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Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae


Main article: 10th edition of Systema Naturae

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus described the Amphibia as:

Animals that are distinguished by a body cold and generally naked; stern and expressive countenance; harsh voice; mostly lurid color; filthy odor; a few are furnished with a horrid poison; all have cartilaginous bones, slow circulation, exquisite sight and hearing, large pulmonary vessels, lobate liver, oblong thick stomach, and cystic, hepatic, and pancreatic ducts: they are deficient in diaphragm, do not transpire (sweat), can live a long time without food, are tenatious of life, and have the power of reproducing parts which have been destroyed or lost; some undergo a metamorphosis; some cast (shed) their skin; some appear to live promiscuously on land or in the water, and some are torpid during the winter.

Linnaean characteristics

  • Heart: 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red blood
  • Lungs: breathes uncertainly
  • Jaw: incumbent
  • Penis: (frequently) double
  • Eggs: (usually) membranaceous
  • Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, ears
  • Covering: a naked skin
  • Supports: various, in some none. Creeps in warm places and hisses

Linnaeus often regarded reptiles within the amphibian class because living in Sweden, he often noticed that the local reptiles (examples include the common adder and grass snake) would hunt and be active in the water.

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus included several species of fishes (that do not belong the superclass Osteichthyes) into the amphibian class. It was not until later on that he would merge them into the Fish class and give them their own new order "Chondropterygious", defining them as species with cartilaginous gills.

Linnaeus divided the amphibians based upon the limb structures and the way they breathed.

Reptiles

; Testudo (turtles & tortoises)

  • Testudo mydas – Green sea turtle
  • Testudo caretta – Loggerhead sea turtle
  • Testudo orbicularis & Testudo lutaria – European pond turtle
  • Testudo scabra – Spot-legged turtle
  • Testudo graeca & Testudo pusilla – Spur-thighed tortoise
  • Testudo carolina & Testudo carinata – Eastern box turtle
  • Testudo geometrica – Geometric tortoise
  • Testudo serpentina – Common snapping turtle

; Draco (gliding lizards)

  • Draco volansDraco volans, Flying Dragon

; Lacerta (terrestrial lizards, salamanders, & crocodilians)

  • Lacerta crocodilusCaiman crocodilus, Spectacled Caiman
  • Lacerta caudiverbera – [fictitious]
  • Lacerta superciliosaUranoscodon superciliosa
  • Lacerta scutataLyriocephalus scutatus
  • Lacerta monitor – [rejected]
  • Lacerta principalis – Carolina Anole
  • Lacerta bicarinataNeusticurus bicarinatus
  • Lacerta palustris, Lacerta vulgaris, & Lacerta aquaticaLissotriton vulgaris, Smooth newt
  • Lacerta cordylusCordylus cordylus
  • Lacerta stellioLaudakia stellio
  • Lacerta mauritanicaTarentola mauritanica, European common gecko
  • Lacerta azureaUracentron azureum
  • Lacerta turcicaHemidactylus turcicus, Mediterranean house gecko
  • Lacerta ameivaAmeiva ameiva, Giant Ameiva
  • Lacerta agilisLacerta agilis, Sand Lizard
  • Lacerta algiraPsammodromus algirus, Large Psammodromus
  • Lacerta sepsTetradactylus seps
  • Lacerta angulataAlopoglossus angulatus
  • Lacerta chamaeleonChamaeleo chamaeleon, Common chameleon
  • Lacerta salamandra – Fire salamander
  • Lacerta geckoGekko gecko, Tokay gecko
  • Lacerta scincusScincus scincus, Sandfish
  • Lacerta hispidaAgama hispida
  • Lacerta orbicularisPhrynosoma orbiculare, Mexican plateau horned lizard
  • Lacerta basiliscusBasiliscus basiliscus, Common basilisk
  • Lacerta iguanaIguana iguana, Green iguana
  • Lacerta calotesCalotes calotes, Common green forest lizard
  • Lacerta agamaAgama agama, Rock Agama
  • Lacerta umbraPlica umbra
  • Lacerta plicaPlica plica
  • Lacerta marmorataPolychrus marmoratus
  • Lacerta bullaris – Jamaican giant anole{{cite book |title=Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles
  • Lacerta strumosa[nomen oblitum] for Anolis lineatusDaudin, 1802
  • Lacerta teguixinTupinambis teguixin, Gold tegu
  • Lacerta aurata
  • Lacerta punctataRiopa punctata
  • Lacerta lemniscataCnemidophorus lemniscatus, Rainbow Whiptail
  • Lacerta fasciataPlestiodon fasciatus, Five-lined skink
  • Lacerta lineataGymnophthalmus lineatus
  • Lacerta chalcidesChalcides chalcides, Three-toed skink
  • Lacerta anguinaChamaesaura anguina, Cape grass lizard

; Rana (frogs & toads)

  • Rana pipaPipa pipa, Suriname Toad
  • Rana bufo, Rana rubeta, & Rana ventricosaBufo bufo, Common Toad
  • Rana gibbosaBreviceps gibbosus, Cape Rain Frog
  • Rana variegataBombina variegata, yellow-bellied toad
  • Rana marinaBufo marinus, cane toad
  • Rana typhoniaTrachycephalus typhonius
  • Rana ocellataOsteopilus ocellatus
  • Rana cornutaCeratophrys cornuta, Surinam horned frog
  • Rana marginata[nomen dubium]
  • Rana paradoxaPseudis paradoxa, paradoxical frog
  • Rana temporariaRana temporaria, Common Frog, and Rana arvalis, Moor Frog
  • Rana esculentaRana esculenta, Edible Frog
  • Rana arborea & Rana hylaHyla arborea, European tree frog
  • Rana boansHypsiboas boans

Serpentes

; Crotalus (rattlesnakes)

  • Crotalus horridusCrotalus horridus
  • Crotalus dryinas & Crotalus durissusCrotalus durissus

; Boa (boas)

  • Boa murina & Boa scytaleEunectes murinus, anaconda
  • Boa canina & Boa hypnaleCorallus caninus, emerald tree boa
  • Boa constrictor & Boa orophiasBoa constrictor
  • Boa cenchriaEpicrates cenchria
  • Boa enydris & Boa hortulanaCorallus hortulanus

; Coluber (racers, vipers & cobras)

  • Coluber viperaCerastes vipera
  • Coluber atroposBitis atropos
  • Coluber leberis – [suppressed]
  • Coluber lutrixDuberria lutrix
  • Coluber calamariusOligodon calamarius
  • Coluber constrictorColuber constrictor
  • Coluber ammodytesVipera ammodytes
  • Coluber cerastesCerastes cerastes
  • Coluber plicatilisPseudoeryx plicatilis
  • Coluber domicellaLiophis poecilogyrus
  • Coluber alidras – perhaps Helicops angulatus
  • Coluber buccatus –* Homalopsis buccata*
  • Coluber angulatusHelicops angulatus
  • Coluber berus & Coluber cherseaVipera berus
  • Coluber caeruleus[nomen dubium]
  • Coluber albusBrachyorrhus albus
  • Coluber aspisVipera aspis
  • Coluber typhlusLiophis typhlus
  • Coluber lebetinusMacrovipera lebetina
  • Coluber melanocephalusTantilla melanocephala
  • Coluber cobellaLiophis cobella
  • Coluber reginaeLeimadophis reginae
  • Coluber severusXenodon severus
  • Coluber auroraLamprophis aurora
  • Coluber sipedonNerodia sipedon, northern water snake
  • Coluber maurusNatrix maura
  • Coluber stolatusAmphiesma stolatum, buff-striped keelback
  • Coluber vittatusXenochrophis vittatus, striped keelback
  • Coluber miliarisLiophis miliaris
  • Coluber rhombeatusPsammophylax rhombeatus
  • Coluber cyaneus[nomen dubium]
  • Coluber natrixNatrix natrix, grass snake
  • Coluber aesculapii & Coluber agilisErythrolamprus aesculapii
  • Coluber lacteusHomoroselaps lacteus
  • Coluber aulicusLycodon aulicus, Indian wolf snake
  • Coluber monilis[nomen dubium]
  • Coluber pallidusThamnodynastes pallidus
  • Coluber lineatusLiophis lineatus
  • Coluber najaNaja naja, Indian cobra
  • Coluber padera[nomen dubium]
  • Coluber canusPseudaspis cana, mole snake
  • Coluber sibilansPsammophis sibilans
  • Coluber laticaudatusLaticauda laticaudata
  • Coluber sirtalisThamnophis sirtalis, common garter snake
  • Coluber atroxBothrops atrox
  • Coluber sibon & Coluber nebulatusSibon nebulatus, clouded snake
  • Coluber fuscus & Coluber saturninusChironius fuscus
  • Coluber candidusBungarus candidus
  • Coluber niveusNaja haje, Egyptian cobra
  • Coluber scaberDasypeltis scabra, common egg-eater
  • Coluber carinatusChironius carinatus, machete savane
  • Coluber corallinusLiophis triscalis
  • Coluber ovivorus – perhaps Pantherophis vulpinus, fox snake
  • Coluber exoletusChironius exoletus
  • Coluber situlaZamenis situla, European ratsnake
  • Coluber triscalisLiophis triscalis
  • Coluber lemniscatusMicrurus lemniscatus
  • Coluber annulatusLeptodeira annulata, machete savane
  • Coluber dipsas[nomen dubium]
  • Coluber peliasChrysopelea pelias, banded flying snake
  • Coluber tyria[nomen dubium]
  • Coluber jugularisDolichophis jugularis
  • Coluber petolaOxyrhopus petolarius
  • Coluber molurusPython molurus
  • Coluber ahaetullaLeptophis ahaetulla
  • Coluber petolariusOxyrhopus petolarius
  • Coluber hajeNaja haje, Egyptian cobra
  • Coluber filiformis[nomen dubium]
  • Coluber pullatusSpilotes pullatus, tigre
  • Coluber hippocrepisHemorrhois hippocrepis, horseshoe whip snake
  • Coluber minervaeLiophis lineatus
  • Coluber cinereus – perhaps Liophis cobella
  • Coluber viridissimusPhilodryas viridissima
  • Coluber mucosusPtyas mucosa
  • Coluber cenchoaImantodes cenchoa
  • Coluber mycterizansAhaetulla mycterizans
  • Coluber caerulescens[nomen dubium]
  • Coluber arges – [mythical]

; Anguis (slowworms & worm snakes)

  • Anguis bipesScelotes bipes
  • Anguis meleagrisAcontias meleagris
  • Anguis colubrinaGongylophis colubrinus, Egyptian sand boa
  • Anguis jaculus & Anguis cerastesEryx jaculus, javelin sand boa
  • Anguis maculataCylindrophis maculatus, Ceylonese cylinder snake
  • Anguis reticulataTyphlops reticulatus, reticulate worm snake
  • Anguis lumbricalisTyphlops lumbricalis, earthworm worm snake
  • Anguis laticauda[nomen dubium]
  • Anguis scytaleAnilius scytale
  • Anguis eryx – part of Anguis fragilis, slowworm
  • Anguis fragilisAnguis fragilis, slowworm

; Amphisbaena (worm lizards)

  • Amphisbaena fuliginosaAmphisbaena fuliginosa, spotted worm lizard
  • Amphisbaena albaAmphisbaena alba, red worm lizard

; Caecilia (caecilians)

  • Caecilia tentaculataCaecilia tentaculata
  • Caecilia glutinosaIchthyophis glutinosus, Ceylon caecilian

Nantes

; Petromyzon (lampreys)

  • Petromyzon marinus – Sea Lamprey
  • Petromyzon fluviatilis & Petromyzon branchialis – European river lamprey

; Raja (rays)

  • Raja torpedo – Common torpedo
  • Raja batis – Common skate
  • Raja oxyrinchus – Long-nosed burton skate
  • Raja miraletus – Brown ray
  • Raja fullonica – Shagreen ray
  • Raja aquila – Common eagle ray
  • Raja altavela – Spiny butterfly ray
  • Raja pastinaca – Common stingray
  • Raja clavata – Thornback ray
  • Raja rhinobatos – Common guitarfish

; Squalus (sharks)

  • Squalus acanthias – Spiny dogfish
  • Squalus centrina – Angular roughshark
  • Squalus spinax – Velvet belly lantern shark
  • Squalus squatina – Angelshark
  • Squalus zygaena – Smooth hammerhead shark
  • Squalus tiburo – Bonnethead shark
  • Squalus galeus – School shark
  • Squalus canicula & Squalus catulus – Small-spotted catshark
  • Squalus stellaris – Nursehound
  • Squalus glaucus – Blue shark
  • Squalus carcharias – Great white shark
  • Squalus mustelus – Common smooth-hound
  • Squalus pristis – Common sawfish

; Chimaera (ratfishes)

  • Chimaera monstrosa – Rabbitfish
  • Chimaera callorynchus – Elephantfish

; Lophius (anglerfishes)

  • Lophius piscatorius – Angler
  • Lophius vespertilio – Brazilian batfish
  • Lophius histrio – Sargassumfish

; Acipenser (sturgeons)

  • Acipenser sturio – European Sea Sturgeon
  • Acipenser ruthenus – Sterlet
  • Acipenser huso – Beluga Sturgeon
  • Acipenser plecostomus – Suckermouth Catfish

Notes

References

References

  1. Linné, Carl von. (1800). "Gmelin's last edition of the celebrated Systema Naturæ of Linnæus". Lackington, Allen, and Co.
  2. (2009). "Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises".
  3. (2009). "A quarter millenium of uses and misuses of the turtle name ''Testudo scabra'': identification of the type specimens of ''T. scabra'' Linnaeus 1758 (= ''Rhinoclemmys punctularia'') and ''T. scripta'' Thunberg ''in'' Schoepff 1792 (= ''Trachemys scripta scripta'')". [[Zootaxa]].
  4. (1994). "A trilogy on the herpetology of Linnaeus's ''Systema Naturae'' X". [[Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service]].
  5. {{EOL. 795869. ''Anolis carolinensis'' Voigt, 1832'
  6. (1975). "An annotated checklist of the lizards of French Guinea, mainly based on two recent collections". [[Zoologische Mededelingen]].
  7. [http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/index.php//Amphibia/Anura/Hylidae/Lophyohylinae/Trachycephalus/Trachycephalus-typhonius ''Trachycephalus typhonius''] in {{aut. Darrel Frost (2017). Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference
  8. Lavilla. (2010). "The identification of ''Rana ocellata'' Linnaeus, 1758. Nomenclatural impact on the species currently known as ''Leptodactylus ocellatus'' (Leptodactylidae) and ''Osteopilus brunneus'' (Gosse, 1851) (Hylidae)". Zootaxa.
  9. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. (1962). "Opinion 623: ''Regina'' Baird & Girard, 1853 (Reptilia): designation of a type-species under the plenary powers". [[Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature]].
  10. Arthur Loveridge. (1929). "East African Reptiles and Amphibians in the United States National Museum". [[Bulletin of the United States National Museum]].
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