Anwar Ibrahim

Early life and education

Anwar bin Ibrahim was born on 10 August 1947 in Cherok Tok Kun, Bukit Mertajam, Crown Colony of Penang, Malayan Union. However, he also stated that he was born in Sungai Bakap, Seberang Perai Selatan, Crown Colony of Penang, Malayan Union during state election in 2023. His father, Ibrahim bin Abdul Rahman, started his career as a hospital porter, and later joined politics as a member of UMNO. Ibrahim won election as Seberang Tengah MP in 1959 and 1964, serving as the parliamentary secretary to the ministry of health from 1964 until his defeat in the 1969 general election by Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia candidate Mustapha Hussain. Anwar's mother, Che Yan binti Hussein, was a housewife active in UMNO grassroots politics in Penang who served as head of the UMNO Women for Bukit Mertajam division in Penang.

Anwar attended three primary schools, Sekolah Melayu Sungai Bakap (1955), Sekolah Melayu Cherok Tok Kun (1957) and Sekolah Rendah Stowell, Bukit Mertajam (1959) and undertook his secondary education at Bukit Mertajam High School (Malay: SMK Tinggi Bukit Mertajam) before continuing at Malay College Kuala Kangsar (MCKK). He attended Bukit Mertajam High School for three years, where he excelled academically. Anwar was selected to take a special examination for entry into Malay College Kuala Kangsar, one of only three students from Penang to be chosen for this prestigious institution. While at MCKK, he has been involved in various organised activities and represented MCKK in the debate competition between schools. He was also active in the Malay Language Association and his school oratory representative. While studying there, he got to know many future political leaders, like Sanusi Junid, Kamaruddin Jaafar and Yahaya Ahmad. He was the St John Ambulance's youth cadet. He also served as the Secretary of the Badan Revolusi Agama Association, where the Chairman was Sanusi Junid, his senior.

Anwar later pursued higher education at the University of Malaya, earning a bachelor's degree of arts (BA) in Malay Studies. Anwar also worked on his Master of Arts (MA) in Literature through the National University of Malaysia while imprisoned from 1974 to 1975.

Early years and activism (1968–1982)

From 1968 to 1971, as a student, Anwar was the president of the National Union of Malaysian Muslim Students. Around the same time, he was also the president of the University of Malaya Malay Language Society Persatuan Bahasa Melayu Universiti Malaya (PBMUM)). In 1971, he was a member of the pro tem committee of Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM) or Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia, which he co-founded. At the same time, he was elected as the 2nd President of the Malaysian Youth Council or Majlis Belia Malaysia (MBM).

In 1974, Anwar was arrested during student protests against rural poverty and hunger. This came as a report surfaced stating that a family died from starvation in a village in Baling, in the state of Kedah, which was later demonstrated to be false. However, the rubber tappers in Baling were experiencing severe hardship as the price of rubber dropped in 1974. He was imprisoned under the Internal Security Act (ISA), which allowed for detention without trial and spent 20 months in the Kamunting Detention Centre.

From 1975 until 1982, he served as a representative for Asia Pacific of the World Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY).

Anwar Ibrahim is also the co-founder of the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) in the USA (founded in 1981). Anwar has been one of four acting directors, a board member of IIIT and a trustee. He was also a chancellor of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) between 1988 and 1998.

Early political career (1982–1993)

In 1982, Anwar, who was the founding leader and second president of ABIM, joined the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), which was led by Mahathir Mohamad, who had become prime minister in 1981. Anwar's decision was influenced by the advice of Palestinian-American scholar Ismail al-Faruqi, who recognised the Mahathir administration's commitment to its Islamization agenda.

In the 1982 general election, he was elected as the MP for Permatang Pauh, which was created in the 1974 redistribution from parts of the Seberang Tengah constituency that his father had represented from 1959 to 1969. He defeated a candidate from PAS, even though the seat was regarded as a PAS stronghold.

Anwar rapidly rose to high-ranking positions; he first entered cabinet in 1982 as Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Department; his first ministerial office was that of Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports in 1983; after that, he headed the Agriculture Ministry in 1984 before becoming Minister of Education in 1986.

During his tenure as education minister, Anwar introduced numerous policies in the national school curriculum. One of his major changes was to rename the national language from Bahasa Malaysia to Bahasa Melayu, a decision later reverted in 2007 under the premiership of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. Analysts and politicians have also attributed the rise in social conservatism and Islamism among Malays to the reforms and Islamisation of the education system done under Anwar, with former law minister Zaid Ibrahim labelling Anwar an "Islamist".

As education minister, Anwar was elected as the 25th President of UNESCO's General Conference. In 1988, Anwar Ibrahim became the second President of IIUM.

In 1991, Anwar was appointed as Minister of Finance. During his tenure as finance minister, his impact was immediate; Malaysia enjoyed unprecedented prosperity and economic growth. Shortly after becoming Finance Minister, Euromoney named him as a top-four finance minister and in 1996 Asiamoney named him Finance Minister of the Year. In the midst of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Anwar, as a deputy prime minister and finance minister, was hailed for guiding Malaysia through the period of instability. Anwar backed free-market principles and highlighted the proximity of business and politics in Malaysia. He advocated greater accountability, refused to offer government bail-outs and instituted widespread spending cuts. In March 1998, Anwar was selected as the chairman of the Development Committee of World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) from March 1998 until September 1998.

Deputy premiership (1993–1998)

In 1993, he became Mahathir's deputy prime minister after beating Abdul Ghafar Baba for the position of Deputy President in UMNO. Anwar's allusions in public to his "son-father" relationship with Mahathir contributed to view that he was to be Mahathir's successor.

In May 1997, Mahathir appointed Anwar as acting prime minister while he embarked on a two-month working holiday. In Mahathir's absence, Anwar had independently taken radical steps, which directly conflicted with Mahathir's policies, to change the country's governing mechanisms. Issues such as how Malaysia would respond to a financial crisis were often at the forefront of this conflict. Towards the end of the 1990s, his relationship with Mahathir began to deteriorate, triggered by their conflicting views on governance.

Financial crisis

During the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, Anwar supported the IMF plan as a finance minister. He also instituted an austerity package that cut government spending by 18%, cut ministerial salaries and deferred major projects. "Mega projects", despite being a cornerstone of Mahathir's development strategy, were greatly curtailed.

Although many Malaysian companies faced bankruptcy, Anwar declared: "There is no question of any bailout. The banks will be allowed to protect themselves and the government will not interfere." Anwar advocated a free-market approach to the crisis, including foreign investment and trade liberalisation. Mahathir blamed currency speculators like George Soros for the crisis and supported currency controls and tighter regulation of foreign investment.

Fall from power and first sodomy conviction

Main article: Anwar Ibrahim sodomy trials

In 1998 the Newsweek magazine named Anwar the "Asian of the Year" in spite of being beaten by the then Inspector General of Police. However, in that year, matters between Anwar and Mahathir came to a head around the quadrennial UMNO General Assembly. The Youth wing of UMNO, headed by Anwar's associate Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, gave notice that it would initiate a debate on "cronyism and nepotism". At the General Assembly, a book by Khalid Jafri, "50 Dalil Mengapa Anwar Tidak Boleh Jadi PM" ("50 Arguments Why Anwar Shouldn't Be Prime Minister") was circulated containing graphic allegations of homosexuality, as well as accusations of corruption against Anwar. Khalid Jafri was an ex-editor of the government-controlled newspaper Utusan Malaysia and former editor-in-chief of a failed magazine, Harian National. Anwar obtained a court injunction to prevent further distribution of the book and filed a lawsuit against the author for defamation. Police charged the author of the book with malicious publishing of false news. The police were instructed to investigate the veracity of the claims.

On 2 September 1998, Anwar was fired from the Cabinet, and many reports state that he was under investigation for sodomy, an act that is illegal in Malaysia. The following day, he was expelled from UMNO. In what the Sydney Morning Herald termed a blatantly political fix-up, Anwar was arrested on 20 September 1998 and detained without trial under the country's controversial Internal Security Act (ISA). Weeks later, Anwar was charged with corruption for allegedly interfering with his own police investigation. While he was in police custody in 1998, Anwar was beaten by the then Inspector General of Police, Abdul Rahim Mohd Noor. The public and the media only witnessed his black eye after being brought to Court for the first time. Rahim was subsequently found guilty of assault and jailed for two months in 2000. He made a public apology to Anwar and paid undisclosed damages.

During the trial, a mattress supposedly stained with Anwar's semen was presented to the court as DNA evidence of Anwar's sexual acts. Anwar denied having anything to do with the mattress, although the DNA tests came out positive. Lim Kong Boon, a DNA chemist, testified during the trial that DNA taken from 10 of 13 semen stains on the mattress matched Anwar's DNA. The defence team implied that DNA samples may have been taken from Anwar, while unconscious, after his beating in police custody, to create false forensics evidence to frame Anwar; however, High Court Judge Augustine Paul accepted that DNA evidence.

The High Court eventually handed down its decision in April 1999, sentencing Anwar to six years' imprisonment for corruption and sodomy. Two months later, he was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment for sodomy, which he was ordered to serve after completing his six-year sentence for corruption. His trial and conviction were widely discredited by the international community. Amnesty International stated that the trial proceedings "exposed a pattern of political manipulation of key state institutions including the police, public prosecutor's office and the judiciary" and called Anwar a prisoner of conscience, arguing that his arrest was intended to silence political opposition.

The Federal Court overturned his conviction and Anwar was finally released from solitary confinement on 2 September 2004.

''Reformasi'' and formation of KEADILAN (1998–1999)

Main article: Reformasi (Malaysia)

Shortly after Anwar was dismissed as deputy prime minister, Anwar and his supporters initiated the Reformasi movement. It consisted of several mass demonstrations and rallies against the long-standing Barisan Nasional coalition government.

Reformasi led to the formation of a new multiracial-based party named Parti Keadilan Nasional or National Justice Party (KEADILAN). In 1999, a general election was held. The new KEADILAN, Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), and Democratic Action Party (DAP) formed a Barisan Alternatif or Alternative Front (BA), in a combined initiative to replace the standing Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition government. In August 2003, KEADILAN merged with Parti Rakyat Malaysia or Malaysian's People Party (PRM) to form Parti Keadilan Rakyat or People's Justice Party (PKR) headed by Wan Azizah as president. PKR made huge gains in the 2008 general election, winning 31 seats and becoming the parliament's largest opposition party. In April 2008, PKR, PAS and DAP formed a new alliance named Pakatan Rakyat (PR).

Interim years (1999–2007)

First sodomy conviction

In 1999, Anwar brought suit against Prime Minister Mahathir for defamation for allegedly uttering accusations of immoral acts and calling Anwar a homosexual at a news conference in Malaysia.

The sodomy verdict was overturned in 2004, resulting in Anwar's release from prison as he had already served his sentence for the corruption offence. Anwar successfully sued Khalid Jafri for his 50 Dalil Kenapa Anwar Tidak Boleh Jadi PM book, but Khalid died in 2005 of complications from diabetes before the High Court found that he had committed libel and awarded Anwar millions of ringgit in compensation. The Federal Court on 8 March 2010 ruled that the 1998 dismissal of Anwar from his Cabinet posts by Mahathir was constitutional and valid, meaning Anwar had failed in his bid to challenge his sacking.

An appeal on the corruption charges was heard on 6 September 2004. Under Malaysian law, a person is banned from political activities for five years after the end of his sentence. Success in this appeal would have allowed him to return to politics immediately. On 7 September, the court agreed to hear Anwar's appeal. However, on 15 September, the Court of Appeal ruled unanimously that its previous decision to uphold a High Court ruling that found Anwar guilty was in order, relegating Anwar to the sidelines of Malaysian politics until 14 April 2008. The only way for Anwar to have been freed from this structure would have been for him to receive a pardon from the King of Malaysia.

Teaching and non-profit work

After his release from prison, Anwar held teaching positions at St Antony's College, Oxford, where he was a visiting fellow and senior associate member, at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, D.C., as a Distinguished Senior Visiting Fellow, and in 2005–2006 as a visiting professor at the Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. In March 2006 he was appointed as Honorary President of the London-based organisation AccountAbility (Institute of Social and Ethical AccountAbility).

In July 2006, Anwar was elected Chair of the Washington-based Foundation For the Future. In this capacity, he signed 1 October 2006 letter to Robin Cleveland of the World Bank, requesting the transfer of Shaha Riza from the US Department of State to the Foundation for the Future. This transaction led to Paul Wolfowitz's resignation as president of the organisation. He was one of the signatories of "A Common Word Between Us and You" in 2007, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders, calling for peace and understanding.

Return to politics

In November 2006, Anwar announced he planned to run for Parliament in 2008 after his disqualification expired. Anwar was critical of government policies after his release from prison, most notably the New Economic Policy (NEP), which provided affirmative action for the Bumiputras. The policy set a number of quotas, such as for units of housing and initial public offerings, that must be met.

Before he became re-entitled to run for Parliament in 2008, he acted as an "advisor" of Parti Keadilan Rakyat, the party of which his wife Dr Wan Azizah was president. He was at the forefront in organising a November 2007 mass rally, called the 2007 Bersih Rally, which took place at Dataran Merdeka, Kuala Lumpur, to demand clean and fair elections. The gathering was organised by Bersih, a coalition comprising political parties and civil society groups, and drew supporters from all over the country.

The 2008 general election date was set for 8 March 2008, before Anwar's disqualification from politics expired, sparking criticisms that Barisan Nasional called for early elections in a bid to deny Anwar's plans for a return to Parliament. In response, Anwar's wife, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, declared that she would step down should she retain her Permatang Pauh parliamentary seat to force a by-election in which Anwar himself would contest.

When asked about the possibility of Anwar becoming the next Prime Minister, former leader Tun Dr Mahathir reacted by saying, "He would make a good Prime Minister of Israel".

On 14 April 2008, Anwar celebrated his official return to the political stage, as his ban from public office expired a decade after he was fired as deputy prime minister. The opposition seized a third of parliamentary seats and five states in the worst-ever showing for the Barisan Nasional coalition that has ruled for half a century, with Anwar at the helm. A gathering of more than 40,000 supporters greeted Anwar in a rally welcoming his return to politics. Police interrupted Anwar after he had addressed the rally for nearly two hours and called for him to stop the gathering since there was no legal permission for the rally.

On 29 April 2008, after 10 years of absence, he returned to the Parliament, albeit upon invitation as a spouse guest of Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, People's Justice Party and the first female opposition leader in Malaysian Parliament's history.

Permatang Pauh by-election

Main article: 2008 Permatang Pauh by-election

Anwar Ibrahim was victorious in the Permatang Pauh by-election held on 26 August 2008. Muhammad Muhammad Taib, information chief of the UMNO, stated: "Yes, of course we have lost ... we were the underdogs going into this race." Final results announced by the Election Commission revealed that Anwar Ibrahim won 31,195 of the estimated 47,000 votes cast in the district, while Arif Shah Omar Shah received 15,524 votes and a third candidate had 92 votes.

On 28 August 2008, Anwar, dressed in a dark blue traditional Malay outfit and black songkok hat, took the oath at the main chamber of Parliament house in Kuala Lumpur, as MP for Permatang Pauh at 10.03 am before Speaker Tan Sri Pandikar Amin Mulia. He formally declared Anwar the leader of the 3-party opposition alliance. With his daughter Nurul Izzah Anwar, also a parliamentarian, Anwar announced: "I'm glad to be back after a decade. The prime minister has lost the mandate of the country and the nation." At that time Anwar needed 30 government lawmakers to defect to the Opposition to form the next government.

First term as Leader of the Opposition (2008–2015)

On 26 August 2008, Anwar won re-election in the Permatang Pauh by-election and returned to Parliament as Leader of the Opposition. He has stated the need for liberalisation, including an independent judiciary and free media, to combat the endemic corruption that he considers pushes Malaysia close to failed state status.

Petition against Najib Razak

Anwar continued to attack Najib on his first day as prime minister, stating he found inconsistencies in the latter's decision to release 13 Internal Security Act (ISA) detainees. He said as long as the ISA existed, Barisan Nasional could still detain citizens at will. In September 2011 Prime Minister Najib Razak acted to abolish the ISA and three other laws. Some members of the opposition did not view this in a positive way.

Parliamentary censure over APCO and 1Malaysia

Anwar has made numerous remarks about a supposed conspiracy among the Malaysian government, APCO (a public relations firm retained by the Malaysian government), Israel, and the United States. Anwar condemned the Malaysian government for seeking advice from APCO. He claims that the firm is linked to the "murder of Muslims in Palestine." He further claims to have given proof to a disciplinary committee of the Malaysian parliament, investigating his comments, that APCO is a front for the Israeli government. On another occasion, Anwar, speaking from the parliament, claimed that the firm was controlled by Jews and working on behalf of the American government to influence Malaysian foreign policy. He further implied that changes in Malaysian foreign policy could only be explained if Jews were manipulating Malaysia for the United States.

On 22 April 2010 Anwar was censured by Malaysia's parliament for remarks he made during a press conference in parliament on 30 March 2010. During the press conference, Anwar claimed to have documents linking 1Malaysia with One Israel and the public relations firm APCO but refused to allow access to the documents when challenged. The Malaysian government and APCO have both strongly denied Anwar's allegations. The censure motion passed by the House of Representatives referred Anwar's case to the Rights and Privileges Committee which will recommend a punishment for approval by the full chamber. Such punishment could include being banned from parliament. However Anwar retaliated against the Malaysian government attacks by producing two documents to support his claims of links between APCO and 1Malaysia.

Attempts to form a majority coalition

Anwar has missed several deadlines he personally set for the transfer of power. Anwar said he would need more time, and the recalibration of his message has not gone unnoticed: Deputy Prime Minister Najib Razak chose that day to initiate a broadband internet program Anwar opposes, saying that he had not doubted that the government would still be in office on 16 September. Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi too pointed out that Anwar had missed his own deadline, and dismissed his claim to have secured the defection of 30 MPs.

By 25 September, Anwar had still not amassed enough votes, creating doubts for Malaysians about whether he was really ready to take power, particularly in light of his failure to meet his own 16 September deadline for the transition of power. In the interim, UMNO had its own party meeting to broker Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi's step down from power in June 2009, a year earlier than previously promised.

On 24 October 2008, Anwar admitted problems with his stalled bid to topple the UMNO's majority, saying that Pakatan Rakyat is running out of options to create a majority. His "credibility among ordinary Malaysians has been somewhat dented after Sept 16 and the new promise of forming the Government has not generated the sort of anticipation or excitement as before." Media within the country have taken an increasingly hostile view towards Anwar's protestations and failed threats to assemble a majority government.

2013 general election

Main article: 2013 Malaysian general election, Malaysia's Post General Election Rally 2013

In the 2013 general election (GE13), Anwar Ibrahim, as the Leader of the Opposition, led his Pakatan Rakyat coalition (comprising the three parties DAP, PAS, and PKR) to contest in the election. On 25 February 2013, Pakatan Rakyat launched their manifesto titled The People's Manifesto: Pakatan the hope of the people, pledging to reduce their financial burden, among other promises. Anwar, who has taught at Oxford and Georgetown University, said he would return to academic life if he lost the next election to incumbent prime minister Najib Razak.

Pakatan Rakyat did not achieve the regime change target in the election despite obtaining 50.9% of the popular vote compared to the 47.4% gained by Barisan Nasional. This was attributed to the heavy malapportionment of the electoral districts. Pakatan Rakyat also gained 7 more parliamentary seats compared to the 12th general election.

Anwar did not concede defeat, alleging widespread electoral fraud. Al Jazeera reported that Anwar Ibrahim came close to winning the election on 5 May 2013 but refused to admit defeat, and therefore also did not step down. In an interview for ABC News, interviewer Jim Middleton suggested that Anwar Ibrahim was going to be the Lee Kuan Yew of the Malaysian opposition. Anwar answered that he was not at that stage yet.

On 7 May 2013, Anwar Ibrahim vowed to lead a "fierce movement" to reform the country's electoral system and challenge the results of an election he lost. On 8 May 2013, about 120,000 people wearing black gathered at Petaling Jaya Stadium, Kelana Jaya, Selangor, to attend a rally organised by Anwar to protest against the election results and demand a free and fair election. The #Black505 movement continued for another 2 months with touring all over the country. A successful fundraising #Black505 dinner was held in Thean Hou Temple hall on 22 June 2013, hosted by Wangsa Maju MP Datuk Dr Tan Kee Kwong on behalf of PKR. Anwar Ibrahim immediately launched electoral petitions for over 30 disputed parliamentary seats in July 2013. However, the cases were thrown off election court for technical reasons. Anwar described the decision as a bad decision and disgraced the name of the country's judicial institution.

''Kajang Move''

Main article: Kajang Move

On 27 January 2014, the member of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly for Kajang, Lee Chin Cheh, resigned. This triggered a by-election. A day later, Anwar Ibrahim was announced as Pakatan Rakyat candidate for the by-election. Anwar's candidacy was originally to propel him to become Selangor's Menteri Besar. Later, this move was known as the "Kajang Move".

This move, however, did not materialise as he was sentenced to five years' prison after Malaysia's Court of Appeal overturned his sodomy acquittal, causing Anwar to lose his qualification to be the state assembly candidate. On 9 March 2014, PKR announced party president Dr Wan Azizah Wan Ismail as its new candidate for the Kajang by-election. Anwar's Datuk Seri title was stripped by the Sultan of Selangor for "repeated questioning of the integrity" of the state's ruler during the subsequent crisis that saw the Sultan refuse to appoint Wan Azizah as Menteri Besar. Anwar was able to continue using the "Datuk Seri" title because it had also been conferred on him by several other Malaysian states.

2008–2014 sodomy trials

Main article: Anwar Ibrahim sodomy trials

On 29 June 2008, online news portal Malaysiakini reported that a male aide of Anwar, Saiful Bukhari Azlan, had lodged a police report claiming that he had been sodomised by Anwar. Anwar said that the possibility of a prison sentence as a result of the allegations could be seen as an attempt to remove him from the leadership of the opposition following his growing support and by-election victories. He also reaffirmed his innocence and cited evidence in the form of medical reports. The presiding judge ruled that DNA evidence used in the case had been compromised and was unreliable. The prosecution filed an appeal against the acquittal.

On 7 March 2014, the Court of Appeal overturned the acquittal by unanimously deciding that the High Court failed to "critically evaluate" the evidence submitted by government chemist Dr Seah Lay Hong. The Court of Appeal rushed through a unanimous decision, signed by all three judges, and sentenced Anwar to five years imprisonment, disqualifying him from nomination in the Kajang by-election scheduled on 11 March. The conviction was viewed by some as a politically motivated attempt to prevent Anwar from contesting in the 2014 Kajang by-election, which he was expected to win and becoming Selangor's chief minister. Human Rights Watch and the International Commission of Jurists have accused the Malaysian government of meddling in this particular judicial matter and said the verdict was politically motivated. On 10 February 2015, the Federal Court of Malaysia upheld the decision of the Court of Appeal and affirmed the five-year prison sentence. He was sent immediately to Sungai Buloh Prison, Selangor, to serve the sentence.

Pakatan Harapan backbencher (2018–2020)

Royal pardon and release

After the Pakatan Rakyat's dissolution during his imprisonment, a new opposition coalition named the Pakatan Harapan was formed with Anwar as the de facto leader in absentia. The coalition had come into power by overthrowing Barisan Nasional in the 2018 general election (GE14). Following the formation of the new ruling government, Anwar was given a full royal pardon and was released from prison on 16 May 2018. He was designated to take over the reins from interim prime minister Mahathir Mohamad as planned and agreed by the coalition before GE14. In an interview, he justified his reluctance to immediately step into power on the basis that Mahathir appeared committed to the reform agenda, and was doing a good job tackling a "disintegrating" political system. He also added that he was keen to travel and honour speaking engagements. Anwar also indicated that he initially had reservations about Mahathir's "reconciliation efforts", but he eventually forgave his former enemy after Mahathir showed "compassion and concern which (Anwar) thought was absent in the past".

Return to parliament

Main article: 2018 Port Dickson by-election

Anwar returned to Parliament through the Port Dickson by-election on 13 October 2018, after receiving a royal pardon for a sodomy conviction he maintained was politically motivated. He won the by-election with an increased majority, returning to Parliament for the first time in three years. The seat had been vacated by army veteran Danyal Balagopal Abdullah, a member of parliament for Anwar's PKR.

Sheraton Move and return to opposition

Main article: 2020–21 Malaysian political crisis

In late February 2020, the Pakatan Harapan government collapsed following defections by Anwar's deputy, Azmin Ali, and several MPs aligned to him, along with the withdrawal of BERSATU by Muhyiddin Yassin from the coalition. Mahathir promptly resigned from government, as well as from BERSATU. The political manoeuvring has been labelled the "Sheraton Move" for the hotel in Petaling Jaya at which defecting MPs gathered with the opposition to show support for a new government. Following the resignation of Mahathir, Anwar attempted to gather support for his appointment as prime minister. However, BERSATU president, Muhyiddin Yassin, was eventually appointed prime minister, with the support of a slender majority in the Dewan Rakyat. Thus, Pakatan Harapan returned to the opposition, with Anwar being named leader of the opposition.

Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2020–2022)

While Muhyiddin formed a government under the auspices of a new coalition known as Perikatan Nasional, Mahathir attempted to regain his post with his Pakatan allies. However, under Anwar's leadership, KEADILAN refused to endorse Mahathir's bid for a third term as premier, claiming the nonagenarian had reneged on his repeated pledge to hand over the office to Anwar. Mahathir, in turn, refused to lend support to Anwar's candidacy, and nominated Sabah Chief Minister, Shafie Apdal, for the position of prime minister instead. Despite the support of allies DAP and Amanah for this compromise, KEADILAN again rejected the proposal and continued to propose Anwar as the coalition's candidate.

Collaboration with UMNO

In September 2020, Anwar attempted to form a new government, claiming that he had amassed a "formidable" majority, and submitted the number of 120 members of parliament to the then-Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Abdullah of Pahang. However, this move failed and Anwar, speaking at a party congress in July 2022, claimed that he had been forced to back down after refusing to provide assurances to Barisan Nasional and UMNO leaders that he would discontinue their court cases. Zahid had previously admitted to writing a statutory declaration alongside Najib supporting Anwar for the position as prime minister in October 2020.

In April 2021, a four-minute voice recording of a purported conversation between Anwar and Zahid shortly after an UMNO general assembly was leaked online, where the former praised the latter for their speech seeking a mandate from the party's membership to end its alliance with Perikatan Nasional. Despite both Anwar and Zahid's denial of the recording's veracity, Anwar argued it proved no wrongdoing. Zahid later admitted that it was his voice in the recording in July the same year.

2022 general election

At a pre-election Pakatan Harapan convention, the coalition officially announced Anwar Ibrahim as the coalition's candidate for prime minister in the 2022 general election. Anwar announced he would be contesting the Tambun parliamentary seat in the 2022 general election and that if he became prime minister, he would form a smaller cabinet and reduce cabinet ministers' salaries. The decision to contest in Tambun, where an easy victory was not expected, was motivated by the fact its incumbent member of parliament at the time was former chief minister of Perak and BERSATU member Ahmad Faizal Azumu, who had followed his party into the opposing Perikatan Nasional coalition during the Sheraton Move. For this, he was labelled a "traitor" by the Pakaran Harapan coalition.

In the 2022 Malaysian general election held on 19 November 2022, Anwar's Pakatan Harapan coalition won a plurality of 82 seats out of 222, below the 112 seats needed for a majority. On 20 November, Anwar said that Pakatan Harapan had negotiated with other parties to form the federal government with a majority pending approval by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, but Anwar refused to mention which other parties were cooperating with Pakatan Harapan. Also that day, Perikatan Nasional leader Muhyiddin Yassin claimed to have a sufficient majority to be appointed as prime minister, citing support from Perikatan Nasional, Barisan Nasional, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, and Gabungan Rakyat Sabah. On 21 November, Anwar was one of several Pakatan Harapan leaders that met with several Barisan Nasional leaders, including Ahmad Zahid Hamidi and Ismail Sabri Yaakob, at the Seri Pacific Hotel.

On 22 November, the royal palace stated that after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong reviewed the statutory declarations for prime minister, he found that "no member of parliament has the majority support to be appointed prime minister", so the Yang di-Pertuan Agong summoned Anwar and Muhyiddin to meet him. After the meeting, Muhyiddin said that the Yang di-Pertuan Agong proposed a unity government between Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional, but that Muhyiddin had rejected the idea as Perikatan Nasional "will not cooperate" with Pakatan Harapan; while Anwar acknowledged that the prime minister had yet to be determined, while stating "given time, I think we will secure a simple majority".

Anwar was sworn in as Malaysia's 10th Prime Minister on 24 November 2022, by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Al-Sultan Abdullah, after consulting with the Conference of Rulers of Malaysia. However, Muhyiddin continued to insist that he had the support of a majority of 115 MPs to form the next government and called on Anwar to prove his majority by revealing his statutory declarations. As of 24 November, Anwar had received support from MPs from PH, BN, GPS, Warisan, MUDA and PBM, as well as independent MPs. Anwar pledged to hold a vote of confidence on 19 December 2022, once MPs had been sworn into the Dewan Rakyat.

On 25 November, both Anwar and Gabungan Rakyat Sabah leader Hajiji Noor stated that the latter's coalition had joined the unity government supporting Anwar; giving him a two-thirds majority in parliament. Muhyiddin congratulated and acknowledged Anwar as prime minister, but declined the latter's invitation to join the unity government, stating that Perikatan would play the role of a "credible opposition" to ensure "corruption-free governance". Anwar also reiterated that he will not be taking any form of government salary during his tenure as Prime Minister and Finance Minister as a sign of his leadership and to gain the confidence of the people.

On 19 December, a motion of confidence for Anwar was passed by the Dewan Rakyat through a voice vote, further solidifying his legitimacy as prime minister.

Premiership (2022–present)

Ibrahim

Cabinet appointments

Anwar announced his cabinet on 2 December 2022, appointing himself as the Minister of Finance. He also appointed President of UMNO Ahmad Zahid Hamidi and the Parliamentary Whip of Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) Fadillah Yusof as the Deputy Prime Ministers. This marked the first time Malaysia had two deputy prime ministers in office concurrently. Zahid's appointment was controversial due to his ongoing trials for money laundering, bribery and criminal breach of trust. The Straits Times of Singapore has referred to the Anwar cabinet as a "kleptocrat" cabinet as a result. On 12 December 2023, Anwar carried out the first cabinet reshuffle, appointing five new ministers and deputy ministers respectively.

Domestic affairs

Anwar has expressed support for changing method of teaching Islamic studies in schools to emphasise "universal humanity values", and teaching the history of Islamic civilisation at all levels. Anwar faced criticism after he expanded the role of Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) to include providing input on policy decisions, a move made in response to claims that his government had "abandoned Islam". He refuted claims that he was displaying a "strong Islamist attitude", arguing that the broadening of JAKIM's responsibilities is intended to allow for Muslims to gain a deeper knowledge of Islam, which Anwar claims would help avoid inter-community conflict. His government later approved an RM8.9 million allocation for Islamic religious institutions in the state of Kedah. Anwar has also defended the decision to introduce an appreciation module for Al-Nawawi's Forty Hadith in public schools, clarifying that it was not intended for non-Muslim students, with the education ministry stating the module was introduced "with the aim of fostering the spirit of kindness and love".

Anwar has come under fire from many long-time supporters who accused him of not following through on past commitments. When Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi was discharged without amounting to an acquittal on some of the bribery charges against him, Anwar was accused of placing political power ahead of principles, with the Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA) leaving government and joining the opposition as a result. Polls have shown Anwar's popularity falling even as he attempted to garner more support from Malay-Muslim voters.

The government drew attention in 2023 when Swatch watches with LGBTQ themes and their related materials, including boxes, wrappers, and accessories were banned, making the possession of the rainbow-themed Swatch watches in Malaysia punishable by three years in jail.

Anwar has publicly stated that he would be open to the inclusion of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, a major component of the opposition Perikatan Nasional coalition, if they accepted his conditions; including ensuring every citizen regardless of religious identity a place in the country.

In October 2023, Anwar ordered government institutions not to entertain letters written in a language other than the national language, as part of an effort to promote and empower its use.

On 8 December 2023, Anwar and his "unity government" celebrated their first year in power with a three-day event. Analysts suggest that this grand celebration aims to highlight the ruling coalition's accomplishments and its capacity to uphold political stability.

On 28 January 2024, Anwar appointed pro-govt Bersatu Bukit Gantang MP Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz to lead the government committee on rising food prices and the cost of living. Syed Abu Hussein had declared his support for the prime minister during a Dewan Rakyat sitting on 28 November 2023.

Anwar participated in the seventh Bumiputera Economic Congress convened by UMNO in February 2024 where he announced the allocation of RM1 billion to establish and grow a bumiputera entrepreneur class through government-linked and government-owned companies, despite having previously expressed the need to move beyond race-based affirmative action. In March, it was announced that he will chair a secretariat formed to monitor the implementation of policies and resolutions approved at the congress.

In April 2024, Anwar denied reports by Bloomberg News that the government was considering the opening of a new casino in Forest City, Johor, a residential development under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Bloomberg report implicated the Yang-di Pertuan Agong Ibrahim Iskandar, who is also Sultan of Johor. A political activist, Badrul Hisham Shaharin, also known as Chegubard, was arrested for under the Sedition Act making a post about the report, along with blogger Wan Muhammad Azri Wan Deris, also known as Papagomo, who alleged that Iskandar had ordered Chegubard be charged under the Sedition Act.

International affairs

Main article: List of international prime ministerial trips made by Anwar Ibrahim

On 28 January 2023, Anwar announced that Malaysia would print one million copies of the Quran to be distributed worldwide in response to the 2023 Quran burnings in Sweden.

In response to the European Union's new environmental and deforestation regulations set to take effect in 2024, the Malaysian government sought to be classified as a low-risk country for deforestation, with Malaysia having previously lodged complaints against the European Union to the World Trade Organization. Palm oil is a major Malaysian export and has been linked with Deforestation in Malaysia.

In October 2023, Anwar publicly condemned Israel in the Gaza war and urged for a ceasefire, calling for Palestinians to be "treated as human beings". His government's education ministry launched a nationwide Palestine Solidarity Week in support of Palestine and was criticised after students were seen with mock guns in schools. Despite two formal démarches by the U.S. Embassy for the Malaysian foreign ministry to designate Hamas a terrorist group, Anwar has publicly refused to do so, and has said his government would continue its relations with Hamas regardless of U.S. pressure.

On 20 December 2023, Anwar announced an immediate ban on ships bearing the Israeli flag from docking in Malaysia. Additionally, vessels destined for Israel will be prohibited from loading cargo at Malaysian ports.

In March 2024, on a trip to Germany, Anwar clarified that the Malaysian government only engages with Hamas' political wing and did not condone the killings of civilians. Anwar also called for the release of the hostages taken on 7 October by Hamas, but argued this alone would not be able to solve the conflict.

On 14 May 2024, Anwar met with top Hamas leaders in Qatar, a move that led to criticism.

On 18 June 2024, Anwar said Malaysia wants to join the BRICS grouping of emerging economies. He later sought to ease concerns about Malaysia's potential membership in the BRICS intergovernmental organisation, emphasising that it would not impact domestic politics. On 24 October 2024, Malaysia attained BRICS partner country status, with Rafizi Ramli representing Malaysia at the 16th BRICS Summit, strengthening Malaysia's economic and trade collaborations with BRICS nations.

Anwar tweeted on X: "Malaysia mourns the loss of a fighter and defender of the Palestinian people, Al Syahid Yahya Sinwar who was brutally murdered by the barbaric Zionist regime. Once again, the international community failed to fight and ensure that peace and justice were upheld thus worsening the conflict situation. Malaysia strongly condemned the killing, and it was clear that the regime's attempt to undermine the demand for release would not succeed. As a result, Malaysia insists that Israel's barbarity be contradicted by the international community and that the ongoing massacre of Palestinians must be stopped immediately."

In November 2024, Anwar undertook an official visit to Egypt at the invitation of President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, marking the 65th anniversary of Malaysia-Egypt diplomatic relations. During this visit, Anwar emphasised Malaysia's commitment to strengthening educational and cultural ties between the two nations, securing additional scholarships for Malaysian students at Al-Azhar University in fields like medicine, engineering, and technology. He also encouraged students to integrate Islamic values with technological advancement, particularly in areas like artificial intelligence. Anwar and El-Sisi issued a joint statement condemning Israeli attacks in Gaza City and Lebanon, calling for an immediate ceasefire to prevent further humanitarian crises. This stance reinforced Anwar's ongoing support for Gaza and his recent advocacy with Western leaders to deliver humanitarian aid to the region. Anwar was advised to be careful with his rhetoric on the new U.S. administration policies on Gaza.

On 28 July 2025, Anwar hosted negotiations in Kuala Lumpur between Thailand and Cambodia to end the 2025 Cambodia–Thailand border crisis, culminating with him declaring a ceasefire agreement between the warring countries, which resulted in the signing of the Kuala Lumpur Peace Accord on 26 October 2025.

On 4 January 2026, Anwar condemned the U.S. military operation in Venezuela that led to the detention of President Nicolás Maduro and his wife. Anwar characterized the operation as a "clear violation of international law" and an "unlawful use of force against a sovereign state".

Malaysia-Sulu Case

Litigation around the North Borneo dispute and the battle against the self-proclaimed heirs of the Sultan of Sulu has featured prominently in Anwar's premiership. His cabinet's response to the claims made by the purported Sulu descendants has been led by Azalina Othman Said, minister for Law and Institutional Reforms in the Malaysian prime minister's Department.

He has also been vocal about his criticism of the claimants as well as the arbitration award announced by Spanish lawyer and arbitrator Gonzalo Stampa, calling the decision "sham and abusive". Stampa had ruled in favour of the Sulu claimants and announced a settlement of US$14.9 billion payable by Malaysia, the largest arbitration award in history. The Malaysian government led by Anwar won a major battle early in 2023 when the Spanish Constitutional Court rejected Sulu claimants' appeal against the annulment of the appointment Gonzalo Stampa as the arbitrator. Later in June 2023, the Hague Court of Appeal also dismissed an appeal by the claimants to enforce the award in the Netherlands.

Anwar hailed the decision as a "landmark victory", adding that it would put an end to "the frivolous attempts" of the claimants to enforce the award in foreign jurisdictions. He said the Malaysian government "would not entertain any claims, be it by the Sulu claimants or the Philippine government, as Sabah is Malaysia's 'sacred' territory".

He also said the Malaysian government "would stop at nothing to protect the country's sovereignty, national security and national interest. The Sulu case demonstrates a grave violation of Malaysia's sovereign immunity, which matters to every citizen of Malaysia Madani".

"We will take all necessary actions to recover the costs for the public resources that Malaysia has been forced to expend in dealing with these claims. The government is confident that justice will prevail for the people of Malaysia," he said.

On 17 May 2024 the Madrid Court of Appeal upheld the contempt of court conviction and sentence against Stampa, upholding his six-month prison sentence, and a one-year ban from practising as an arbitrator. Azalina Othman Said appreciated Anwar for "his steadfast commitment and determination in protecting the sovereignty of Malaysia at all costs, and his undivided support to the Malaysian team fighting these frivolous claims".

The committee formed by Ibrahim to take on the Sulu case achieved a major breakthrough in November 2024 when the French Court of Cassation — the highest court in the French judicial system — annulled the $15 billion arbitration ruling against Malaysia. The French court declared the arbitration clause in the case invalid because it had appointed the British Consul General in Brunei as arbitrator,  a position that ceased to exist decades ago. The verdict also stressed the need for international arbitration agreements to be interpreted in accordance with the principles of good faith and utility, "without reference to the law of any State". A number of arbitration experts and several publications, including Law.com and Law360, backed the decision. Keith Ellison, former vice chairman of the Democratic National Committee and Minnesota attorney general, pointed out that the case highlighted the enormous scope for "corruption," irresponsible profiteering, and foreign influence operations to subvert arbitration proceedings".

University of Paris Cité Professor Caroline Kleiner claimed that the case marked a major shift in arbitration law and hearing. In her comments published by Kluwer Law International, Keleiner said the decision would help French courts participate in the development of international law on the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards per a universalist approach, rather than the trend of exceptionalism that is currently being pursued.

Praising Ibrahim, Malaysian Minister of Entrepreneur Development and Cooperatives Ewon Benedick said the victory in the Sulu case was a legacy of the Madani government's success under the leadership of Prime Minister Ibrahim. Azalina Othman thanked Ibrahim for his "continued support and unwavering trust in our ongoing effort to uphold Malaysia's position".

Also in November 2024, Philippine president Bongbong Marcos signed the Philippine Maritime Zones Act and the Philippine Archipelagic Sea Lanes Act. These laws reaffirmed the Philippines' maritime territories and rights to natural resources across the South China Sea, including Sabah, drawing strong criticism from Malaysia. On 15 November 2024, Kuala Lumpur lodged a diplomatic protest against the two maritime laws, arguing that they infringed upon Malaysia's territorial boundaries in the South China Sea.

Controversies and issues

On 3 January 2023, Anwar appointed his daughter Nurul Izzah Anwar as the chief economic and financial advisor to the prime minister, which raised doubts and disagreements from all sides and garnered criticism for government nepotism. Despite reports indicating that Nurul Izzah was not getting paid for her position, she stepped down from her role as advisor in February 2023.

On 11 July 2023, Bersatu information committee member Badrul Hisham Shaharin urged Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) to investigate Anwar over the ownership of the latter's personal residence in Kajang, Selangor. Putrajaya police chief A. Asmadi Abdul Aziz, when contacted, confirmed receiving the report, saying that an investigation will be carried out. Anwar's political secretary Ahmad Farhan Fauzi saying that he had lodged a police report against Badrul Hisham, former Bersatu information chief Wan Saiful Wan Jan, and blogger Raggie Jessy Rithaudeen over their allegedly defamatory remarks.

On 18 August 2023, Anwar's open conversion of a Hindu youth to Islam after Friday prayers at a mosque in Klang, Selangor, has sparked criticism among non-Muslims. Several NGOs, including the Kuala Lumpur and Selangor Chinese Assembly Hall (KLSCAH) criticised Anwar for presiding over the ceremony. Former Penang deputy chief minister Ramasamy Palanisamy said that such an act shows that Anwar has no respect or gratitude towards the Indian community, which has sacrificed a lot for the welfare of the country. An activist who criticised Anwar's act of converting a Hindu man to Islam was questioned by the police.

On 4 September 2023, the High Court, upon request by deputy public prosecutor Mohd Dusuki Mukhtar decided to grant a discharge not amounting to an acquittal (DNAA) on all 47 embezzlement charges against Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi. This raised questions about the credibility of Anwar's reform agenda and his commitment to clean up the country's corruption-ridden politics. Zahid Hamidi's United Malays National Organization (UMNO) is a key component of Anwar's unity government, and the prosecutor's' decision to drop the charges caused concerns on the government's position on corruption cases. Specifically those involving other UMNO leaders, such as former prime minister Najib Razak.

Former Malaysian Bar president Ambiga Sreenevasan and former ambassador Dennis Ignatius has questioned the anti-corruption efforts by Anwar's Pakatan Harapan-led administration. Freelance writer P. Gunasegaram commented on Malaysiakini that the credibility of Anwar's vow to combat corruption in Malaysia had crumbled to dust. However, Anwar has denied having any involvement in the court's decision and stressed the independence of Malaysia's judiciary while mentioning that then attorney-general Idrus Harun insisted on seeking a conditional discharge. Upon calls to discuss the case in parliament, Anwar said that Parliament should not be turned into a court proceeding and stressed the need to understand the separation of powers between the executive, legislature, and judiciary. In the 2023 iteration of Transparency International's corruption perception index, Malaysia placed 57th out of 108 nations with 50 points, reversing a declining trend that started in 2019. On the final day of 2023, The Economist contends that Anwar is wasting his opportunity.

Political positions and views

Anwar has advocated for Islamic democracy and has expressed hope that Malaysia be an example of democratic practices in the Muslim world. He has been described as a "liberal reformer, talented technocrat, genuine intellectual and perhaps even a man capable of bringing the spirit of the Arab Spring to one of Asia's largest majority Muslim nations." He has supported the Islamic concept of Ummah as a framework for democracy in Muslim countries, and called the three-world model "redundant" and "simplistic". Anwar has called for judicial independence, good governance and rejection of authoritarianism. During his time as a youth activist in his early career, he expressed his admiration for Philippine revolutionary José Rizal.

During his early political career in the 1960s, Anwar said that he supported affirmative action policies for Malays due to his concern about the dominance of Malaysian Chinese in businesses, but later changed his views. After leaving prison, he said that he considered "Malay supremacy" a "major problem". Referencing longstanding affirmative action policies for Malays and other bumiputera, in 2019 he called for transitioning to "affirmative-action policies [being] premised on need instead of race" and that those living in poverty can receive government support regardless of their race.

In 2018, The Guardian described him as a "uniting figure" for the opposition throughout his imprisonment and trials.

Israel and Palestine

In a press conference at the London School of Economics in March 2010, Anwar stated that Jews should not be condemned, but rather only the state ideology of Zionism and the aggression and injustice perpetrated against the Palestinians. He also believes that there are good and bad Jews, just as there are good and bad Muslims. In May 2010, B'nai B'rith International, a prominent Jewish human rights organisation, argued that Anwar has used his position in Malaysian parliament to spread anti-Semitic propaganda, such as his claim that Israeli spies are "directly involved in the running of the government". B'nai B'rith asked US officials to suspend their ties with Anwar Ibrahim.

In a 2012 interview with The Wall Street Journal, Anwar Ibrahim stated that he believes the policy towards Israel and Palestine should be clear – protecting the security of Israel while also being firm in protecting the legitimate interests of the Palestinians. Anwar later clarified his stance, saying that the remarks were consistent with the two-state solution adopted by the United Nations and Malaysia itself.

Anwar has also condemned US bias over the Israel-Palestine conflict, and called for Malaysia to recognise Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine.

LGBTQ rights

Anwar has expressed evolving views on LGBTQ rights throughout his political career. In a 2012 interview, Anwar suggested that Malaysia's sodomy laws, under which he had been prosecuted, were "archaic" and could be amended. He clarified that while he believed in the sanctity of marriage between men and women and did not want to legalise homosexuality or same-sex marriage, he also stated that it was not his business to attack or arrest people based on their sexual orientation.

However, in 2018, Anwar urged religious people to counter the demand by "super liberals" to recognise LGBTQ lifestyle, claiming that these liberals should not force society to accept their views on LGBTQ rights. In 2022, he filed a defamation suit against Perak PAS Commissioner Razman Zakaria who claimed that Anwar would push the LGBTQ agenda and support communism, asserting that he has always denounced the LGBTQ agenda and has been an advocate of Islamic teachings and values.

As prime minister in 2023, Anwar assured that LGBTQ rights, secularism, and communism would never be recognised under his government. In a 2023 CNN interview, he stated that while excessive harassment of the LGBTQ community would not be condoned, Malaysia would not officially recognise LGBTQ rights due to the consensus among the population. He also suggested that the sodomy laws should be reviewed to prevent abuse and political persecution.

Personal life

Anwar is an ethnic Malay and a Muslim. He married Wan Azizah Wan Ismail on 26 February 1980. They have five daughters and a son. His eldest daughter, Nurul Izzah Anwar, at the last general election failed to retain her position as the MP for Permatang Pauh.

During his trials and time in prison in the 2000s, Anwar spent time in solitary confinement, and experienced frequent beatings which required him to undertake surgery in Germany upon his release. He once appeared in court with a black eye. Anwar has professed an interest in the works of William Shakespeare, and said that he read a copy of his complete works four and a half times during his imprisonment. He presented a paper to the World Shakespeare Congress in 2006. In prison, he also said he survived by singing songs and reading.

Cultural depictions

Biographies and popular media

Anwar early rise in politics have been depicted by Indonesian-Malaysian production film, Anwar: The Untold Story in 2023.

Election results

Honours and awards

Honours of Malaysia

• Malaysia
  • [[File:MY Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong X ribbon.png|50px]] Recipient of the 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal (1994)
  • [[File:MY Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVI ribbon.svg|50px]] Recipient of the 16th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal (2019)
  • [[File:MY Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVII ribbon.png|50px]] Recipient of the 17th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal (2024)
• Kedah
  • [[File:MY-KED Order of Loyalty to Sultan Sallehuddin - Grand Commander (SSSK).svg|50px]] Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Loyalty to Sultan Sallehuddin of Kedah (SSSK) – Dato' Seri Diraja (2024)
  • [[File:MY-KED Sultan Sallehuddin Installation Medal 2018.png|50px]] Recipient of the Sultan Sallehuddin Installation Medal (2018)
• Kelantan
  • [[File:MY-KEL Order of the Crown of Kelantan - Star of Muhammad.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Kelantan (SPMK) – '''Dato'''' (2024)
• Malacca
  • [[File:MY-MAL Exalted Order of Malacca.svg|50px]] Grand Commander of the Exalted Order of Malacca (DGSM) – Datuk Seri (1991)
• Negeri Sembilan
  • [[File:MY-NEG Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (SPNS) – Dato' Seri Utama (1994)
• Pahang
  • [[File:MY-PAH Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang - Grand Knight - SSAP.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP) – Dato' Sri (1990)
• Penang
  • [[File:MY-PEN Order of the Defender of State - Knight Grand Commander - DUPN.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DUPN) – Dato' Seri Utama (1994)
  • [[File:MY-PEN Order of the Defender of State - Companion - DMPN.svg|50px]] Companion of the Order of the Defender of State (DMPN) – '''Dato'''' (1991)
• Perak
  • [[File:MY-PERA Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (before 2001).svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM) – Dato' Seri (1995)
• Perlis
  • [[File:MY-PERL Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail - Knight Grand Companion - SSPJ.png|50px]] Knight Grand Companion of the Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail (SSPJ) – Dato' Seri Diraja (1995)
  • [[File:MY-PERL Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon bar.png|50px]] Recipient of Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail Silver Jubilee Medal (2025)
• Sabah
  • [[File:MY-SAB Order of Kinabalu - SPDK.svg|50px]] Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima (1994)
• Selangor
  • (1992, revoked on 3 November 2014)

Foreign honours

• Kosovo
  • [[File:206px ribbon bar of the Presidential Medal of Merit (Kosovo).svg|50px]] Recipient of the Order of Independence (2025)
• Pakistan
  • [[File:Nishan-e-Pakistan ribbon bar.svg|50px]] Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Pakistan (NPk) (2024)
• Peru
  • [[File:PER Order of the Sun of Peru - Grand Cross BAR.png|50px]] Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru (2024)
• Philippines
  • [[File:Order of the Knights of Rizal Ribbon.png|50px]] Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Knights of Rizal (KGCR) (1997)
• Timor-Leste
  • [[File:Order of Timor-Leste.png|50px]] Grand Collar of the Order of Timor-Leste (2025)
• Turkiye
  • [[File:Rib._Bar_of_Order_of_the_Republic.png|50px]] Recipient of the Order of the Republic (2026)

Honorary degrees

• China
  • Honorary Ph.D. degree from Tsinghua University (2024)
• Indonesia
  • Honorary Ph.D. degree in Political Education from State University of Padang (2018)
• Pakistan
  • Honorary Ph.D. degree in Philosophy from National University of Sciences & Technology (2024)
• Philippines
  • Honorary Ph.D. degree in law from University of the Philippines Diliman (2023)
• Russia
  • Honorary Ph.D. degree from Moscow State Institute of International Relations (2025)
• United States
  • Honorary Ph.D. degree in law from Shenandoah University (2025)

Others

• China
  • Honorary Professorship from Tsinghua University (2024)

Bibliography

Books

• Menangani Perubahan (Managing Changes), 1989.
• Gelombang Kebangkitan Asia (The Asian Renaissance), 1996.
• Membangun Negara Madani (SCRIPT: For A Better Malaysia), 2022.
• Keadilan Bagi Orang Yang Bersolat (Justice For People Who Pray), 2022.
• Ibrahim, Anwar. (2025). Rethinking Ourselves: Justice, Reform and Ignorance in Post-Normal Times. Penguin Random House SEA, ISBN 9789815323733

Prefaces

• Malek Bennabi, Islam in History and Society, 1991.
• Ziauddin Sardar, The Future of Muslim Civilization, 2006.

Notes

References

Other references

Bibliography

• Alias Muhammad, PAS' Platform: Development and Change, 1951–1986, Gateway Publishing House, 1994,
• Charles Allers, The Evolution of a Muslim Democrat: The Life of Malaysia's Anwar Ibrahim, Peter Lang, 2013,
• Moktar Petah, Kerajaan mansuh kekebalan Raja Melayu, ART Media, 1993,

References

1. (1 April 2015). "Anwar disqualified as MP since Mar 16, says speaker". The Malaysian Times.
2. "Anwar Ibrahim". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
3. (9 February 2023). "Open Letter To PMX DSAI And YBMK Dr Zaliha: Reform Malaysian Health Care – Dr Tachdjian".
4. Ooi. (2004). "Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor". ABC-CLIO.
5. "Anwar Ibrahim – London Speaker Bureau Asia". London Speaker Bureau Asia.
6. (6 August 2008). "Malaysia: Charges against Anwar politically motivated".
7. Kumar, Kamles. "Is it time for Anwar Ibrahim to step aside?".
8. (25 February 2020). "Malaysia's political turmoil: everything you need to know".
9. (11 May 2018). "Malaysia: Mahathir Mohamad says Anwar Ibrahim to be given royal pardon".
10. Chandran, Nyshka. (16 May 2018). "Jailed opposition icon seen as Malaysia's future leader is released from custody".
11. (24 November 2022). "Malaysia election 2022: Anwar Ibrahim named PM, swearing in at 5pm". [[South China Morning Post]]}}{{Dead link.
12. (2 December 2022). "Zahid returns as number 2, Anwar keeps finance as he unveils Cabinet".
13. (4 September 2023). "High Court grants Zahid discharge not amounting to acquittal in YAB case".
14. "Malaysia halves ex-PM Najib Razak's jail term in 1MDB corruption scandal".
15. (25 July 2025). "Thailand and Cambodia exchange heavy artillery fire as border battle expands".
16. (11 June 2024). "Malaysian PM Anwar defends cutting diesel subsidies, prioritises public welfare". The Straits Times.
17. Oleh Hafizah Kamarudin. (7 August 2008). "Mampukah Anwar membuat 'come-back'?".
18. Chen, Heather. (25 November 2022). "From prisoner to prim minister: the remarkable rise of Malaysia's Anwar Ibrahim".
19. Nambiar, Predeep. (8 August 2023). "Sungai Bakap a town of greats, touts PM".
20. Mok, Opalyn. (8 August 2023). "Anwar: I was born in Sungai Bakap, Pakatan-BN better win this Penang seat".
21. Alias Muhammad (1994), p. 177
22. (30 August 2024). "安華抵大山腳 撥50萬回饋母校".
23. "Time Chooses Anwar Ibrahim Among The Top 100".
24. Allers, Charles, ''The Evolution of a Muslim Democrat: The Life of Malaysia's Anwar Ibrahim'' (New York: Peter Lang, 2013), 57.
25. "Ibrahim, Anwar".
26. (21 October 2004). "The Oxford Dictionary of Islam". Oxford University Press.
27. "IIIT Vice President Visits IIUM and Attends World Conference".
28. "Anwar Ibrahim Reflects on the Aftermath of the Arab Spring".
29. "TIME Chooses Anwar Ibrahim Among the Top 100".
30. Noor, Farish A.. (2004). "Islam Embedded: The Historical Development of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS (1951-2003), Volume 1". MSRI.
31. (4 June 2007). "Back to Bahasa Malaysia".
32. (2 April 2015). "Growing popularity of conservative Islam in Malaysia linked to overseas students".
33. "International Islamic University Malaysia".
34. "Development Committee – Former Chairmen of the Development Committee". The World bank.
35. (22 July 1997). "Mahathir Returns After Two Months Holiday". [[Bernama]].
36. Roger Mitton. (30 November 2000). "A Day in the Life". [[Asiaweek]].
37. Wong Chin Huat. (17 August 2007). "Splits in Umno and Opposition unity". [[The Sun (Malaysia).
38. O'Brien, Timothy L.. (6 December 1998). "He's Seen The Enemy. It Looks Like Him". The New York Times.
39. (27 July 2006). "An ode to democracy delivered by Anwar Ibrahim". The University of Queensland.
40. (26 January 2005). "Judge gives reasons for ruling in favour of Anwar". Daily Express.
41. Hartcher, Peter. (23 February 2010). "Outdated political thuggery embarrasses Malaysia". The Sydney Morning Herald.
42. (4 August 2005). "Apology ends Anwar's suit over beating". The New York Times.
43. "Saksi: Kesan di tilam milik Anwar, Shamsidar". Utusan Malaysia.
44. Alvin Ung [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-stain-upon-anwars-defense/ CBS-489A Stain Upon Anwar's Defense], ''The Associated Press'' (via ''CBS News''). 30 December 1998
45. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/244570.stm Anwar trial hears DNA evidence] 30 December 1998, ''BBC News''
46. (6 June 2014). "Case Information: Anwar Ibrahim".
47. Avasthy, Divya. (2014-03-08). "Malaysia's Anwar Ibrahim Convicted of Sodomy, Court Overturns Earlier Verdict".
48. (19 March 2002). "Canadian Lawyers Defend the Independence of the Bar in Malaysia".
49. Specialist Speakers Profile. "Anwar Ibrahim".
50. Cheah, Royce. (1 April 2008). "PKR, PAS, DAP to form Pakatan Rakyat (updated)". [[The Star (Malaysia)]].
51. (1 March 2010). "Anwar vs Dr M: Two of three judges recuse themselves (Updated)". The Star.
52. (7 September 2004). "Court to allow Anwar appeal". [[BBC News]].
53. (28 May 2009). "What is RM100 million?". Malaysian Insider.
54. (8 March 2010). "Court: Anwar's sacking from cabinet posts is valid". Malay Mail.
55. (8 March 2010). "Anwar's Sacking From Cabinet Posts In 1998 Is Valid, Federal Court Rules". Bernama.
56. (8 March 2010). "Update Anwar's sacking was lawful, rules Federal Court". TheEdge.
57. (16 May 2018). "Malaysia's Anwar declares 'new dawn' after his release". Al Jazeera.
58. "Anwar Ibrahim – ACMCU – Georgetown University".
59. "AccountAbility".
60. "Foundation for the Future Holds its First Board Meeting in Doha, Qatar".
61. [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21297772~menuPK:34463~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html Ethics Committee Case No2 and President's Paper, p.102], 2 June 2005, ''World Bank''
62. [https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aAjtL0wmitME&refer=home Malaysia's Anwar Says He Plans to Run for Parliament]. 30 November 2006, ''Bloomberg''.
63. (10 November 2007). "Malaysia police use water cannon at Anwar rally". Reuters.
64. [http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/specialreport/view/1457/1/.html Wan Azizah declares she is Anwar proxy] {{Webarchive. link. (18 October 2012 . 25 February 2008. ''Channel NewsAsia'')
65. [http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/mni/when-mahathir-lashes-at-anwar-who-is-he-really-after.html "When Mahathir lashes out at Anwar, will it catch fire?"] {{webarchive. link. (25 May 2008 31 March 2008, ''The Malaysian Insider.'')
66. link. (25 May 2014 , AFP, 14 April 2008.)
67. [http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Apr14/0,4670,MalaysiaAnwar,00.html Malaysia Police Halt Anwar Speech], AFP (via FoxNews), 14 April 2008.
68. [http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jl2uOGMOucxq_mE5rD3BAogvtmmQ Malaysia's Anwar returns to Parliament] {{Webarchive. link. (20 May 2011 , Associated Press, 29 April 2008.)
69. (26 March 2008). "Malaysian government declares by-election defeat to Anwar". Thestandard.com.hk.
70. "Malaysia's Anwar wins Parliament seat". Pr-inside.com.
71. "Malaysia's Anwar wins seat in parliament".
72. [http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jl2uOGMOucxq_mE5rD3BAogvtmmQ Malaysia's Anwar returns to parliament] {{Webarchive. link. (20 May 2011 . AFP Google. 27 August 2008)
73. Aziz, Faisal. (28 August 2008). "NEWSMAKER – Malaysia Anwar sworn in, ends political exile". In.reuters.com.
74. (27 August 2008). "afp.google.com/article, Malaysia's Anwar returns to parliament". AFP Google.
75. link. (28 July 2013)
76. (28 August 2008). "Anwar rejoins Malaysia parliament, heads opposition". Reuters (via Express India).
77. "Interview with Anwar Ibrahim". The Diplomat.
78. (4 April 2009). "Anwar still finds Najib wanting". The Malaysian Insider.
79. The Star]]'', 15 September 2011. Retrieved on 3 May 2013.
80. News.[http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/220975 "Ex-ISA detainee held under new security law"], ''[[The Star (Malaysia). The Star]]'' 7 February 2013. Retrieved on 3 April 2013
81. [http://newledger.com/2010/04/the-reversal-of-anwar-ibrahim The reversal of Anwar Ibrahim] {{webarchive. link. (6 May 2010, The New Ledger, 10 April 2010)
82. "Parliament: Anwar claims Apco was in M'sia before 1Malaysia concept was announced, The Star, 30 March 2010". The Star Online.
83. Ahmad, Razak. (22 April 2010). "Malaysia parliament votes to censure Anwar". In.reuters.com.
84. [http://en.harakahdaily.net/index.php/berita-utama/247-apco-anwar-produces-documents-as-proof.html Apco: Anwar produces documents, exposes shady clients] {{webarchive. link. (22 August 2012. Harakahdaily. 30 March 2010)
85. Hazlan Zakaria & S Pathmawathy. (30 March 2010). "Anwar produces documents on APCO-Israel-1M'sia link, Malaysiakini". Malaysiakini.com.
86. (16 September 2008). "Anwar fails to form next Government". Asia This Week.
87. (16 September 2008). "No change in govt, says Najib". The Star.
88. (16 September 2008). "Malaysian PM calls opposition bluff". Al Jazeera English.
89. (25 September 2008). "Anwar Out of Steam?". New Straits Times.
90. (25 September 2008). "Malaysia's ruling party set to discuss PM's future". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
91. (25 September 2008). "Umno meets tomorrow on transition". The Malaysian Insider.
92. (25 September 2008). "Source says Malaysia PM may step down early". Reuters UK.
93. (24 October 2008). "Anwar: No hurry to take over govt". The New Straits Times Online.
94. (9 November 2008). "Still waiting in the wings". The Star.
95. (12 November 2008). "Dewan dispatches: Anwar Ibrahim's obsession with Najib the 'Dictator' may be good for the nation". Voice of Malaysian.
96. (25 February 2013). "Manifesto to curb monopolies, spur economy".
97. "Manifesto Pakatan Harapan Rakyat 2013 Summary".
98. (18 August 2012). "Malaysia's Anwar to retire if he loses next polls". ABC News.
99. "Pakatan lost, but not defeated".
100. [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/malaysiaelections/2013/05/201351125934750972.html "Profile: Anwar Ibrahim"], Kuala Lumpur, 6 May 2013. Retrieved on 10 May 2013.
101. Middleton, Jim. (8 May 2013). "Extended Interview: Anwar Ibrahim".
102. Australian Network News. (6 May 2013). "Malaysian opposition leader refuses to concede".
103. Siva Sithraputhran.[http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/229379 "Pakatan to hold rally tomorrow against 'polls fraud'"], ''[[Malaysiakini]]'', 7 May 2013. Retrieved on 10 May 2013.
104. (8 May 2013). "120,000 show of force at post-GE13 rally". Malaysiakini.
105. DR AHMAD ZAHARUDDIN SANI AHMAD SABRI. "Apa Yang Telah Kita Pelajari Dari Petisyen Pilihan Raya...".
106. "Kajang assemblyman resigns, by-election looms – Latest – New Straits Times".
107. (28 January 2014). "Kajang assemblyman Lee Chin Cheh resigns".
108. Wong Choon Mei. (28 January 2014). "Anwar Ibrahim to run for Kajang, Khalid to stay on as MB "for the time being"".
109. (7 March 2014). "Anwar Ibrahim sentenced to five years' prison after Malaysia's court of appeal overturns sodomy acquittal". Australia Network News.
110. (9 March 2014). "Wan Azizah to replace Anwar in Kajang".
111. (4 December 2014). "Selangor Sultan strips Anwar of 'Datuk Seri' title over MB crisis".
112. (4 December 2014). "Selangor Sultan revokes Anwar's 'Datuk Seri' title". Astro Awani.
113. (28 June 2008). "Aide alleges sodomy: Report lodged". Mkini Dotcom Sdn Bhd.
114. (9 January 2012). "Anwar Ibrahim found not guilty of sodomy". Aljazeera.
115. (9 January 2011). "Malaysia court finds Anwar Ibrahim not guilty of sodomy". BBC News Asia.
116. Shazwan Mustafa Kamal. (20 January 2012). "Prosecution appeals Anwar sodomy acquittal". [[The Malaysian Insider]].
117. (7 March 2014). "Anwar given 5 years' jail after appellate court reverses sodomy acquittal".
118. "White Paper On the Case of Anwar Ibrahim - Citizen of Malaysia v Government of Malaysia".
119. "Court rules Malaysian opposition leader guilty of sodomizing aide". Malaysia News.Net.
120. (10 March 2014). "Malaysia Judiciary Criticized Over Anwar Ibrahim Verdict". VOA.
121. "ANWAR GUILTY".
122. "Anwar Ibrahim freed from prison after royal pardon from Malaysian king". CNA.
123. "Anwar hails 'new dawn for Malaysia' following release from prison".
124. "Mahathir 'compassionate', Najib's fall from grace 'karma', says Anwar". Channel NewsAsia.
125. Hassan, Hazlin. (13 October 2018). "Port Dickson by-election: Anwar Ibrahim storms to victory".
126. Arshad, Arlina. (21 September 2018). "Anwar vows to make Parliament 'truly effective' if he wins Port Dickson by-election".
127. "Port Dickson MP announces resignation, makes way for Anwar".
128. (25 February 2020). "Malaysia's political turmoil: everything you need to know".
129. (2 March 2020). "Ex-PMO officer breaks down the 'Sheraton Move'".
130. (7 May 2020). "Pakatan officially names Anwar opposition leader".
131. (29 May 2020). "Anwar: Pakatan won't make same 'mistake' when choosing next PM".
132. (27 June 2020). "Reject deceitful politics, Anwar posts after Shafie for PM announcement".
133. (24 September 2020). "Anwar claims "strong majority"".
134. Krishnan, Dhesegaan Bala. (13 October 2020). "Istana Negara: Anwar did not submit names of '120' MPs".
135. (16 July 2022). "Corrupt leaders stood in the way of my becoming PM, says Anwar".
136. (16 October 2020). "Revealed: Najib, Zahid jointly wrote to palace in support of Anwar".
137. (7 April 2021). "Revealed: Explosive telephone conversation between Anwar and Zahid".
138. Razak, Radzi. (10 April 2021). "Anwar: So what if leaked conversation with Zahid were real?".
139. (6 July 2021). "Zahid admitted to phone call with Anwar, says report".
140. Ong, Justin. (20 October 2022). "Pakatan announces Anwar as PM candidate, parties to use common logo".
141. (20 October 2022). "[UPDATED] Anwar to contest Tambun, with eye on Pakatan sweep over Perak".
142. (20 October 2022). "GE15: Anwar to contest in Tambun parliamentary seat".
143. (21 November 2022). "GE15: Hung Parliament and significance of anti-hopping law in Malaysia". [[Bernama]].
144. (20 November 2022). "GE15: Anwar claims simple majority, but mum on party Pakatan is cooperating with". [[The Star (Malaysia).
145. (20 November 2022). "Muhyiddin: I have the numbers to be PM". The Star.
146. (21 November 2022). "Anwar and Zahid among Pakatan and BN leaders at Seri Pacific Hotel in KL". [[Malay Mail]].
147. (22 November 2022). "No one with simple majority, King summons Anwar and Muhyiddin". [[New Straits Times]].
148. (22 November 2022). "Anwar, Muhyiddin arrive in Istana Negara after both called by King to decide Malaysia's next govt". [[Malay Mail]].
149. (22 November 2022). "PN will not cooperate with PH to form government – Muhyiddin". [[Bernama]].
150. (22 November 2022). "GE15: No decision yet on who will be PM, says Anwar". [[The Star (Malaysia).
151. (24 November 2022). "Anwar Ibrahim appointed as Malaysia's 10th Prime Minister". [[Bernama]].
152. (24 November 2022). "Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysia's 10th Prime Minister". [[New Straits Times]].
153. (24 November 2022). "How about you proving your 115, Najib tells Muhyiddin". [[New Straits Times]].
154. (24 November 2022). "Parliament session on Dec 19, motion of confidence on PM to be tabled – PM Anwar". [[Bernama]].
155. (25 November 2022). "GRS joined unity government for the good of Sabah, says Hajiji". [[New Straits Times]].
156. (25 November 2022). "GRS joins, unity govt achieves two-thirds of Parliament – PM Anwar". [[Bernama]].
157. (25 November 2022). "PN to stay as opposition bloc, to provide checks and balances to Anwar's unity govt". [[The Straits Times]].
158. (25 November 2022). "A Rival's Misstep Helped Anwar Finally Land Malaysia's Top Job". [[Bloomberg News]].
159. Bernama. (24 November 2022). "PM Anwar announces Monday as public holiday". [[Astro Awani]] News TV.
160. (19 December 2022). "Malaysia Prime Minister Anwar wins motion of confidence in parliament". Reuters.
161. Palansamy, Yiswaree. (19 December 2022). "Motion of confidence on PM Anwar passed via voice vote".
162. (19 December 2022). "Penyata Rasmi Parlimen Dewan Rakyat".
163. (2 December 2022). "Malaysia PM Anwar to helm finance ministry". Reuters.
164. (2 December 2022). "Malaysia's Anwar names corruption-haunted Ahmad Zahid Hamidi as deputy PM".
165. Hassan, Hazlin. (3 December 2022). "Malaysia's new Cabinet sworn in as criticism swirls over controversial appointments". The Straits Times.
166. Zahiid, Syed Jaymal. (26 January 2023). "PM Anwar supports proposal to review Islamic studies in schools".
167. (11 June 2023). "Anwar gives Jakim bigger role in policymaking".
168. (17 June 2023). "Anwar denies excessively implementing Islamic concept with expansion of Jakim's role".
169. (17 June 2023). "PM approves RM8.9 million for Islamic institutions in Kedah".
170. Tan, Ben. (25 August 2023). "Anwar: Hadith appreciation module to empower Muslim youth to resist religious manipulation".
171. (12 September 2023). "Malaysia's Prime Minister Accused of Placing Political Power Ahead of Principles".
172. (10 September 2023). "Syed Saddiq announces exit from Madani government".
173. (24 November 2023). "Opinion: Anwar must refocus on running Malaysia as ratings dip amid his anti-Israel cause".
174. Singh, Keval. (10 August 2023). "Malaysia bans Swatch 'LGBTQ' watches; owners, sellers face up to 3 years in jail". The Straits Times.
175. Chen, Heather. (11 August 2023). "Wear a rainbow Swatch watch in Malaysia and you could face 3 years in jail".
176. (12 October 2023). "Anwar offers olive branch to Pas, open to unity govt partnership".
177. (25 October 2023). "PM Anwar: Govt depts should not entertain letters not written in the Malay language".
178. Zahiid, Syed Jaymal. (8 December 2023). "Anwar's Madani government set to celebrate one year in power with symbolic show of strength".
179. (28 January 2024). "Anwar appoints pro-govt Bersatu MP to head living costs committee under Naccol".
180. Zahiid, Syed Jaymal. (2 March 2024). "PM Anwar signs off RM1b to create Bumiputera entrepreneurial class".
181. (2 March 2024). "DPM Zahid: Permanent secretariat to be formed to monitor implementation of Bumiputera Economic Congress resolutions".
182. (27 April 2024). "'Report of second casino a lie'".
183. (28 April 2024). "Chegubard arrested over Forest City casino post".
184. (May 2024). "Papagomo detained for suspected sedition".
185. (28 January 2023). "Govt to print 1mil copies of Al-Quran, in objection to burning act in Sweden".
186. (27 November 2023). "Malaysia, Indonesia seek allies in EU deforestation row". Deutsche Welle.
187. (24 October 2023). "'Height of barbarism': Malaysia's Anwar slams Israel over Gaza strikes as thousands flock to pro-Palestinian rally". South China Morning Post.
188. (27 October 2023). "Malaysia's educational institutions to hold Palestine Solidarity Week".
189. Wen, Lok Jian. (27 October 2023). "Malaysia slams students, teachers carrying toy guns in schools in solidarity with Palestine". The Straits Times.
190. (7 November 2023). "Malaysia's Leader Rebuffs U.S. Sanctions on Hamas Supporters".
191. "US Has Pressured Malaysia to Shift Stance on Hamas, Anwar Says".
192. Tee, Kenneth. (20 December 2023). "PM Anwar: Israel-based shipping company prohibited from docking at Malaysian ports".
193. (20 December 2023). "Israeli-owned ships banned from docking in Malaysia".
194. Chen, Heather. (20 December 2023). "Malaysia bans Israeli owned and linked shipping citing 'cruelty against the Palestinian people'".
195. DawnNews English. (12 March 2024). "Malaysian PM Ibrahim Defends Hamas Ties On Germany Trip {{!}} Dawn News English".
196. (14 May 2024). "'Dangerous game': Malaysia's PM Anwar meets with Hamas leaders in Qatar".
197. Karthik, Varun. (23 May 2024). "Malaysian PM Anwar defends his meeting with Hamas leaders in Qatar". The Straits Times.
198. (18 June 2024). "Malaysia wants to join BRICS, China's Xi an 'outstanding leader': Anwar".
199. Yusry, Muhammad. (9 July 2024). "PM Anwar: Malaysia set to become Brics 'partner country' soon, bloc won't interfere with domestic politics".
200. (24 October 2024). "Malaysia becomes BRICS partner country".
201. "Spotlight - Malaysia: October 24, 2024".
202. Ibrahim, Anwar. "Malaysia berduka atas kehilangan seorang sosok pejuang dan pembela rakyat Palestin".
203. "Malaysian premier condemns killing of Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar". Anadolu Agency.
204. (10 November 2024). "Prime Minister Anwar arrives in Egypt for official visit". [[Astro Awani]] News TV.
205. (28 July 2025). "Thailand and Cambodia agree to 'immediate ceasefire'".
206. (26 October 2025). "Joint Declaration by the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Thailand on the outcomes of their meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia".
207. Krishnan, Dhesegaan Bala. (26 October 2025). "KL Peace Accord brings breakthrough, as Anwar and Trump witness Thailand–Cambodia deal to end border conflict".
208. (4 January 2026). "US operation in Venezuela a violation of international law, sets dangerous precedent – PM". [[New Straits Times]].
209. Beattie, Elizabeth. (7 July 2023). "Fresh from 'Sulu case' win, Malaysia's law minister turns to domestic reforms".
210. (27 June 2023). "Sulu claims: M'sia closer to nullifying 'sham' final award, says Anwar".
211. (2 March 2022). "French court rules Malaysia owes $14.92 billion to sultan of Sulu's heirs".
212. (2 February 2023). "Spanish Constitutional Court rejects Sulu Sultanate self-proclaimed heirs' appeal against annulment of arbitrator".
213. "Dutch Court Rules in Malaysia's Favor in Sulu Heirs Case".
214. (14 June 2023). "Malaysia PM Anwar says Philippines has nothing to do with Sulu heir claims".
215. (27 June 2023). "PM: Malaysia close to nullifying 'sham' final award to so-called Sulu Sultanate heirs".
216. "Sulu Case: Madrid Court of Appeal upholds Stampa's conviction, sentence".
217. (13 November 2024). "Un Jugement historique inaugure une nouvelle ère de progrès pour les tribunaux européens".
218. (14 April 2025). "Pourquoi réformer le droit français sur l'arbitrage ?".
219. Dumont, Davide. (13 March 2025). "Décision marquante annonçant la volonté audacieuse de Paris de renforcer l'avenir de l'arbitrage mondial".
220. "Malaysia Wins $15B Arbitration Case Against Sulu Heirs - Law360".
221. "French High Court Rejects Sultanate 'Heirs' $15 Billion Claim Against Malaysia".
222. Bensoussan, David. (1 October 2024). "L'impasse politique de la France sera le plus grand cadeau pour Poutine à ce jour".
223. (11 April 2025). "La France se prépare à moderniser l'arbitrage – mais certaines affaires feraient mieux de rester dans le passé".
224. Kleiner, Caroline. (25 February 2025). "Towards the End of the 'Sultan de Sulu' Case in France: The Hidden Influence of the New York Convention on French Law on Enforcement of Arbitral Awards?".
225. (9 May 2025). "Malaysia's victory over claim by Sulu group is legacy of Madani government's success — Ewon".
226. Perimbanayagam, Kalbana. (7 November 2024). "Victory for Malaysia: French Supreme Court rejects Sulu arbitration award".
227. (15 November 2024). "Malaysia protests new Philippine maritime laws that it says infringe on its territory".
228. Punongbayan, Michael. "Malaysia protests new Philippines maritime laws".
229. (15 November 2024). "Malaysia protests new Philippine maritime laws that it says infringe on its territory".
230. (1 February 2023). "Malaysia PM Anwar's pick of daughter as adviser draws flak".
231. (8 February 2023). "Ambiga takes a dig at Anwar with 'A green light for all Ministers to bring in family' tweet".
232. "Nurul Izzah steps down as adviser to her father Malaysian PM Anwar".
233. (11 July 2023). "MACC urged to probe ownership of PM's Kajang house, luxury cars".
234. (13 July 2023). "Anwar's polsec lodges police report for defamation".
235. (13 July 2023). "Defamatory statement: Anwar's Political Secretary lodges police report".
236. (19 August 2023). "PM criticised for converting Hindu youth to Islam".
237. (21 August 2023). "KLSCAH: Inappropriate for PM to preside over religious conversion".
238. (19 August 2023). "Is Anwar's conversion of Hindu youth politically motivated or merely fulfilling duty as a pious Muslim?".
239. (22 August 2023). "Activist who disapproved of Anwar's act of converting Hindu youth to Islam questioned by police".
240. "Zahid's DNAA: Separating the Public Prosecutor from the Attorney-General is the Government's Only Path to Redemption! – BERSIH".
241. (4 September 2023). "Malaysia's Anwar slammed as Ahmad Zahid walks free on Reformasi anniversary".
242. (4 September 2023). "Malaysia drops corruption charges against PM Anwar's ally". Reuters.
243. (4 September 2023). "Ambiga, ex-envoy slam Anwar govt's anti-corruption 'baloney' after Zahid discharge".
244. Gunasegaram, P.. (4 September 2023). "COMMENT: Zahid's discharge mocks Anwar's corruption fight".
245. (6 September 2023). "I had nothing to do with Zahid's DNAA, says Anwar".
246. (30 October 2014). "Malaysia's Anwar says Hopeful, Lawyers Question DNA Evidence".
247. (8 September 2023). "Anwar says Idrus insisted on seeking Zahid's discharge before retiring as AG".
248. (8 September 2023). "PM: No instruction given to AG Chambers in Ahmad Zahid's DNAA".
249. (8 September 2023). "Parliament no place to debate Zahid case, says Anwar".
250. Loheswar, R.. (30 January 2024). "Malaysia ranks 57th in global corruption perception index, trails Singapore in Asean".
251. (31 December 2023). "Anwar Ibrahim, Malaysia's prime minister, is wasting his opportunity". The Economist.
252. Anwar Ibrahim. (13 December 2016). "Malaysia needs democracy. I'm in prison for that belief – but I won't change it".
253. (14 February 2019). "Deconstructed Podcast: The Truth About Islam and Democracy".
254. Crabtree, James. (29 January 2012). "Malaysian opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim discusses his recent acquittal.".
255. (27 January 2012). "Lunch with the FT: Anwar Ibrahim". Financial Times.
256. Ibrahim, Anwar. (1 April 1991). "The Ummah and tomorrow's world". Futures.
257. Ibrahim, Anwar. (2019). "Confronting Authoritarianism". Journal of Democracy.
258. (24 November 2022). "Anwar Ibrahim: from protest leader and prisoner to Malaysia's PM". [[the Guardian]].
259. (12 April 2013). "A Malaysian story". Financial Times.
260. (16 May 2018). "Malaysia: Anwar Ibrahim released from prison".
261. (5 April 2010). "Press Conference at the London School of Economics (LSE) 18 March 2010". Youtube.
262. (25 May 2010). "B'nai B'rith International – The Global Voice of the Jewish Community". Bnaibrith.org.
263. (2012). "War of words between Malaysian opposition leader and ministers over Israel". Malaysia today.
264. Mahtani, Shibani. (31 January 2012). "Israel Dominates the Debate in Malaysia – Again". The Wall Street Journal.
265. (16 May 2021). "Anwar condemns US bias over Israel-Palestine conflict".
266. (21 December 2017). "Anwar: Recognise Jerusalem as capital of Palestine".
267. Mahtani, Shibani. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203363504577184631682335306 "Malaysia's Anwar Presses On Despite Appeal"], "[[The Wall Street Journal]]", New York, 26 January 2013, Retrieved on 29 January 2013.
268. Shibani Mahtani. "Anwar Clarifies His Views on Malaysia's Sodomy Laws". The Wall Street Journal.
269. Boo, Su-Lyn. (26 September 2018). "Anwar: Fight 'arrogant super liberals', oppose LGBT".
270. Yatim, Hafiz. (6 December 2022). "Anwar files defamation suit against PAS' Razman over LGBT claim".
271. (7 January 2023). "PM Anwar: LGBT, secularism, communism will never be recognised in unity govt".
272. (24 September 2023). "No harassment of LGBT community will be allowed, says Malaysian PM Anwar". The Straits Times.
273. Ananthalakshmi, A.. (25 November 2022). "Analysis: Gains for Malaysia's hardline Islamist party a challenge for new PM Anwar". Reuters.
274. (26 February 2019). "Anwar and Wan Azizah – 39 years of marriage and still going strong". The Star.
275. [http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2015/02/10/Anwar-verdict-family-members Anwar verdict] ''The Star''. 10 February 2015.
276. (24 November 2022). "Anwar Ibrahim's hard-to-believe journey from prisoner to new Malaysian prime minister". [[CBC News]].
277. "How Shakespeare freed a jailed leader's imagination".
278. (2 March 2023). "Filem Anwar The Untold Story kongsi 70 peratus kisah benar Perdana Menteri ke-10".
279. (1 March 2023). "耗时2年4演员拒演"安华" 男主曾拒500万贿赂".
280. "Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri". [[Election Commission of Malaysia]].
281. "KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13". [[Election Commission of Malaysia]].
282. (30 June 2024). "PM Anwar heads Kedah Sultan's 82nd birthday honours list".
283. (30 June 2024). "PM Anwar dahului penerima darjah kebesaran Kedah".
284. (29 September 2024). "PM Anwar heads Kelantan Sultan's birthday honours list". [[The Star (Malaysia).
285. Siti Rohana Idris. (28 September 2024). "PM dahului senarai 763 penerima darjah kebesaran ulang tahun keputeraan Sultan Kelantan". [[Berita Harian]].
286. (15 August 1991). "Anwar heads State honours list". [[New Straits Times]].
287. "Pengurniaan Darjah Kebesaran Bergelar Bagi Tahun 1994 Mengikut Negeri.". [[Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia)]].
288. "Pengurniaan Darjah Kebesaran Bergelar Bagi Tahun 1990 Mengikut Negeri.". [[Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia)]].
289. (24 October 1990). "Johor Ruler heads Pahang honours list". [[New Straits Times]].
290. (9 July 1994). "Yang di-Pertua's consort, Anwar head honours list". [[New Straits Times]].
291. "Pengurniaan Darjah Kebesaran Bergelar Bagi Tahun 1991 Mengikut Negeri.". [[Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia)]].
292. (17 July 1991). "Tun Hamdan: Let's work towards Vision 2020". [[New Straits Times]].
293. "SPCM 1995".
294. "Pengurniaan Darjah Kebesaran Bergelar Bagi Tahun 1995 Mengikut Negeri.". [[Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia)]].
295. (4 December 1995). "Perlis Raja gives top award to Mahathir". [[The Straits Times]].
296. (17 September 1994). "Anwar On Top". [[The Straits Times]].
297. "SSSA 1992".
298. (4 December 2017). "Sultan Selangor tarik balik darjah kebesaran Anwar". [[Berita Harian]].
299. Sallehuddin, Qistina. (2 May 2025). "[UPDATED] Anwar conferred Kosovo's highest civilian honour [WATCH]". New Straits Times.
300. (3 May 2025). "Kosovo honours Anwar with Order of Independence". The Star.
301. (4 October 2024). "Anwar terima anugerah awam tertinggi Pakistan, Nishan-e-Pakistan". [[Berita Harian]].
302. (14 November 2024). "Deeply Honoured To Receive Prestigious Order From Peru - PM Anwar". [[Bernama]].
303. "Our Story".
304. (24 September 2025). "Anwar receives most prestigious Grand Collar of Order of Timor-Leste". [[The Star (Malaysia).
305. [[Bernama]]. (23 September 2025). "Lawatan Anwar bukti persahabatan utuh Malaysia dan Timor-Leste - Ramos-Horta". [[Berita Harian]].
306. (7 January 2026). "Anwar to receive Turkiye’s Order of the Republic". [[The Star (Malaysia).
307. Hakim, Luqman. (11 November 2024). "Anwar conferred honorary professorship by Tsinghua University in Shanghai".
308. (25 October 2018). "Universiti Negeri Padang anugerah doktor kehormat kepada Anwar Ibrahim".
309. (3 October 2024). "Anwar awarded honorary doctorate from Pakistan's NUST". [[The Star (Malaysia).
310. (2 March 2023). "Anwar conferred honorary doctorate by University of the Philippines".
311. (15 May 2025). "Anwar presents Malaysia's perspective in Russia, receives honorary doctorate".
312. (11 April 2025). "Anwar awarded doctor of law by Shenandoah University".
313. (11 November 2024). "Anwar Says Tsinghua University's Honorary Professorship Reflects Enduring Malaysia-China Friendship".