Antisemitic trope

Antisemitic tropes, also known as antisemitic canards or antisemitic libels, are antisemitic allegations about Jews as an ethnicity or Judaism as a religion.{{efn|{{columns-list|colwidth=35 em| *Jews and Judaism are not interchangeable because Jewishness can be defined by ancestry or religious identity.

Since the 2nd century, malicious allegations of Jewish guilt have become a recurring motif in antisemitic tropes, which take the form of libels, stereotypes or conspiracy theories. They typically present Jews as cruel, powerful or controlling, some of which also feature the denial or trivialization of historical atrocities against Jews. Antisemitic tropes mainly evolved in monotheistic societies, whose religions were derived from Judaism, many of which were traceable to Christianity's early days. These tropes were mirrored by 7th-century Quranic claims that Jews were "visited with wrath from Allah" due to their supposed practice of usury and disbelief in his revelations. In medieval Europe, antisemitic tropes were expanded in scope to justify mass persecutions and expulsions of Jews. Particularly, Jews were repeatedly massacred over accusations of causing epidemics and "ritually consuming" Christian babies' blood.

In the 19th century, allegations about Jews plotting "world domination" by "controlling" mass media and global banking spread, which mutated into modern tropes about them being behind liberalism, capitalism and eventually a major libel that Jews "invented and promoted communism". These tropes fatefully formed Adolf Hitler's worldview, contributing to World War II and the Holocaust, which killed 6 million Jews and millions of others.{{bulleted list | | |

Most contemporary tropes feature the denial or trivialization of anti-Jewish atrocities, especially the denial or trivialization of the Holocaust, or of the Jewish exodus from Muslim countries. Holocaust denial and antisemitic tropes are inextricable, typical of which is the libel that the Holocaust was "fabricated" or "exaggerated" to "advance" Jews' or Israel's interests.

Political tropes

World domination

Main article: International Jewish conspiracy, Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory, Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory

The publication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in 1903 is usually considered the beginning of contemporary conspiracy theory literature. The trope embodied by the book is manifested in both writings and imagery, where Jews are accused of plotting world domination nefariously. Typical examples include Nazi-originated cartoons depicting Jews as a giant octopus reaching across the globe. A 2001 Egyptian reprint of Henry Ford's antisemitic text The International Jew had the same octopus imagery on the front cover.

Among the earliest refutations of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as a forgery were a series of articles printed in The Times in 1921, which revealed the forgery's content to have been plagiarized from the unrelated satire The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu. The Russian imperial state popularized the forgery to discredit the Bolsheviks by accusing Jews of organizing the Russian revolution. The forgery scapegoated Jews as the leading subversive force to try to dispel mass revolt and keep the empire united.

Later, the trope spread westward when the Great Depression and Nazism's rise catalyzed its dissemination. A Polish equivalent goes by Judeopolonia, which posited an imaginary Jewish domination of Poland.{{bulleted list| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Malcolm X, a well known Black American activist, believed in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which he introduced to the Nation of Islam (NOI) for circulation among their Black American audience.{{bulleted list| | | | |

The New Black Panther Party (NBPP), a black separatist group, has actively peddled the myth. Prior to a 2006 Democratic primary runoff in the U.S. state of Georgia, the NBPP alleged

When the NBPP-backed candidate Cynthia McKinney lost to her rival Hank Johnson, NBPP's members alleged "Jewish electoral domination".

In April 2017, Politico magazine published an article alleging "links" between the then–U.S. President Donald Trump, Russian dictator Vladimir Putin and Jewish religious group Chabad. Jonathan Greenblatt (CEO) of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) condemned the article as "evok[ing] age-old myths about Jews". In December 2023, Australian Green MP Jenny Leong, echoed Mahathir Mohammed's 2003 speech at a Palestine Justice Movement forum:

Leong apologized after being condemned.{{bulleted list | | | | | |

Controlling the media

Another common antisemitic trope is that "the Jews control the media and Hollywood". In Eastern Europe, the Czech politician Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, believed that Jews "controlled the press", despite his previous objection to antisemitism during the Hilsner affair. In Western Europe, Arthur Griffith, the founder of the Sinn Féin party decisive to Ireland's independence, was subscribed to the "Jewish media control" trope. Griffith alleged that Dublin newspapers were

Griffith's antisemitism is still present in the party. For instance, lower house parliamentarian Réada Cronin alleged in 2020 that Jews were "responsible for European wars" and "Adolf Hitler was a pawn of the [Jewish] Rothschilds [...may] not have been too far wrong". In the United States, J.J. Goldberg, The Forward's editorial director, published a study of such trope in 1997. He concluded that Jewish Americans "do not make a high priority of Jewish concerns" despite holding prominent positions in the American media industry. Variants on this theme focus on Hollywood, the press{{bulleted list| | | | | | | | | |

White genocide conspiracy theory

Main article: White genocide conspiracy theory, White nationalism}}{{Further, List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups#White nationalist

Since 2015 when the European migrant crisis happened, the White genocide conspiracy theory has gained traction among white nationalists.{{bulleted list| | | | | | | | | |

In the US, there have been several terrorist attacks associated with the belief in the theory, the most recent of which include the 2017 Unite the Right rally, where dozens of casualties occurred in a car ramming attack, and the 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, where 11 were killed and 7 injured. The SPLC noted,

Economic tropes

Controlling the global financial system

Main article: Economic antisemitism

The ADL documented several tropes that had associated Jews with banking, including the myth that "global banking is dominated by the [Jewish] Rothschild family" traceable to the medieval prevalence of Jews in moneylending.

Usury and profiteering

In the Middle Ages, Jews were restricted from most professions and pushed into marginalized occupations, such as tax collection and moneylending, due to the Roman Catholic Church's prohibition on Christians charging interest for loans. In 1179, the Third Council of the Lateran threatened excommunication for any Christians lending money at interest, prompting borrowers to turn to Jews for loans. Natural tension between gentile debtors and Jewish creditors reinforced pre-existing anti-Jewish biases. In England, the departing Crusaders were joined by debtors in the massacres of Jews at London and York in 1189–1190. In 1275, Edward I of England punished Jewish creditors by passing the anti-usury Statute of Jewry. Many English Jews were arrested, 300 of whom were hanged. In 1290, all Jews were expelled from England. German-American Jewish historian Walter Laqueur noted,

Association with capitalism

Building on older tropes of Jews controlling finance and being inherently driven by greed, from the 20th century Jews were blamed for the exploitation of people under capitalism and were claimed to control the institutions that were driving capitalism.

Propagation of communism

Main article: Jewish Bolshevism

In the 20th century, newer allegations of Jews masterminding the propagation of Communism emerged, including The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1903). Judeo-Bolshevism was popularized by Hitler's to conflate Jews with communists and present them as an existential threat to justify the Holocaust. A Polish equivalent of this trope is Żydokomuna, which accused "most Jews" of having "collaborated with the Soviet Union" in "importing communism" to Poland.{{bulleted list | | | | | | | |

Kosher tax

Main article: Kosher tax conspiracy theory

The "Kosher tax" trope claims that food producers are "forced" to pay an exorbitant premium to indicate that their products are kosher, which is allegedly passed on to consumers by price increase. It is mainly spread by white supremacists.{{bulleted list| | | |

Religious tropes

Main article: Religious antisemitism, Anti-Judaism, Antisemitism in Christianity, Antisemitism and the New Testament, Antisemitism in Islam

Guilt for the death of Jesus

Main article: Antisemitism in Christianity, Jewish deicide

Jews have been blamed for the crucifixion of Jesus throughout history:

Then answered all the people, and said, His blood be on us, and on our children.|author=}}

Jewish deicide was legitimized in Christian theology by Saint John Chrysostom (c. 4th century), a prominent Church Father.{{bulleted list| | | | | | |

Against radical traditionalists' objections, it was distantly followed up by an apology in 2000 for the two millennia of Catholic persecution of Jews, amid claims that the Second Temple menorah is still being hidden in the Vatican.{{bulleted list| | | | | | | | |

The ADL noted

Blood libel

Main article: Blood libel, Statute of Kalisz

The blood libel accusation's origin dates to the 12th century. The first recorded accusation against Jews was associated with the death of William of Norwich. Torture and human sacrifice in the blood libel run contrary to Judaism. The Ten Commandments forbid murder. The use of blood in cooking is banned by Kashrut as blood is deemed ritually unclean. The Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, and Halakha portray human sacrifice as one of the evils separating the pagans of Canaan from the Hebrews. By the time of the writing of the Hebrew Bible, human sacrifice was not practiced among the Hebrews, and Jews were prohibited from performing these rituals. Ritual cleanliness for priests prohibited even being in the same room with a human corpse. Historian Alexis P. Rubin noted,

Among those who refuted the blood libel included the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX, while Pope Clement VI said that the Black Death could not be blamed on Jews. Contemporarily, the blood libel still appears frequently in Muslim countries' state media, publications and online platforms as per their official anti-Zionism.{{efn|Blood libel in the modern world:

• In 1986, Defense Minister of Syria Mustafa Tlass authored book The Matzah of Zion. The book renews anti-Jewish ritual murder accusations of 1840 Damascus affair and alleges that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a factual document.

Host desecration

Main article: Host desecration

In medieval Europe, Jews were often accused of stealing hosts and desecrating them to reenact the crucifixion of Jesus by stabbing or burning. The first allegation of Jewish host desecration was made recorded in 1243 in Beelitz, near Berlin, and all Jews in Beelitz were burned alive, subsequently called the Judenberg. In the following centuries, similar libels circulated throughout Europe and caused several pogroms, which did not subside until Sigismund II Augustus repudiated it in 1558. However, massacres resulted from host desecration libels happened until the 19th century. The last recorded accusations were brought up in Barlad, Romania, in 1836 and 1867 respectively.

Accusations of anti-Christian conspiracy

Main article: Christianity and Judaism, Catholic Church and Judaism, Protestantism and Judaism

Throughout history, Christians alleged that Jews either dislike or sought to destroy Christianity. A 65,000-word treatise written by Martin Luther, a pioneering 16th-century Christian reformer, also consists of such a libel that is still being promoted. For instance, radio host James Edwards alleged that Jews "hate Christianity" and were "using pornography as a subversive tool against us". The ADL noted

Demonization in Christianity

Main article: Saint John Chrysostom, Adversus Judaeos, Martin Luther#Anti-Jewish polemics and antisemitism: 1543–1544, Martin Luther in Nazi Germany

As early as the 4th century, Church Father Saint John Chrysostom described a synagogue as

His anti-Jewish homily was legitimized in Christian theology as the basis of Christian antisemitism for the following millennia, ultimately subject to Nazi co-optation to garner Christian support for the Holocaust. In such regard, historian Jeremy Cohen wrote,

Judensau () is a dehumanizing imagery of Jews that appeared around the 13th century. Its popularity lasted for six centuries until Nazi revival. Sculptures of Jews, typically portrayed in "obscene human contact" with unclean animals like pigs and owls, were often found on cathedral or church ceilings, pillars, utensils, etchings etc. The images always combined multiple antisemitic motifs, which sometimes included derisive prose or poetry. Martin Luther, a 16th-century Reformation's pioneer, was noted for his vicious antisemitism. Luther wrote a 65,000-word thesis demonizing the Jews in which he not only described Jews as

but also called for extreme violence towards Jews within Europe. Martin Luther was elevated to an unprecedented status in Nazi Germany. Luther's antisemitic thesis is considered by many Western historians to have brought about the Holocaust, despite the 400-year lapse.

• Ellis, Marc H. "Hitler and the Holocaust, Christian Anti-Semitism" , Baylor University Center for American and Jewish Studies, Spring 2004, slide 14.
• Also see "Nuremberg Trial Proceedings" , Vol. 12, p. 318, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, April 19, 1946.
• , also printed in Freiburger Rundbrief, 6:3 (1999), pp.191–197. For other statements from Lutheran bodies, see:
  • "Q&A: Luther's Anti-Semitism" , Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod
  • "Declaration of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America to the Jewish Community" , Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, 18 April 1994
  • "Statement by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada to the Jewish Communities in Canada" , Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, 12–16 July 1995
  • "Time to Turn" , The Evangelical [Protestant] Churches in Austria and the Jews. Declaration of the General Synod of the Evangelical Church A.B. and H.B., 28 October 1998.

Demonization in other religions or movements

Main article: Black Hebrew Israelites, Black supremacy, Black nationalism, Black separatism, Cultural appropriation

Beyond Abrahamic religions, the demonization of Jews is also common among new religious movements, one of which is the Black Hebrew Israelites. Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI) believe that African Americans are descendants of ancient Israelites. However, the BHI are not associated with either Jews or Christians.

Just as the "Messianic Judaism" ; Orthodox: Jews do not accept Jesus as the Messiah because: ; Conservative: ; Reform: : ; Renewal: founded by Conservative Baptist Association's Evangelical priest Moishe Rosen,{{bulleted list| | | | | |

Such BHI-espoused antisemitic tropes have been popularized to discredit Jews by associating them with White supremacy. BHI sects deemed antisemitic include the Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge (ISUPK), House of Israel (HOI), Nation of Yahweh (NOY), Israelites Saints of Christ, True Nation Israelite Congregation and The Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ (ICGJC). The ADL summarized the commonly used BHI slurs:

| | |

BHI groups or members have also been involved in domestic terrorism towards Jewish Americans since the 1970s, the most recent of which include the Jersey City Shooting (7 dead and 3 injured).{{bulleted list| | | |

The Unification Church (UC), founded by South Korean religious leader Sun Myung Moon in 1954, was criticized for demonizing Jews in its manifesto Divine Principle. A multi-faith panel that included Rabbi A. James Rudin, the assistant director of the American Jewish Committee's department of interreligious affairs, pointed out 125 antisemitic references in their manifesto, including the libel that Jews were "collectively responsible" for the crucifixion of Christ. Rudin argued that UC's manifesto included "pejorative language, stereotyped imagery, accusations of collective sin and guilt", including its claim that "Jews had gone through a course of indemnity" due to John the Baptist's "failure to recognize Jesus as the Messiah". It is also found that the UC's text portrayed the Holocaust as a "divine punishment". The UC denied the AJC's charges as "distortion" and "obscurations".{{bulleted list| | Response to A. James Rudin's Report , Unification Church Department of Public Affairs, Daniel C. Holdgeiwe, Johnny Sonneborn, March 1977. | |

Male menstruation

The false belief of Jewish male anal menstruation emerged in the 16th century, which formed part of the canard that all Jews were somehow female. The false belief was allegedly based on scripture associating Jews with bleeding, particularly the description of Judas' death in , where his belly was allegedly burst open, which inspired further accounts of heretics having their blood or entrails spilled via the anus at death.

Well poisoning

Main article: Well poisoning, Persecution of Jews during the Black Death

During the devastating 14th century Black Death, crowded cities were hard hit, with death tolls as high as 50%. Emotionally distraught survivors scapegoated Jews opportunistically. Soon after the Black Death's entry to Europe in 1346, massacres of Jews broke out between 1348 and 1351 based on false charges of Jews "spreading" the epidemic. The first massacres happened in Toulon in 1348, where the Jewish quarter was sacked and 40 Jews murdered, then in Barcelona. In 1349, massacres and persecution spread across Europe, including the Erfurt massacre, Basel Massacre and massacres in Aragon and Flanders. 2,000 Jews were also burned alive in the Strasbourg massacre on 14 February 1349 by antisemites. Such accusations later became an antisemitic trope, which evolved into the one fabricated by Joseph Stalin as the doctors' plot in the early 1950s,{{bulleted list | | | | | | | | | | | |

Other tropes

Causing wars, revolutions and calamities{{anchor|causing wars}}

German politician Heinrich von Treitschke in the 19th century coined the phrase "Die Juden sind unser Unglück!" ("The Jews are our misfortune!"), which became Der Stürmer's motto. Israeli-British historian Efraim Karsh noted,

Both ends of the political spectrum accused American Jews of "dragging" the country into World War II and the Iraq War, exaggerating the influence of an alleged Israel lobby. It was also promoted by political scientist John Mearsheimer in a 2007 book, which was criticized for legitimizing the "Jewish domination" trope and encouraging antisemitism.{{bulleted list| | | |

Turning people LGBT

In 2016, Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) highlighted a video in which a Kuwaiti Salafi preacher alleged that SpongeBob SquarePants and other youth cartoons were created by Jews in order to promote homosexuality, atheism, Satanism and the "emo movement". In 2018, Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan accused Jews of "turning men into women and women into men" with a "specially concocted strain of marijuana" invented to make Black men gay and effeminate.

In 2020, conspiracy theorist Rick Wiles endorsed a claim by some "Messianic Jews" that "Zionists" seek to "make all of humanity androgynous" as per the Kabbalistic concept of Adam Kadmon. They alleged that the plot involved "Zionist" support for transgender rights to "make people LGBT" by "putting specific things in food, in drink". Contrarily, some lesbian feminists have accused Jews of being "killers of the Goddess" over their perception of the god of Israel being male to blame Jews for women's mistreatment under the "patriarchy".{{bulleted list | |

Controlling the weather and causing natural disasters

On March 16, 2018, Council of the District of Columbia member Trayon White posted a video on his Facebook page showing snow flurries falling, alluding to the conspiracy theory of the Rothschild family conspiring to manipulate the weather. In his post, he stated, "Y'all better pay attention to this climate control, man, this climate manipulation ... And that's a model based off the Rothschilds controlling the climate to create natural disasters they can pay for to own the cities, man. Be careful." The comment was widely reported in Washington and worldwide media as an endorsement of an antisemitic conspiracy theory. The Washington City Paper reported on March 19 that this was not the first time in which White alluded to a Jewish conspiracy to control global weather.

The belief that Jews use space lasers to manipulate the weather, or the belief that Jews use space lasers to cause natural disasters, also dates back to 2018, when U.S. Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene suggested that the Camp Fire wildfires in Butte County, California were caused by lasers which were emitted from "space solar generators" in a scheme which companies such as Rothschild & Co and Solaren were involved in.{{bulleted list| | | | |

Provoking or fabricating antisemitism

During a speech at the Reichstag on 30 January 1939, Adolf Hitler accused "international Jewish financiers" of seeking to start a world war, but that this would be turned against them in an "annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe", for which the Jews would be fully to blame.

In 2002, the then-Hamas leader Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi asked, "People always talk about what the Germans did to the Jews, but the true question is, 'What did the Jews do to the Germans? Gilad Atzmon stated, "Jewish texts tend to glaze over the fact that Hitler's 28 March 1933, ordering a boycott against Jewish stores and goods, was an escalation in direct response to the declaration of war on Germany by the worldwide Jewish leadership." In January 2005, 19 members of the Russian State Duma demanded that Judaism and Jewish organizations be banned in Russia, alleging that "most antisemitic actions in the whole world are constantly carried out by Jews themselves with a goal of provocation." After sharp protests by Russian Jewish leaders, including Russia's Chief Rabbi Berel Lazar, human rights activists and the Russian Foreign Ministry, the Duma members retracted their appeal.

Dual loyalty

A trope found in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, but originating long before that document, is that Jews are more loyal to world Jewry than to their own country. Since Israel's reestablishment in 1948, libels of Jews being more loyal to Israel than to their country of residence and citizenship have become widespread in different countries.{{bulleted list| | (discusses early manifestations, before Protocols) | (in United Kingdom scenario) | (in Lebanon) | | (in United States; discusses Protocols) | (modern United States) | (Canada and New Zealand) | (Argentina) | (formation of Israel) | |

Cowardice and lack of patriotism

Main article: Dreyfus affair, Stab-in-the-back myth, Antisemitism in France, Antisemitism in Germany, Antisemitism in the Soviet Union, Antisemitism in Europe#Poland, Racism in Poland#Jews}}{{Further, Doctors' plot, Anti-cosmopolitan campaign, 1968 Polish political crisis

With the rise of racist theories in the 19th century, "[a]nother old anti-Semitic canard served to underline the putative 'femininity' of the Jewish race. Like women, Jews lacked an 'essence. In Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations, Kurt Jonassohn and Karin S. Björnson wrote:

Jews were frequently accused of being insufficiently patriotic. In late 19th-century France, a political scandal known as the Dreyfus affair involved the wrongful conviction for treason of a young Jewish French officer. The political and judicial scandal ended with his full rehabilitation. During World War I, the German Military High Command implemented the Judenzählung (German for "Jewish Census"), which was designed to "confirm" allegations of the "lack of patriotism" among German Jews, but the results of the census disproved the accusations and were not made public. After the end of the war, the stab-in-the-back myth alleged that internal enemies, including Jews, were responsible for Germany's defeat.

In Stalin's Soviet Union, the statewide campaign against "rootless cosmopolitans", a Soviet euphemism for Jews, was set out on 28 January 1949 with an article in the party's official newspaper Pravda:

Such propaganda was followed by state campaigns of persecution until Stalin's death in 1953, which involved mass termination of Soviet Jewish doctors and liquidation of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee based on false charges of treason, espionage and association with Zionism. The anniversary of the murders was commemorated by Soviet Jewry Movement's activists from the 1960s until the end of the Soviet Union.

In 1968, the Soviet-supported Polish People's Republic exploited pre-existing antisemitism to peddle similar claims, equating Jewish origins with "disloyalty" and "Zionist sympathies", to blame Polish Jews for the anti-communist mass protests. A purge of Polish Jews, most of whom were Holocaust survivors, ensued. The purge caused the exodus of 5,000–10,000 Polish Jews – around 20–33% of those remaining back then. An apology was made by the democratic Polish government in March 2018.

Ethnocentrism

Many antisemitic conspiracy theory websites cherry-picked quotes from Jewish religious writings to justify the libel that Judaism is "racist [...] teaching Jews to hate non-Jews." As per rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik,

As per the minutes of a 1984 U.S. Congress hearing concerning the Soviet Jewry, the demonization of Jews based on bogus "ethnocentrism" charges was common:

Fabricating or exaggerating the Holocaust

Main article: Holocaust denial

Holocaust denial consists of claims that the genocide of Jews during World War II – usually referred to as the Holocaust – did not occur at all, or it did not happen in the manner or to the extent which is historically recognized. Key elements of these claims are the rejection of the following facts:

• "Holocaust Denial: Claims that the mass extermination of the Jews by the Nazis never happened; that the number of Jewish losses has been greatly exaggerated; that the Holocaust was not systematic nor a result of an official policy; or simply that the Holocaust never took place." "What is Holocaust Denial", Yad Vashem website, 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
• "Among the untruths routinely promoted are the claims that no gas chambers existed at Auschwitz, that only 600,000 Jews were killed rather than six million, and that Hitler had no murderous intentions toward Jews or other groups persecuted by his government." "Holocaust Denial" , Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 28 June 2007."The kinds of assertions made in Holocaust-denial material include the following:
• Several hundred thousand rather than approximately six million Jews died during the war.
• Scientific evidence proves that gas chambers could not have been used to kill large numbers of people.
• The Nazi command had a policy of deporting Jews, not exterminating them.
• Some deliberate killings of Jews did occur, but were carried out by the peoples of Eastern Europe rather than the Nazis.
• Jews died in camps of various kinds, but did so as the result of hunger and disease. The Holocaust is a myth created by the Allies for propaganda purposes, and subsequently nurtured by the Jews for their own ends.
• Errors and inconsistencies in survivors' testimonies point to their essential unreliability.
• Alleged documentary evidence of the Holocaust, from photographs of concentration camp victims to Anne Frank's diary, is fabricated.
• The confessions of former Nazis to war crimes were extracted through torture." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?" , JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 18 December 2006.

Most Holocaust denial claims imply, or openly state, that the Holocaust is a "hoax" committed out of a "deliberate Jewish conspiracy" to advance the "Jewish interests".A hoax designed to advance the interests of Jews:

• "The title of App's major work on the Holocaust, The Six Million Swindle, is informative because it implies on its very own the existence of a conspiracy of Jews to perpetrate a hoax against non-Jews for monetary gain." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition" , The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
• "Jews are thus depicted as manipulative and powerful conspirators who have fabricated myths of their own suffering for their own ends. According to the Holocaust deniers, by forging evidence and mounting a massive propaganda effort, the Jews have established their lies as 'truth' and reaped enormous rewards from doing so: for example, in making financial claims on Germany and acquiring international support for Israel." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?" , JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
• "Why, we might ask the deniers, if the Holocaust did not happen would any group concoct such a horrific story? Because, some deniers claim, there was a conspiracy by Zionists to exaggerate the plight of Jews during the war in order to finance the state of Israel through war reparations." Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, , p. 106.
• "Since its inception [...] the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States" , Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
• "The central assertion for the deniers is that Jews are not victims but victimizers. They 'stole' billions in reparations, destroyed Germany's good name by spreading the 'myth' of the Holocaust, and won international sympathy because of what they claimed had been done to them. In the paramount miscarriage of injustice, they used the world's sympathy to 'displace' another people so that the state of Israel could be established. This contention relating to the establishment of Israel is a linchpin of their argument." Deborah Lipstadt. Denying the Holocaust – The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Penguin, 1993, , p. 27.
• "They [Holocaust deniers] picture a vast shadowy conspiracy that controls and manipulates the institutions of education, culture, the media and government in order to disseminate a pernicious mythology. The purpose of this Holocaust mythology, they assert, is the inculcation of a sense of guilt in the white, Western Christian world. Those who can make others feel guilty have power over them and can make them do their bidding. This power is used to advance an international Jewish agenda centered in the Zionist enterprise of the State of Israel." "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" , "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
• "Deniers argue that the manufactured guilt and shame over a mythological Holocaust led to Western, specifically United States, support for the establishment and sustenance of the Israeli state – a sustenance that costs the American taxpayer over three billion dollars per year. They assert that American taxpayers have been and continue to be swindled [...] " "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" , Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
• "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, , p. 445. Nowadays, outright denial is no longer socially acceptable. It has, however, morphed into more devious forms involving antisemitic tropes' usage to distort relevant events for fabricating Jewish guilt and legitimizing antisemitism. Distortion of the Holocaust refers, inter alia, to intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the impact of the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and allies of Nazi Germany. Other factors are gross minimization of the number of the victims of the Holocaust, in contradiction to reliable sources, and attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own genocide. Statements have been made casting the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the Final Solution of the Jewish Question". Finally, there have been attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of concentration and death camps devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other nations or ethnic groups.{{bulleted list | |
• "Contemporary examples of antisemitism in public life, the media, schools, the workplace, and in the religious sphere could, taking into account the overall context, include [...] denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust)." [...] (33.8 KB), Fundamental Rights Agency
• "It would elevate their antisemitic ideology – which is what Holocaust denial is – to the level of responsible historiography – which it is not." Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust, , p. 11.
• "The denial of the Holocaust is among the most insidious forms of anti-Semitism [...] "Roth, Stephen J. "Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law" in the Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 23, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993, , p. 215.
• "Contemporary Holocaust deniers are not revisionists – not even neo-revisionists. They are Deniers. Their motivations stem from their neo-nazi political goals and their rampant antisemitism." Austin, Ben S. "Deniers in Revisionists' Clothing" , The Holocaust/Shoah Page, Middle Tennessee State University. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
• "Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review)." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?" , JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
• "This books treats several of the myths that have made antisemitism so lethal [...] In addition to these historic myths, we also treat the new, maliciously manufactured myth of Holocaust denial, another groundless belief that is used to stir up Jew-hatred." Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, , p. 3.
• "One predictable strand of Arab Islamic antisemitism is Holocaust denial [...]" Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, , p. 10.
• "Anti-Semitism, in the form of Holocaust denial, had been experienced by just one teacher when working in a Catholic school with large numbers of Polish and Croatian students." Geoffrey Short, Carole Ann Reed. Issues in Holocaust Education, Ashgate Publishing, 2004, , p. 71.
• "Indeed, the task of organized antisemitism in the last decade of the century has been the establishment of Holocaust Revisionism – the denial that the Holocaust occurred." Stephen Trombley, "antisemitism", The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, , p. 40.
• "After the Yom Kippur War an apparent reappearance of antisemitism in France troubled the tranquility of the community; there were several notorious terrorist attacks on synagogues, Holocaust revisionism appeared, and a new antisemitic political right tried to achieve respectability." Howard K. Wettstein, Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity, University of California Press, 2002, , p. 169.
• "Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti-semitism." Valérie Igounet. "Holocaust denial is part of a strategy" , Le Monde diplomatique, May 1998.
• "Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy." "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" , Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
• "In a number of countries, in Europe as well as in the United States, the negation or gross minimization of the Nazi genocide of Jews has been the subject of books, essay and articles. Should their authors be protected by freedom of speech? The European answer has been in the negative: such writings are not only a perverse form of anti-semitism but also an aggression against the dead, their families, the survivors and society at large." Roger Errera, "Freedom of speech in Europe", in Georg Nolte, European and US Constitutionalism, Cambridge University Press, 2005, , pp. 39–40.
• "Particularly popular in Syria is Holocaust denial, another staple of Arab anti-Semitism that is sometimes coupled with overt sympathy for Nazi Germany." Efraim Karsh, Rethinking the Middle East, Routledge, 2003, , p. 104.
• "Holocaust denial is a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs." Dinah Shelton, Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Macmillan Reference, 2005, p. 45.
• "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, , p. 445.
• "Since its inception [...] the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States" , Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
• "The primary motivation for most deniers is anti-Semitism, and for them the Holocaust is an infuriatingly inconvenient fact of history. After all, the Holocaust has generally been recognized as one of the most terrible crimes that ever took place, and surely the very emblem of evil in the modern age. If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. What better way to rehabilitate anti-Semitism, make anti-Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti-Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti-Semitism was blamed simply never happened – indeed, that it was nothing more than a frame-up invented by the Jews, and propagated by them through their control of the media? What better way, in short, to make the world safe again for anti-Semitism than by denying the Holocaust?" Reich, Walter. "Erasing the Holocaust", The New York Times, 11 July 1993.
• "There is now a creeping, nasty wave of anti-Semitism [...] insinuating itself into our political thought and rhetoric [...] The history of the Arab world [...] is disfigured [...] by a whole series of outmoded and discredited ideas, of which the notion that the Jews never suffered and that the Holocaust is an obfuscatory confection created by the elders of Zion is one that is acquiring too much, far too much, currency." Edward Said, "A Desolation, and They Called it Peace" in Those Who Forget the Past, Ron Rosenbaum (ed), Random House 2004, p. 518.Conspiracy theory:
• "While appearing on the surface as a rather arcane pseudo-scholarly challenge to the well-established record of Nazi genocide during the Second World War, Holocaust denial serves as a powerful conspiracy theory uniting otherwise disparate fringe groups [...]" "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" , "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
• "Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial'." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition" , The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
• "Since its inception [...] the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States" , Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007. Holocaust deniers are condemned for ignoring all the evidence disproving their falsehood.Predetermined conclusion:
• Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, 'revisionism' denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. "Why 'Revisionism' Isn't" , The Holocaust History Project, 15 May 1999. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
• Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?", in Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz (eds), Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas, Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, p. 154.

Holocaust deniers include the late "anti-Zionist" Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad, late Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, late French professor Robert Faurisson, French teacher Vincent Reynouard, British author David Irving and Germar Rudolf.

In 2010, a poll found that 56% of citizens in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco and the UAE believed that the Jews "deserved the Holocaust", most of whom were found to hold the false beliefs that

In 2014, another global survey found that almost half of the world did not know that the Holocaust ever happened, making them more susceptible to the tropes as mentioned.

Holocaust inversion

Main article: Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany{{!}}Holocaust inversion

Scholars have noted that "the main motif in Arab cartoons about Israel features 'the devilish Jew and that the central antisemitic idea of portraying Jews as embodiments of absolute evil includes several recurring sub-themes. These themes have reappeared throughout history, though their form has changed depending on the dominant narratives of each era. Such demonization by association with Israel is termed the Holocaust inversion. Holocaust inversion is an inversion of reality where Jews, the Holocaust's primary victims, are transposed into being the primary perpetrators to erase their historical victimhood and justify antisemitism. It is deemed a form of Holocaust trivialization. The World Jewish Congress noted that Holocaust inversion could be manifested as:

In such regard, the French philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy remarked,

Zio, Zio-Nazi and even Zionist are used deceptively by antisemites to promote antisemitism while maintaining plausible deniability.{{bulleted list| | | | |

Yossi Klein Halevi, the author of The New York Times bestseller Letters to My Palestinian Neighbor, considered the trope a transmutation of an archaic dehumanizing motif of Jews:

Nevertheless, it is notable that Cold War communist regimes, including the Soviet Union and its puppet state in Poland, had an often neglected history of persecuting their Jewish subjects based on "anti-Zionism".{{bulleted list| | | |Eisler Jerzy, Jews, Antisemitism, Emigration, in 1968: Forty Years After. (Polin Vol. 21), ed. Leszek W. Głuchowski & Antony Polonsky (Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2009), pp. 37–61. |Szaynok, Bożena, '"Israel" in the Events of March 1968', in 1968: Forty Years After. (Polin Vol. 21), ed. Leszek W. Głuchowski & Antony Polonsky (Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2009), pp. 150–158. | | | |

Controlling the Atlantic slave trade {{anchor|Playing a major role in the slave trade}} {{anchor|Atlantic slave trade}}

Main article: African American–Jewish relations

Exploiting the pre-existing racial tension between Black and Jewish Americans,{{bulleted list| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Organ harvesting

Palestinians

In August 2009, an article in the Swedish tabloid Aftonbladet accused Israeli troops of harvesting organs from Palestinians who died in their custody. Henrik Bredberg wrote in the rival newspaper Sydsvenskan: "Donald Boström publicized a variant of an anti-Semitic classic, the Jew who abducts children and steals their blood." In a video published on their website on 23 August 2014, Time magazine quoted the 2009 Swedish Aftonbladet's accusation as fact and later on 24 August 2014 retracted the allegations that Israeli soldiers had harvested and sold Palestinian organs. The pro-Israel NGO HonestReporting published an article criticising Time for "for giving new life to a horrendous blood libel".

In December 2009, Israel's Channel 2 published an interview with Yehuda Hiss, the former chief pathologist at L. Greenberg Institute of Forensic Medicine, where he accused workers at the forensic institute of taking skin, corneas, heart valves and bones from deceased Israelis, Palestinians and foreign workers without permission in the 1990s. Hiss was dismissed as head of Abu Kabir in 2004 after discovery of the use of organs. Israeli officials acknowledged that isolated incidents had taken place, but the vast majority of cases involved Israeli citizens and no such incidents had occurred for a protracted period, while Hiss had already been removed from his position. In a state inquiry report, they also found "no evidence that Hiss targeted Palestinians...The families of dead Israeli soldiers were among those who complained about Hiss's conduct." Despite this, similar accusations are still made by different members of society, including the Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor.

During the 2023–present Gaza war conspiracy theories were spread that the IDF was harvesting the organ of Palestinians. There has been no evidence presented to substantiate this outside of claims made by the Gaza Ministry of Health. Despite this the claim has been spread and been used to incite anti-Jewish sentiments online.

Haiti

In the immediate aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Israel sent 120 staff, doctors and troops of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to Port-au-Prince. The IDF set up a field hospital that performed 316 surgeries and delivered 16 babies. On 18 January, an American "activist" called T. West posted a YouTube video calling on Haitians to be wary of "personalities who are out for money", which he referred to as the Israeli Defense Force (IDF). To explain his allegations, West stated that in the past "the IDF [had] participated in stealing organ transplants of Palestinians and others", thus echoing the Aftonbladet Israel controversy. West, who claimed to speak for a black-empowerment group called AfriSynergy Productions, stopped short of making more explicit accusations against the IDF's behaviour in Haiti but he noted that there was "little monitoring" of it in the quake's aftermath, insinuating that organ theft was at the very least a strong possibility. The Iranian state outlet Press TV promoted the allegations. In a speech on 22 January, Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami said "There have been news reports that the Zionist regime, in the case of the catastrophe of Haiti, and under the pretext of providing relief to the people of Haiti, is stealing the organs of these wretched people", "Iranian Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami: US Occupied Haiti; Reports That Israeli Relief Delegation Is Stealing Organs", MEMRITV, Clip No. 2361 – Transcript, 22 January 2010. again without citing any evidence. On 27 January, a Syrian TV reporter described T. West's video as "document[ing] this heinous crime and [...] show[ing] Israelis engaged in stealing organs from the earthquake victims" (despite the fact that the video quite evidently does no such thing).

On 1 February 2010, "The Palestine Telegraph" accused the IDF of harvesting organs in Haiti for sale based on the said YouTube video by T. West whose material was re-used from Hezbollah's Al-Manar TV.{{bulleted list| |Stephen Lendman, , The Palestine Telegraph, 1 February 2010. | | |Jonny Paul (14 February 2010), "Haiti organ harvesting claims false", The Jerusalem Post

9/11 conspiracy theories

Main article: 9/11 conspiracy theories#Antisemitism in conspiracy theories

Some conspiracy theories hold that Jews or Israel played a key role in carrying out the September 11 attacks. As per a paper published by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), "anti-Semitic conspiracy theories have not been accepted in mainstream circles in the U.S.", but "this is not the case in the Arab and Muslim world". A claim that 4,000 Jewish employees skipped work at the WTC on 11 September has been widely reported and widely debunked. The number of Jews who died in the attacks – typically estimated at 400 – tracks closely with the proportion of Jews living in the New York area. Five Israelis died in the attack.

In 2003, the ADL published a report which attacked "hateful conspiracy theories" that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by Israelis and Jews, saying that they had the potential to "rationalize and fuel global anti-Semitism". The ADL's report found that "The Big Lie has united the American far-right, white supremacists and the Arab and Muslim world". It also found that many of those were modern manifestations of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The ADL has characterized the Jeff Rense website as carrying antisemitic materials, such as "American Jews staged the 9/11 terrorist attacks for their own financial gain and to induce the American people to endorse wars of aggression and genocide on the nations of the Middle East and the theft of their resources for the benefit of Israel". Accusations of Jews masterminding the 9/11 attacks have also been made by the black supremacist New Black Panther Party (NBPP), which have gained traction among anti-Zionist Black Americans. Popular themes in antisemitic 9/11 conspiracy theories: Black nationalists—united in their belief that Jews and Israel are to blame for the 9/11 terrorist attacks [...] The NOI, led by longtime leader Louis Farrakhan, peddles numerous antisemitic stereotypes and conspiracy theories, including blaming Jews and Zionists for the 9/11 terrorist attacks by claiming that 9/11 was a false flag operation designed to help Israel and provoke a "war on Islam."

Contradictory accusations

Various researchers noted the irrational contradictions in antisemitic tropes. Leon Pinsker noted as early as in 1882:

In her 2003 book, The Holocaust and Antisemitism: A Short History, Jocelyn Hellig wrote:

• alienated from society but also cosmopolitans
• isolated but also intermingled among other peoples
• individualist but also communal
• capitalist exploiters and international financiers but also revolutionary Marxists
• materialistic but also people of the Book
• militant aggressors but also cowardly pacifists
• arrogant but also timid
• superstitious but also promoters of secularism
• upholders of rigid law but also morally decadent
• a chosen people but also an inferior race
• crucifiers of Christ but also inventors of Christianity}}

Curtis stated:

Gustavo Perednik wrote in Judeophobia:

Comments about tropes

As per defense attorney Kenneth Stern, "Historically, Jews have not fared well around conspiracy theories. Such ideas fuel anti-Semitism. The myths that all Jews are responsible for the death of Christ, or poisoned wells, or killed Christian children to bake matzos, or 'made up' the Holocaust, or plot to control the world, do not succeed each other; rather, the list of anti-Semitic canards gets longer." Hannah Arendt, in analyzing antisemitism in the first part of The Origins of Totalitarianism, shared a joke:

Notes

References

Works cited

References

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     {{bibleverse. Matt. 27:25
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