Agrarian system

Types

Main article: Agrarian society

The basis for a prevailing agrarian system may be derived from one of a number of major types, including agrarian social structure, for example, tribal or ethnic divisions, feudal classes or family based systems. Farming methods such as migratory herding of livestock are a common framework for which an agrarian system may evolve. Other important kinds of system are based on the dominant political ideology such as communism or agrarian socialism.

Europe is dominated by mixed farming. This has meant careful management of tillage practices and good tools and implements were important. China developed an agrarian system based on labor-intensive wet rice cultivation where skill was paramount.

Regional examples

The Ottoman agrarian system was based around the tapu, which involved a permanent lease of state-owned arable land to a peasant family. In Haiti there was a social system based on collective labor teams, called kounbit, where farms were run by nuclear families and exchanges. This was replaced by smaller groups, called eskouad, who operated on a reciprocal basis or conducted collective labor to other peasants for a price.

In the 20th century the distribution of land ownership in rural Egypt had become grossly unequal. An overwhelming majority of land owners possessed small parcels of land while a small minority owned large farms. Many of the rural poor were landless. By the middle of the century the calls for agrarian reform grew. Tenancy reforms, including rent control and minimum wage legislation were enacted with mixed results.

In Nigeria, the Igbo people developed an agrarian system in which some farmers became traders. Their emphasis on small-scale, entrepreneurial capitalism was fundamental to Nigerian Independence.

References

References

1. "Agrarian Systems".
2. Myrdal, Janken. (2011). "The Agrarian History of Sweden: From 4000 BC to AD 2000". Nordic Academic Press.
3. "A Country Study: Haiti".
4. Muḥammad Raḍwān, Samīr. (1986). "Agrarian Change in Egypt: An Anatomy of Rural Poverty". Routledge.
5. Charles F., Andrain. (1994). "Comparative Political Systems: Policy Performance and Social Change". M.E. Sharpe.