Amanita muscaria var. guessowii

Description

Cap

The cap is 6-18 cm wide, globose then convex, flattening in age. It is bright yellow or yellow-orange, usually more orange or reddish orange towards the center, and fading to pale yellow. The volva is distributed over the cap as cream to pale tan warts; it is otherwise smooth and sticky when wet. The margin becomes slightly striate in age. The mild-smelling flesh is white and it does not stain when cut or injured.

Gills

The gills are free to narrowly adnate, subcrowded to crowded, cream to pale cream, truncate, unevenly distributed, of diverse lengths, and plentiful.

Spores

American yellow fly agaric spores are white in deposit, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid (infrequently subglobose or elongate) and inamyloid. The spores are (7.0) 8.7–12.2 (14.8) x (5.9) 6.5–8.2 (9.5) μm. The spore print is white.

Stipe

The stipe is 7–16 cm long and 1–3 cm thick, more or less equal or narrowing upwards and slightly flaring at the apex. It is white to yellowish cream, densely stuffed with a pith, the skirt-like ring is membranous, persistent, the lower stipe and upper bulb are decorated with tufts of volval material that are bright pale yellow to cream or sordid cream.

Microscopic features

Clamps are present at bases of the basidia.

Distribution and habitat

American yellow fly agaric is found growing solitary or gregariously, it is mycorrhizal with conifers mostly but also deciduous trees as well, it is found often in the fall but sometimes in the spring, common in the northeast, from eastern Canada to North Carolina, northwest Florida, and west to Michigan.

Toxicity

Main article: Amanita muscaria#Toxicity

Amanita muscaria is in general poisonous, and historically was considered deadly, although possibly in error. Unless consumed to the same deadly extent applying to any poisonous mushroom, it will probably only produce nausea and/or vomiting, but medical treatment may be required. It contains the toxins ibotenic acid and muscimol and likely others.

Psychoactivity

Main article: Muscimol mushroom

Ibotenic acid and muscimol are both psychoactive constituents which can cause effects such as hallucinations, synaesthesia, euphoria, dysphoria and retrograde amnesia. The effects of muscimol and ibotenic acid most closely resemble that of any GABAergic compound but with a dissociative effect taking place in low to mid doses which are followed by delirium and vivid hallucinations at high doses.

Ibotenic acid is mostly broken down into the body to muscimol, but what remains of the ibotenic acid is believed to cause the majority of dysphoric effects of consuming A. muscaria mushrooms. Ibotenic acid is also a scientifically important neurotoxin used in lab research as a brain-lesioning agent in mice.

As with other wild-growing mushrooms, the ratio of ibotenic acid to muscimol depends on countless external factors such as season, age, and habitat. Percentages vary between specimens.

Gallery

File:Amanita muscaria DWC 7656.jpg|Lone specimen File:Amanita muscaria var. formosa pic 2.jpg|Yellow group File:Amanita muscaria var. formosa pic 3.jpg|Orange group

References

References

1. [[Audubon]]. (2023). "Mushrooms of North America". [[Knopf]].
2. "Shroomery - Hunting Fly Agarics in North America".
3. "Mushroom poisoning syndromes". NAMA.
4. Arora, David. (1986). "Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi". [[Ten Speed Press]].
5. (1996). "Zatrucia muchomorami plamistym i czerwonym—patogeneza, objawy, leczenie". Wiadomosci Lekarskie.
6. (2013). "Fungal Hallucinogens Psilocin, Ibotenic Acid, and Muscimol". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.
7. (1999). "Social behaviour in rats lesioned with ibotenic acid in the hippocampus: quantitative and qualitative analysis". Psychopharmacology.
8. (1984). "Functional neuronal replacement by grafted striatal neurones in the ibotenic acid-lesioned rat striatum". Nature.