Actinometer

History

Swiss physicist Horace-Bénédict de Saussure invented an early version in the late 18th century. His design used a blackened thermometer enclosed in a glass sphere to measure solar radiation, which he referred to as a "heliothermometer." This instrument is considered one of the first tools to systematically measure solar intensity.

John Herschel further developed actinometers in the 19th century, including a design involving photochemical reactions to measure sunlight intensity, which was a significant step forward. Herschel's actinometer involved observing the rate of a chemical reaction under sunlight, which allowed for more precise quantification of solar energy. Herschel's version was influential and helped standardize measurements of solar energy. Herschel introduced the term actinometer, the first of many uses of the prefix actin for scientific instruments, effects, and processes. | url-access = subscription

The actinograph is a related device for estimating the actinic power of lighting for photography.

Chemical actinometry

Chemical actinometry involves measuring radiant flux via the yield from a chemical reaction. This process requires a chemical with a known quantum yield and easily analyzed reaction products.

Choosing an actinometer

Potassium ferrioxalate is commonly used, as it is simple to use and sensitive over a wide range of relevant wavelengths (254 nm to 500 nm). Other actinometers include malachite green Leucocyanidins, vanadium(V)–iron(III) oxalate and monochloroacetic acid, however all of these actinometers undergo dark reactions, that is, they react in the absence of light. This is undesirable since it will have to be corrected for. Organic actinometers like butyrophenone or piperylene are analysed by gas chromatography. Other actinometers are more specific in terms of the range of wavelengths at which quantum yields have been determined. Reinecke's salt K[Cr(NH3)2(NCS)4] reacts in the near-UV region although it is thermally unstable.{{cite book

Uranyl oxalate has been used historically but is very toxic and cumbersome to analyze.

Recent investigations into nitrate photolysis{{cite journal have used 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and benzoic acid as a radical scavenger for hydroxyl radicals produced in the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide and sodium nitrate. However, they originally used ferrioxalate actinometry to calibrate the quantum yields for the hydrogen peroxide photolysis. Radical scavengers proved a viable method of measuring production of hydroxyl radical.

Chemical actinometry in the visible range

Meso-diphenylhelianthrene can be used for chemical actinometry in the visible range (400–700 nm). This chemical measures in the 475–610 nm range, but measurements in wider spectral ranges can be done with this chemical if the emission spectrum of the light source is known.

References

References

1. Brauer H-D. (1983). "Chemical actinometry in the visible (475-610 nm) by meso-diphenylhlianthrene". Photochemistry and Photobiology.