ACOT11

Structure

The ACOT11 gene is located on the 1st chromosome, with its specific localization being 1p32.3. It contains 18 exons.

The protein encoded by this gene contains 258 amino acids, and forms a homodimer with another chain. Its theoretical weight is 26.67 kDa. The protein contains a StAR-related transfer domain, which is a domain responsible for binding to lipids. There are 4 known ligands that bind to this homodimer: polyethylene glycol, chlorine, glycerol, and a form of TCEP.

Function

The protein encoded by the ACOT11 gene is part of a family of Acyl-CoA thioesterases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of various Coenzyme A esters of various molecules to the free acid plus CoA. These enzymes have also been referred to in the literature as acyl-CoA hydrolases, acyl-CoA thioester hydrolases, and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolases. The reaction carried out by these enzymes is as follows:

CoA ester + H2O → free acid + coenzyme A

These enzymes use the same substrates as long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases, but have a unique purpose in that they generate the free acid and CoA, as opposed to long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases, which ligate fatty acids to CoA, to produce the CoA ester. The role of the ACOT- family of enzymes is not well understood; however, it has been suggested that they play a crucial role in regulating the intracellular levels of CoA esters, Coenzyme A, and free fatty acids. Recent studies have shown that Acyl-CoA esters have many more functions than simply an energy source. These functions include allosteric regulation of enzymes such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, hexokinase IV, and the citrate condensing enzyme. Long-chain acyl-CoAs also regulate opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and activation of Calcium ATPases, thereby regulating insulin secretion. A number of other cellular events are also mediated via acyl-CoAs, for example signal transduction through protein kinase C, inhibition of retinoic acid-induced apoptosis, and involvement in budding and fusion of the endomembrane system. Acyl-CoAs also mediate protein targeting to various membranes and regulation of G protein α subunits, because they are substrates for protein acylation. In the mitochondria, acyl-CoA esters are involved in the acylation of mitochondrial NAD+ dependent dehydrogenases; because these enzymes are responsible for amino acid catabolism, this acylation renders the whole process inactive. This mechanism may provide metabolic crosstalk and act to regulate the NADH/NAD+ ratio in order to maintain optimal mitochondrial beta oxidation of fatty acids. The role of CoA esters in lipid metabolism and numerous other intracellular processes are well defined, and thus it is hypothesized that ACOT- enzymes play a role in modulating the processes these metabolites are involved in.

References

References

1. (Nov 2001). "BFIT, a unique acyl-CoA thioesterase induced in thermogenic brown adipose tissue: cloning, organization of the human gene and assessment of a potential link to obesity". The Biochemical Journal.
2. (Sep 2005). "A revised nomenclature for mammalian acyl-CoA thioesterases/hydrolases". Journal of Lipid Research.
3. (Sep 2006). "Analysis of the mouse and human acyl-CoA thioesterase (ACOT) gene clusters shows that convergent, functional evolution results in a reduced number of human peroxisomal ACOTs". FASEB Journal.
4. "Entrez Gene: ACOT11 acyl-CoA thioesterase 11".
5. "Human START domain of Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 11 (ACOT11)".
6. (2011). "Comparative structural analysis of lipid binding START domains". PLOS ONE.
7. (Oct 2004). "Revised nomenclature for the mammalian long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase gene family". Journal of Lipid Research.
8. (Aug 1978). "Inhibition of rat-liver acetyl-coenzyme-A carboxylase by palmitoyl-coenzyme A. Formation of equimolar enzyme-inhibitor complex". European Journal of Biochemistry.
9. (Dec 1965). "Palmityl-coenzyme A inhibition of the citrate-condensing enzyme". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism.
10. (Oct 1998). "Mechanism of cloned ATP-sensitive potassium channel activation by oleoyl-CoA". The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
11. (Apr 1995). "Protein kinase C and lipid signaling for sustained cellular responses". FASEB Journal.
12. (Mar 1987). "Possible role for fatty acyl-coenzyme A in intracellular protein transport". Nature.
13. (Jun 2000). "Fatty acyl-CoAs inhibit retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in Hep3B cells". Cancer Letters.
14. (Jun 1998). "A cytoplasmic acyl-protein thioesterase that removes palmitate from G protein alpha subunits and p21(RAS)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
15. (Mar 1994). "Regulation of enzymatic activity by active site fatty acylation. A new role for long chain fatty acid acylation of proteins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
16. (Mar 2002). "The role Acyl-CoA thioesterases play in mediating intracellular lipid metabolism". Progress in Lipid Research.