeds capable of germinating are produced by plants. Mugwort cannot easily be controlled by being ploughed into the soil, as sections of the plant's rhizomes move away from the parent plant if the soil is disturbed, causing the number of new plants to increase.

The stems are purple-looking and angular. The pinnate leaves are smooth and of a dark green tint on the upper surface. They have dense, whitish tomentose hairs on the underside, are glabrous on the upperside, and have lobes that are approximately 2.5 - wide. New leaves are opposite and are attached to the stem with a thin, long petiole. They are rounded, lack lobes, and are woolly-looking underneath.

The yellow or reddish-looking flower heads, which appear from July to September, are arranged paniculate branching structure. They are 5 mm long and radially symmetrical. The outer flowers in each capitulum are female and the inner ones bisexual. A. vulgaris flowers from midsummer to early autumn. The brown rectangular-shaped fruit has one seed, and has ridges, a narrow base, and tiny bristles on the end.

The root system consists of numerous horizontal branched rhizomes from which adventitious roots are produced. As many as new 20 stems can grow from one root system. The main brown woody root, which is about 200 mm long, has rootlets 51 - long, and approximately 2 mm thick.

Margaret Grieve, in her A Modern Herbal (first published in 1931), described the taste as "sweetish and acrid", but contact with the plant or consuming the beverage made from it is thought to cause dermatitis.

Name

The name mugwort is thought to have come from its use of as a method of giving flavour to beer. According to Grieve, mugwort may have been derived from moughte (a term for a moth or maggot), "because from the days of Dioscorides, the plant has been regarded, in common with Wormwood, as useful in keeping off the attacks of moths".

The Ukrainian name for mugwort, (or more commonly полин звичайний uk, 'common artemisia') means "black stalk". The Ukrainian city of Chernobyl gets its name from the plant.

Distribution and habitat

Artemisia vulgaris is native to temperate Europe, Asia, North Africa, and Alaska, and is naturalized in North America, where some consider it an invasive weed. It is a common plant growing in places containing low-nitrogen soils, such as waste places, roadsides and uncultivated areas. The plant, which prefers alkaline conditions, readily becomes established in open, sandy ground.

The plant rarely reproduces from seeds in temperate regions, as few seeds capable of germinating are produced by plants, and the species mainly reproduces from rhizomes. Mugwort cannot easily be controlled by being ploughed into the soil, as sections of the plant's rhizomes move away from the parent plant if the soil is disturbed, causing the number of new plants to increase.

Ecology

Several species of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) such as Ostrinia scapulalis feed on the leaves and flowers of the plant. It is possibly susceptible to being attacked by honey fungus.

Uses

In the Middle Ages, mugwort was called Cingulum Sancti Johannis, as it was believed that the 1st century preacher John the Baptist wore a girdle made from the plant. According to Grieve, mugwort was believed to protect travellers from exhaustion, heatstroke, and wild animals; it was worn on St. John's Eve to gain security from evil spirits.

Before the introduction of hops in the beer-making process, A. vulgaris was once commonly used in England as the flavouring agent. Dried mugwort flowers were added to malt liquor, and this was added to the beer. Mugwort has been used as one of the traditional flavouring and bittering agents of gruit ales, a type of unhopped, fermented grain beverage. In Vietnam as well as in Germany, mugwort is used in cooking as an aromatic herb. In China, the crunchy stalks of young shoots of A. vulgaris are a seasonal vegetable often used in stir fries. In Nepal, the plant is used as an offering to the gods, for cleansing the environment (by sweeping floors or hanging a bundle outside the home), as incense, and also as a medicinal plant.

The dried leaves can be smoked or used to make a tea, to promote lucid dreaming. This supposed oneirogenic effect is reported to be due to the thujone contained in the plant.

Pharmacological uses

Historically, A. vulgaris was referred to as the "mother of herbs" during the Middle Ages, and has been widely used in the traditional Chinese, European, and Hindu medicine. It supposedly possesses a wide range of pharmacological uses, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antispasmolytic, antinociceptive, antibacterial, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, and antifungal properties.

Phytochemical constituents

A. vulgaris houses a variety of phytochemicals which are responsible for its pharmacological properties. The phytochemicals belong to classes including flavonoids, essential oils, phenolic acids, coumarins, sterols, carotenoids, vitamins, and sesquiterpene lactones, among many others. Examples of the phytochemicals include vulgarin, artemisinin, scopoletin, camphene, camphor, sabinene, and some derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol.

Notes

References

Sources

• {{cite encyclopedia |author-link= |editor-last=Melnychuk |editor-first=O.S. |encyclopedia= |title= Етимологічний словник української мови |trans-title=Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language |access-date= |language=uk |edition= |date=2012 |publisher=Naukova Dumka |series= |volume=7 |location=Kyiv |id= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |doi= |page= |pages= }}

References

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4. "Artemisia vulgaris L.". [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]].
5. (2002). "The biology of Canadian weeds. 118. ''Artemisia vulgaris'' L.". [[Canadian Journal of Plant Science]].
6. (7 September 2010). "Divergence in behaviour between the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, and its sibling species ''Ostrinia scapulalis'' : adaptation to human harvesting?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.
7. "Artemisia vulgaris". [[Royal Horticultural Society]].
8. Katzer, Gernot. (4 July 2006). "Beifuß (Artemisia vulgaris L.)".
9. "Information Officee of Shanghai Municipality".
10. Rysdyk, Evelyn C.. (2019-02-19). "The Nepalese Shamanic Path: Practices for Negotiating the Spirit World". Simon and Schuster.
11. Szaro, Melissa. (2020-12-04). "How to Use Mugwort for Dreams, Sleep, and More".
12. (2020-09-25). "Significance of Artemisia Vulgaris L. (Common Mugwort) in the History of Medicine and Its Possible Contemporary Applications Substantiated by Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies". Molecules.
13. (2020-11-09). "Phytochemical and pharmacological activities of methanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris L. leaves". Clinical Phytoscience.