American Philosophical Society

History

The American Philosophical Society was founded as the Philosophical Society in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin, James Alexander, Francis Hopkinson, John Bartram, Philip Syng Jr., and others as an offshoot of an earlier club, the Junto.

Early members included: Benjamin Franklin, John Dickinson, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, James McHenry, Thomas Paine, David Rittenhouse, Peter Stephen Du Ponceau, Nicholas Biddle, Owen Biddle, Benjamin Rush, James Madison, Michael Hillegas, John Marshall, Charles Pettit, and John Andrews.

It was common at the time for intellectual societies to invite members from around the world, where the society recruited members from other countries, including Alexander von Humboldt, the Marquis de Lafayette, Baron von Steuben, Tadeusz Kościuszko, and Princess Dashkova. The society lapsed into inactivity by 1746, but was revived in 1767.

On January 2, 1769, the society united with the American Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge under the name American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge. Franklin was elected the first president. During this time, the society maintained a standing Committee on American Improvements; one of its investigations was to study the prospects for a canal to connect the Chesapeake Bay and the Delaware River. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, which had been proposed by Thomas Gilpin, Sr., was built in the 1820s.

Following the American Revolutionary War, the society looked for leadership to Francis Hopkinson, one of the signatories of the United States Declaration of Independence. Under his influence, the society received land from the government of Pennsylvania, along with a plot of land in Philadelphia, where Philosophical Hall now stands.

Charles Darwin, Robert Frost, Louis Pasteur, Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz, John James Audubon, Linus Pauling, Margaret Mead, Woodrow Wilson, Maria Mitchell, and Thomas Edison were all prominent members of the society.

Many members of the Society of the Cincinnati were among the APS's first board members and contributors; the APS and SOC still maintain an informal, collegial relationship.

Membership

Membership of the APS "honors extraordinary accomplishments in all fields." It has about 1,000 elected members, comprising about 840 "resident" members (United States citizens or those working or living in the United States) and about 160 "international" members. it had elected 5,890 members since its foundation.

Over that history, 220 members have been from Harvard University, 117 from Princeton University, 91 from Stanford University, and 86 from the University of California, Berkeley. Ten academic institutions have each been affiliated with 50 or more members:

Awards

In 1786, the society established the Magellanic Premium, a prize for achievement in "navigation, astronomy, or natural philosophy," the oldest scientific prize awarded by an American institution, which it still awards. Other awards include the Barzun Prize for cultural history, the Judson Daland Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Clinical Investigation, the Benjamin Franklin Medal for distinguished achievement in the sciences, the Lashley Award for neurobiology, the Lewis Award for the best book published by the society in the year, and the Thomas Jefferson Medal for distinguished achievement in the arts, humanities, or social sciences.

Publications

The society has published the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society since 1771. Five issues appear each year. The Proceedings have appeared since 1838; they publish the papers delivered at the society's biannual meetings. The society has also published The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Henry, William Penn, and Meriwether Lewis, and William Clark. Jane Aitken bound 400 volumes for the society.

The society also has an expansive archive on framer of the U.S. constitution John Dickinson.

APS holds the ACLS Collection (American Council of Learned Societies Committee on Native American Languages, American Philosophical Society) which is a collection of indigenous language documents from around the United States including recordings of the Odawa language from northern Michigan. APS has created a guide to help provide broad coverage of the Native American and Indigenous archival collections at the Library & Museum of the American Philosophical Society. These materials date from 1553 to 2020 and include manuscript, audio, and visual materials relating to Indigenous peoples throughout the Americas.

The society also has a collection of manuscripts on the history of the British colonies, Revolutionary War, the history of American science, quantum physics, Charles Darwin and evolution, genetics and the history of technology.

Buildings

Philosophical Hall

Main article: Philosophical Hall

Philosophical Hall, at 104 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia, between Chestnut and Walnut Streets, immediately south of Old City Hall, was built in 1785–1789 to house the society and designed by Samuel Vaughan in the Federal style. A third floor was added in 1890 to accommodate the expanding library, but was removed in 1948–1950, In 2001, it was opened to the public as The American Philosophical Society Museum, hosting revolving, thematic exhibitions that explore intersections of history, art, and science. The museum features works of art, scientific instruments, original manuscripts, rare books, natural history specimens, and curiosities of all kinds from the APS's own collections, along with objects on loan from other institutions.

Library Hall

In 1789–90, the Library Company of Philadelphia (LCP), now located at 1314 Locust Street in Philadelphia, built its headquarters directly across 5th Street from APS. In 1884, LCP sold its building, which was demolished for the expansion of the Drexel & Company Building in 1887. This building was demolished in the mid-1950s, during the creation of Independence National Historical Park.

APS built a library on the site in 1958 and recreated the façade of the old LCP building.

Benjamin Franklin Hall

APS restored the former Farmers' & Mechanics' Bank building at 425–29 Chestnut Street, which was built in 1854–55 to the design of John M. Gries in the Italianate style, to serve as a lecture hall. It is the site of meetings and most major events the society hosts.

Richardson Hall

Constance C. and Edgar P. Richardson Hall at 431 Chestnut Street, immediately west of Benjamin Franklin Hall, is the former Pennsylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities Building, which was built between 1871 and 1873 and designed by Addison Hutton. It contains offices and the Consortium for History of Science, Technology and Medicine.

Gallery

File:PSM V60 D442 Place of meeting in the building of the society.png|Interior of Philosophical Hall, File:Farmers' & Mechanics' Bank 427 Chestnut Street.jpg|Benjamin Franklin Hall in 2013 File:Pennsylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities 431 Chestnut Street.jpg|Richardson Hall in 2013

Citations

General and cited sources

References

1. {{NRISref. 2007a
2. Duer, William Alexander. [https://archive.org/stream/lifeofwilliamale00duerw#page/4/mode/2up ''The life of William Alexander, Earl of Stirling, Major-General in the Army of the United States during the Revolution''] New York: Wiley & Putnam for the New Jersey Historical Society, 1847. p.5
3. [http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/biography/14388.html "Philip Syng, Jr."] {{Webarchive. link. (September 28, 2018 , Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved December 31, 2015.)
4. (2011). "American Philosophical Society selected records, 1784–1954". [[Archives of American Art]].
5. [[New International Encyclopedia]]
6. Goodrich, Carter. (1974). "Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads, 1800–1890". Greenwood Press.
7. Kozel, Scott M.. (2010). "Chesapeake and Delaware Canal (C & D Canal)". Scott M. Kozel.
8. "Elected Members".
9. "American Philosophical Society Member History".
10. "The Magellanic Premium of the American Philosophical Society".
11. "Awards and Prizes".
12. "John H. Powell Collection of John Dickinson Research".
13. Languages, American Council of Learned Societies Committee on Native American. "American Council of Learned Societies Committee on Native American Languages, American Philosophical Society [ACLS Collection]: Franz Boas Collection of Materials for American Linguistics".
14. "Home {{!}} Guide to the Indigenous Materials at the American Philosophical Society".
15. (December 1, 1989). "Manuscript Collecting at the American Philosophical Society: The First 101 Years". [[Journal of the History of Collections]].
16. {{cite philarch p.160
17. {{cite philarchmit, p. 30
18. when the building was restored to its original appearance for the creation of [[Independence National Historical Park]].Richard Webster, ''Philadelphia Preserved'' (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1976), p. 92.
19. (October 2016). "American Philosophical Society Museum: About". ARTINFO.
20. {{cite philarch, pp. 55–56
21. [http://www.amphilsoc.org/about/directions "Directions"] {{webarchive. link. (June 4, 2013 on the APS website)
22. {{cite philarch, p.64