American football in the United States

Description

American football is the most popular sport in the United States. It is a form of gridiron football. In the United States, the game is most often referred to as simply "football".

Organization in the United States

Befitting its status as a popular sport, football is played in leagues of different size, age and quality, in all regions of the country. A team is sometimes referred to as a "football program". There is no single national governing body for American football in the United States or a continental governing body for North America. There is an international governing body, the International Federation of American Football (IFAF). The governing body for American football in the United States is USA Football.

Professional

National Football League

Main article: National Football League

The 32-team National Football League (NFL) is currently the only major professional American football league in the United States. There have been numerous attempts over the past several decades to create a second major or high-level professional league, most of which failed within a few years or, in the cases of the All-America Football Conference and 1960s American Football League, merged with the NFL. The National Football League has the highest revenue and average attendance of any sports league in the world.

The NFL has not operated any developmental minor leagues since the folding of the NFL Europe League in 2007. There are some "independent" leagues operating in the US, but they are not overseen by the NFL and the teams has no affiliation to NFL franchises.

These figures reflect the popularity of professional American football as a spectator sport:

¹ ~80,000 without people watching on screens at the party decks

Minor leagues

Main article: Minor league football (gridiron)

The eight-team United Football League is the predominant professional spring football league. It originated with the XFL and the USFL, each originally founded and played as separate eight-team leagues in 2020 and 2022 respectively before agreeing to a merger with each other. Both conferences bore the names of leagues before them: the USFL was named after a 1980s major professional league known as the United States Football League and reached a settlement with the remaining rightsholders to that league; the XFL was a revival of a 2001 league of the same name from the same founder, Vince McMahon, who sold the league and brand with its 2020 season unfinished. The XFL and USFL brands continued as conferences after the merger until Mike Repole took over the league and abolished the brands during the 2025 offseason. A third-tier league, the Continental Football League, is slated to launch in 2026.

Other active minor league are the Gridiron Developmental Football League and the Rivals Professional Football League which are viewed as low-level or semi-pro leagues.

Indoor American football

Main article: Arena football

There are several professional and semi-professional indoor American football leagues, played at hockey-sized arenas. The largest and oldest operating league is the Indoor Football League which has 13 teams spanning from Ohio to California mostly in markets with other major or high-minor professional sports franchises. Historically the Arena Football League, which launched in 1987 was the most prominent league but as the league had operational issues following its 2008 bankruptcy, teams folded and left for other leagues before the Arena Football League folded in 2019. An attempt at reviving the Arena Football League collapsed a few weeks into its only season in 2024, with the remaining teams reorganizing to play out the season; this league abandoned the AFL brand to become Arena Football One (AF1), which plays in mostly suburban and mid-sized cities.

Other pro leagues include the second-tier National Arena League, the Great Plains and Mississippi Valley-based The Arena League (a league originally playing six-man football), and the third-tier regional and semi-professional leagues such as American Indoor Football (Iowa and Michigan) and the American Arena League (East Coast). AF1 accepted the champions of both TAL and the NAL following their 2025 seasons, while sending two of their rural franchises to the NAL.

Indoor football leagues play by significantly different rules that accommodate a field of play half the width and length of a traditional football field.

Other professional football leagues

Some American players compete in the Canadian Football League in Canada, which operates professionally on a somewhat older rule system with a number of differences from the American game but still recognizable as "football" to the casual American football observer. The CFL allocates half of its teams' rosters for players born and raised in Canada but allows the rest of the players to be foreign born (in practice, these spots are almost always filled by Americans); the CFL also has television presence in the United States and as recently as 1995 played games in the U.S.

College football

Main article: College football

In the United States, college football is governed by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Many colleges and universities have football teams, often with dedicated football stadiums. These teams mostly play other similarly sized schools, through the NCAA's divisional system, which divides collegiate sports teams into four divisions (I-FBS, I-FCS, II and III). The largest, most popular collegiate teams routinely fill stadiums larger than 75,000.

Among college football stadiums, eight, the University of Michigan's Michigan Stadium, Penn State's Beaver Stadium, Ohio State's Ohio Stadium, Texas A&M's Kyle Field, the University of Tennessee's Neyland Stadium, LSU's Tiger Stadium, Alabama's Bryant–Denny Stadium, and Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium at the University of Texas at Austin, seat over 100,000 fans and typically sell out. The weekly autumn ritual of college football, which includes marching bands, cheerleaders, homecoming, parties, tailgate parties, form an important part of college football's culture. Football is a major source of revenue to the athletic programs of schools, public and private, in the United States. Top college football players enter the NFL draft after their college careers are over, in hopes of signing with an NFL team.

"FBS" and "FCS" are abbreviations for the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, two sections of Division I that exist only in football. These two subdivisions were formerly known as Divisions I-A and I-AA respectively. The Championship Subdivision, consisting mostly of smaller schools than the FBS but larger than D-II, has a multiple-round playoff system just like Divisions II and III, while the Bowl Subdivision has only a limited, and unofficial, twelve-team playoff and has historically only featured division championships and bowl games. FBS and FCS teams can, and often do, play against each other. Unofficially, the Bowl Subdivision is divided into two further subdivisions, "major conferences" (also known as "Power Five conferences", since reduced to four with the breakup of the Pac-12 Conference) and "mid-majors" (known in modern parlance as the "Group of Five"). In practice, only major conference teams are eligible to compete for the national championship and receive significant favor in the opinion polling over mid-majors, and it was not until the addition of the BCS National Championship Game that mid-majors had a realistic chance at appearing in one of the major bowls. Although the FCS has a playoff, three conferences do not participate (the Ivy League does not allow its teams to play in the postseason, and the historically black SWAC and MEAC instead play each other in a bowl of their own). Division III teams do not offer scholarships to their players; two Division I FCS leagues also do not offer scholarships—the Ivy League, which prohibits athletic scholarships in any sport, and the Pioneer Football League, which only competes in football and whose members all offer scholarships in non-football sports.

With the exception of the annual Army–Navy Game, only Power Five conference teams air on national broadcast television, although mid-majors, FCS teams, D-II and D-III games can see more limited coverage on cable and local television.

Though the NCAA is the most publicized college athletic organization, the NAIA (which houses mostly smaller private colleges in the midwest) also sanctions football games. At the community college level, the NJCAA oversees the sport in 47 of the 48 contiguous states, the lone exception being California, where the California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA) operates outside the bounds of the NJCAA. There also exists a club football circuit for student-run teams and colleges that choose not to compete at the varsity level. In addition to this, 10 northeastern colleges field teams in the Collegiate Sprint Football League, a league in which all players must weigh no more than 178 lb in order to be eligible to play; a second sprint league based in the midwest, the Midwest Sprint Football League, launched in 2021.

The Michigan Wolverines drew the highest average home attendance of all college football teams in 2025. These figures reflect the popularity of college football as a spectator sport: !#!!College football team!!Average attendance |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Michigan Wolverines || 110,842 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Penn State Nittany Lions || 107,093 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Texas A&M Aggies || 106,159 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Ohio State Buckeyes || 104,105 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Texas Longhorns || 102,367 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || LSU Tigers || 101,575 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Tennessee Volunteers || 101,915 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Alabama Crimson Tide || 100,077 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Georgia Bulldogs || 93,033 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Florida Gators || 90,125 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Auburn Tigers || 88,043 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Nebraska Cornhuskers || 86,549 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Oklahoma Sooners || 83,532 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || South Carolina Gamecocks || 79,334 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Clemson Tigers || 79,142 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Notre Dame Fighting Irish || 77,622 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Wisconsin Badgers || 70,403 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Michigan State Spartans || 70,389 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Arkansas Razorbacks || 69,762 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Iowa Hawkeyes || 69,250 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Washington Huskies || 68,238 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || USC Trojans || 67,783 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Ole Miss Rebels || 66,772 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Florida State Seminoles || 65,876 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Miami Hurricanes || 63,834 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || BYU Cougars || 63,789 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Iowa State Cyclones || 60,862 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Texas Tech Red Raiders || 60,143 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Virginia Tech Hokies || 59,946 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Oregon Ducks || 58,582 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Illinois Fighting Illini || 58,350 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Kentucky Wildcats || 57,779 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Missouri Tigers || 57,321 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || NC State Wolfpack || 56,919 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Purdue Boilermakers || 56,581 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || West Virginia Mountaineers || 54,506 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Arizona State Sun Devils || 54,444 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Mississippi State Bulldogs || 53,186 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Pittsburgh Panthers || 51,845 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Kansas State Wildcats || 51,773 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Utah Utes || 51,701 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Indiana Hoosiers || 51,184 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || North Carolina Tar Heels || 50,500 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Colorado Buffaloes || 50,469 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Louisville Cardinals || 50,292 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Virginia Cavaliers || 48,776 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Rutgers Scarlet Knights || 48,459 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets || 47,694 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Minnesota Golden Gophers || 46,519 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Oklahoma State Cowboys || 44,664 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || UCF Knights || 43,409 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || TCU Horned Frogs || 43,319 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Arizona Wildcats || 41,782 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Boston College Eagles || 41,090 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Maryland Terrapins || 40,765 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Kansas Jayhawks || 39,478 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Baylor Bears || 39,447 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Syracuse Orange || 38,605 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Fresno State Bulldogs || 38,030 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || UCLA Bruins || 37,282 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || East Carolina Pirates || 37,097 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Cincinnati Bearcats || 36,052 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || California Golden Bears || 34,991 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Vanderbilt Commodores || 34,813 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || SMU Mustangs || 33,530 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || South Florida Bulls || 33,194 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Boise State Broncos || 32,891 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Houston Cougars || 32,215 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Navy Midshipmen || 31,960 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Colorado State Rams || 31,901 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Appalachian State Mountaineers || 31,813 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || UNLV Rebels || 31,589 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || UConn Huskies || 30,444 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Oregon State Beavers || 30,145 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Memphis Tigers || 30,097 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Wake Forest Demon Deacons || 29,433 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Jackson State Tigers || 28,733 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Army Black Knights || 28,390 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Stanford Cardinal || 28,171 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Southern Miss Golden Eagles || 27,912 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Air Force Falcons || 26,665 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Washington State Cougars || 26,527 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Montana Grizzlies || 26,464 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || San Diego State Aztecs || 26,189 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Marshall Thundering Herd || 25,298 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || New Mexico Lobos || 25,252 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || James Madison Dukes || 25,135 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || North Texas Mean Green || 24,493 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || UTSA Roadrunners || 24,361 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Duke Blue Devils || 24,283 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Tulane Green Wave || 24,068 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Troy Trojans || 24,053 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Wyoming Cowboys || 23,433 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Rice Owls || 23,423 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Georgia Southern Eagles || 22,541 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Southern Jaguars || 22,051 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Montana State Bobcats || 21,877 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Norfolk State Spartans || 21,212 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Toledo Rockets || 21,199 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Ohio Bobcats || 21,007 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Tarleton State Texans || 20,841 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Alabama State Hornets || 20,618 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Western Michigan Broncos || 20,194 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Jacksonville State Gamecocks || 19,993 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns || 19,982 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || UAB Blazers || 19,702 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Utah State Aggies || 18,855 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Old Dominion Monarchs || 18,583 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Texas State Bobcats || 18,565 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Bowling Green Falcons || 18,556 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Liberty Flames || 18,371 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Coastal Carolina Chanticleers || 18,352 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Nevada Wolf Pack || 17,875 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Florida Atlantic Owls || 17,667 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || South Dakota State Jackrabbits || 17,640 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Temple Owls || 17,566 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks || 17,486 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || South Alabama Jaguars || 17,273 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Arkansas State Red Wolves || 16,964 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens || 16,751 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Tulsa Golden Hurricane || 16,369 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Central Michigan Chippewas || 16,277 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || North Dakota State Bison || 16,048 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || UTEP Miners || 15,818 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Georgia State Panthers || 15,500 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Sacramento State Hornets || 15,468 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Eastern Michigan Eagles || 14,842 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Western Kentucky Hilltoppers || 14,772 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Alabama A&M Bulldogs || 14,111 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Florida A&M Rattlers || 14,093 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || San Jose State Spartans || 13,997 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Holy Cross Crusaders || 13,931 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || FIU Panthers || 13,864 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Buffalo Bulls || 13,808 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Hawaiʻi Rainbow Warriors || 13,708 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Louisiana Tech Bulldogs || 13,682 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Charlotte 49ers || 13,564 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || UC Davis Aggies || 12,991 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || South Carolina State Bulldogs || 12,702 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || UTRGV Vaqueros || 12,539 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Yale Bulldogs || 12,398 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || North Carolina A&T Aggies || 12,282 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders || 12,252 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Miami RedHawks || 11,658 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || North Dakota Fighting Hawks || 11,603 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Northwestern Wildcats || 11,548 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Missouri State Bears || 11,547 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Western Carolina Catamounts || 10,986 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || Kennesaw State Owls || 10,743 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || The Citadel Bulldogs || 10,652 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || William & Mary Tribe || 10,508 |- | style"text-align:center;"| _row_count || McNeese Cowboys || 10,417 |- |} }}

Sources:

High school

Main article: High school football

In the United States, most high schools have football teams. High school football is popular; top schools regularly fill stadiums holding over 10,000 fans, and can afford artificial playing surfaces.

High school teams generally play only against other teams from their state; notable exceptions include matchups between nearby schools located on opposite sides of a state line and occasional matchups between two nationally-ranked teams for television purposes. Some private Christian high schools play for national championships through organizations like the Federated Christian Athletic Association. Public high school football in most states, as is the case with other high school sports, is governed by the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS).

For rural schools that do not have the student body to support a full football team, NFHS sanctions nine-man football, which is popular in the upper Midwest. In other regions of the U.S., six-man football is popular in Texas, and eight-man football is the most common reduced-man format in most other states.

Adult amateur football and semi-pro football

Adult amateur football, also known as semi-pro football, is a level of American football. It is commonly known as "working man's" football, meaning the players have regular jobs and play football on the weekends. Though the players do not get paid, the leagues and the games are run in a somewhat professional manner. For most leagues, it is against the rules to pay its players to play. The rules of the game are usually a hybrid of NFL and NCAA rules.

There are several leagues, regional in nature, which play in the United States:

Several leagues supporting women's semi-professional football play have existed. The current major league is the Women's Football Alliance (WFA). The WFA started to play in 2009 stocked with teams from two dissolved leagues, the National Women's Football Association and Women's Professional Football League (NWFA and WPFL respectively).

Other codes

American 7s Football League (A7FL) is a semi-professional league which plays a seven-man version of gridiron football, while the American Flag Football League plays a variant of American football where, instead of tackling players to the ground, the defensive team must remove a flag or flag belt from the ball carrier to end a down.

US National American football team

USA Football assembles a national football team for competition in the IFAF World Championship every four years. Because of concerns over competitive balance, USA Football did not field teams for the first two events in 1999 and 2003. The 2007 team consisted solely of amateur players who had graduated from college that spring, from a diverse mix of smaller and larger colleges and universities. The 2011 squad's criteria were looser, allowing some professional players to play (mostly unemployed, lower-end and minor league players; no NFL or NCAA stars participated). Both the 2007 and 2011 incarnations of the team won their year's respective world championship.

The IFAF also fields an U-19 team composed of high school football players that has participated in the 2009, 2012, 2014 and 2016 junior world championships. The national U-19 team won the 2009 and 2014 contests but lost the 2012 contest to Canada.

Women's football in the United States

Main article: Women's American football in the United States

Women's football teams in the United States have had many sports leagues. Among them are the Women's Professional Football League (1965–1973), the Women's Professional Football League, the Independent Women's Football League, the Women's Football Alliance, and the X League. In 1970, Patricia Palinkas became the holder of the Orlando Panthers and became the first woman to play in the Atlantic Coast Football League, and in 2010 Katie Hnida became the kicker for the Fort Wayne FireHawks in the Continental Indoor Football League.

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