Aluminium carbide

Preparation

Aluminium carbide is prepared by direct reaction of aluminium and carbon in an electric arc furnace. :

An alternative reaction begins with alumina, but it is less favorable because of generation of carbon monoxide. :

Silicon carbide also reacts with aluminium to yield . This conversion limits the mechanical applications of SiC, because is more brittle than SiC.

:

Reactions

Aluminium carbide hydrolyses with evolution of methane and considerable amounts of heat. :

The addition of 10g of to 10g of water was found to reach a maximum temperature of 387 F at a time of 11 minutes in one study, while in another the addition of 20g of to 10g of water reached a maximum temperature of 280 F. Reversing the order and adding 10g of water to 20g of reached a maximum temperature of 349 F.

Similar reactions occur with other protic reagents: :

Composites

Reactive hot isostatic pressing (hipping) at ≈40 MPa of the appropriate mixtures of Ti, -graphite, for 15 hours at 1300 C yields predominantly single-phase samples of , 30 hours at 1300 C yields predominantly single-phase samples of (Titanium aluminium carbide).

In aluminium-matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide, the chemical reactions between silicon carbide and molten aluminium generate a layer of aluminium carbide on the silicon carbide particles, which decreases the strength of the material, although it increases the wettability of the SiC particles.{{cite journal|author1= Urena |author2=Salazar, Gomez De |author3=Gil |author4=Escalera |author5=Baldonedo|title = Scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of the microstructural changes occurring in aluminium matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles during casting and welding: interface reactions|year = 1999|journal = Journal of Microscopy|volume = 196|issue = 2|pages = 124–136|doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00610.x

An aluminium-aluminium carbide composite material can be made by mechanical alloying, by mixing aluminium powder with graphite particles.

Structure

Aluminium carbide has an unusual crystal structure that consists of alternating layers of and . Each aluminium atom is coordinated to 4 carbon atoms to give a tetrahedral arrangement. Carbon atoms exist in 2 different binding environments; one is a deformed octahedron of 6 Al atoms at a distance of 217 pm. The other is a distorted trigonal bipyramidal structure of 4 Al atoms at 190–194 pm and a fifth Al atom at 221 pm.

Occurrence

Small amounts of aluminium carbide are a common impurity of technical calcium carbide. In electrolytic manufacturing of aluminium, aluminium carbide forms as a corrosion product of the graphite electrodes.

In metal matrix composites based on aluminium matrix reinforced with non-metal carbides (silicon carbide, boron carbide, etc.) or carbon fibres, aluminium carbide often forms as an unwanted product. In case of carbon fibre, it reacts with the aluminium matrix at temperatures above 500 C; better wetting of the fibre and inhibition of chemical reaction can be achieved by coating it with e.g. titanium boride.

Applications

Aluminium carbide particles finely dispersed in aluminium matrix lower the tendency of the material to creep, especially in combination with silicon carbide particles.

Aluminium carbide can be used as an abrasive in high-speed cutting tools. It has approximately the same hardness as topaz.

References

References

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