84 Plymouth Grove

History

84 Plymouth Grove was designed in the Regency style, probably by architect Richard Lane, , and was speculatively built as part of a wider development catering to the burgeoning middle-classes in the area, then on the outskirts of the city. The villa comprised drawing and dining rooms, seven bedrooms and a coach house wing. The lavish house was built in response to the newly emerging middle class citizens of Manchester. The city, which had rapidly expanded due to the Industrial Revolution, held various degrees of housing, ranging from, poverty-ridden slum housing to the new era of luxurious housing such as 84 Plymouth Road.

The design is striking; the house contains 20 rooms on two floors over a concealed basement with a front porch containing four columns carved with a lotus leaf shape, reminiscent of the Tower of the Winds in Athens. Stucco features on the front façade of the house. Despite the house's façade having a pink coat for years, earning it the nickname 'The Pink House', during the times of Elizabeth Gaskell the walls were described as a "stone-colour".

The Gaskells' residence

84 Plymouth Grove's spacious accommodation concerned Gaskell, who, despite calling the house "a beauty", was concerned about residing in such an expensive house (the rent was £150 per annum) while others lived in poverty. Despite Elizabeth's concerns, the Gaskells were not frugal, with the 20 room house costing half of William's salary in rent. Elizabeth, feeling guilty, justified it by stating, "It is [William] who is to decide on all these things". Until the birth of their children they required only one servant, Betsy, however, at Plymouth Grove many more domestic staff were employed, including a cook, several maids, a handyman for outdoor work, as well as a washerwoman and a seamstress. Elizabeth trained her staff and looked after their welfare whilst they were employed at the house.

Barbara Brill, biographer of William Gaskell, stated that "Plymouth Grove could be likened to the activities of a beehive", due to the Gaskells entertaining many guests whilst living at the house. Besides Brontë, visitors to the house during Elizabeth Gaskell's lifetime included Charles Dickens, who, on one occasion in 1852, made an impromptu visit to the house, along with his wife at 10am, much to the dismay of Elizabeth, who mentioned it to be "far too early". John Ruskin, Harriet Beecher Stowe, American writer Charles Eliot Norton and conductor Charles Hallé also visited Elizabeth Gaskell at Plymouth Grove. Hallé visited the house often, teaching Meta Gaskell how to play the piano.

Gaskell lived at Plymouth Grove with her family until her death 15 years later, in 1865, and all of her later books were written there, including some of her most famous works, such as Cranford and North and South. Gaskell died in Alton, Hampshire, in a house she had just secretly purchased, without informing William. She had planned to entice William into leaving Manchester and retiring there, but she collapsed suddenly in the arms of Meta, and died on 12 November 1865. Her husband William, a Unitarian minister and educationalist, survived Elizabeth by nearly two decades, dying in 1884 of bronchitis. Upon his death, his two surviving unmarried daughters, Meta and Julia, lived in the house (his two other daughters, Marianne and Florence, had both married, though Florence died three years prior to William's death). The two sisters continued living at Plymouth Grove and both were involved in various charitable causes throughout their lives. Julia, despite being the youngest, died before Meta, in October 1908, leaving Meta alone at 84 Plymouth Grove.

Meta Gaskell's death

The New York Times stated that the conversion to a museum could be achieved at "small expense", as it could sell some of the land belonging to the house for development. Despite the suggestion, the idea was rejected by the local authority, with The Manchester Guardian quoting them as stating, "The house belonged to one of the ugliest periods of architecture and was of no value beyond its association with the Gaskell family." Hopes of turning 84 Plymouth Grove into a museum were soon extinguished, and the house was simply left there. The University of Manchester purchased the building in 1969, converting it for use by the International Society. The university relinquished the building in 2000.

The house was listed Grade II* on the National Heritage List for England in February 1952.

Restoration

The building was purchased in 2004 by the Manchester Historic Buildings Trust, with the aim of restoring the building and allowing it to be opened to the public. A blue commemorative plaque on the front of the house reads: "Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (1810–1865) Novelist and authoress of Mary Barton and Cranford and many other works lived here (1850–1865)". In 2006, the house was in a very poor state of repair with severe structural problems, and was listed on the English Heritage Buildings at Risk Register. An article in The Independent noted the state of disrepair: "Structural cracks run through the walls, the foundations have to be underpinned, the whole roof replaced and dry rot eradicated, while the entire building must be restored and upgraded."

Restoration work began in September 2009. The house stands within a five-minute walk of Victoria Baths, another Victorian-era landmark requiring substantial restoration. The villa was given a £750,000 restoration of its exterior and a new roof was placed on the house in 2010. Lead was used at the insistence of English Heritage. However, in May 2011, metal thieves stole most of the lead from the new roof, which caused £250,000 worth of damage in the process and allowed rainwater into the house. The remaining lead was removed from the roof to deter any further thefts and a new roof constructed in its place.

Work on the first phase of restoration, which fixed the roof, drains and structural damage, finished in February 2013, with most of the external work complete and the building made water-tight. During this time, the pink paint covering the house was stripped off and replaced with an off-white colour.

In June 2012, it was announced that a grant of £1.85 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund had been secured, allowing restoration of the house's interior to take place. The funding paid for the restoration of the bedrooms and reception rooms and created a visitor learning area. The lottery grant was also used to help restore the house's garden, where the Gaskells once kept pigs, poultry and a cow.

The ground floor of the house has been fully restored in the style of an authentic Victorian home. Curators of the house researched what 84 Plymouth Grove would have looked like during the Gaskells' residence and borrowed a number of period items of furniture from Manchester's art galleries and the John Rylands Library in order to recreate the Gaskells' study and other rooms. Heritage experts from the Whitworth Art Gallery were consulted to help find the right wallpaper and paint colours that would have been used in the house at the time. Armitage Construction, a specialist heritage firm founded in 1874, restored the decorative plasterwork and carpentry in the house using traditional lime plaster and woodworking techniques from the period. In February 2014, the renovators of the house were seeking a donation of a mid-19th century Broadwood demi grand piano, the model that Charles Hallé used to teach Elizabeth's daughters at the house, for the drawing room of 84 Plymouth Grove.

The upstairs of the house has a number of rooms and performance spaces dedicated to educational work, literary and community events. Gaskell House reopened to the public on 5 October 2014. Curators of 84 Plymouth Grove hope that literary tourism will benefit the house, and make it a destination similar to Shakespeare's Birthplace in Stratford-upon-Avon or the Brontë Parsonage Museum in Haworth.

Gallery

File:Elizabeth Gaskell's House Dining Room.jpg|The Dining Room File:Elizabeth Gaskell's House Drawing Room.jpg|The Drawing Room File:Elizabeth Gaskell's House Study Room.jpg|The Study Room

References

Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

References

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2. (3 February 2014). "Elizabeth Gaskell's House". [[Time Out (magazine).
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4. (26 February 2012). "Elizabeth Gaskell's house opens for history festival". [[BBC]].
5. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022051416/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=&id=456038 Images of England: 84 Plymouth Grove, Chorlton-On-Medlock]
6. (11 May 2011). "Elizabeth Gaskell's house damaged after lead theft". BBC News.
7. (4 October 2014). "Elizabeth Gaskell House Reopens". Guardian news and media.
8. "Elizabeth Gaskell's House". Visit Manchester.
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10. (26 March 2006). "An ending Dickens would have liked". The Independent.
11. Tapp, Blaise. (1 June 2004). "Life of fame for Gaskell house". M.E.N. Media.
12. Qureshi, Yakub. (7 January 2010). "Pink house to fade to grey". M.E.N. Media.
13. "The House". The Gaskells' House.
14. Uglow, J. (1993). "Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories". Faber and Faber.
15. "Elizabeth Gaskell and family". The Gaskells' House.
16. (1997). "The Letters of Mrs Gaskell". Mandolin.
17. Brill (1984), pp 81–83.
18. McNeil, Robina. (2000). "A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester". Association for Industrial Archaeology.
19. Adams, Stephen. (15 April 2009). "Cranford comes to rescue of Elizabeth Gaskell's house". The Daily Telegraph.
20. Rusell Jenkins. (5 December 2008). "I won't see out the year, Elizabeth Gaskell told dear friend, months before she died". The Times.
21. Brill (1984), pp 117–118.
22. (8 February 1914). "Would Buy Gaskell Home". The New York Times.
23. {{NHLE
24. (11 May 2011). "Elizabeth Gaskell's house damaged after lead theft". BBC News.
25. (15 June 2012). "Elizabeth Gaskell's home books a £1.8m facelift". Manchester Evening News.
26. Glendinning, Amy. (25 March 2013). "Fans can book a table at novelist Elizabeth Gaskell's Ardwick home". Manchester Evening News.
27. (5 February 2014). "Wanted: 19th century Broadwood piano for Elizabeth Gaskell's house". International Piano.
28. Nugent, Helen. (3 October 2013). "Elizabeth Gaskell's rare Victorian villa reopens after £2.5m restoration". [[The Guardian]].