49th Parallel (film)

Plot

In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, German U-boat U-37 sinks a Canadian freighter and then evades the RCN and RCAF by sailing into Hudson Bay. While a raiding party of six is ashore in search of food and fuel, the U-boat is sunk by RCAF bombers. The six survivors head for the neutral United States, led by Lieutenants Hirth and Kuhnecke.

When a floatplane is dispatched to investigate reports of the sinking, the Germans open fire, killing the pilot and some of the local Inuit. They steal the aircraft but cannot achieve takeoff because they are overloaded. After a sailor is shot and killed by an Inuk, the load is light enough for takeoff.

Heading south, the floatplane exhausts its fuel and crashes into a lake in Manitoba, killing Kuhnecke. The Germans are welcomed by a nearby Hutterite farming community. Hirth assumes that the Hutterites are sympathetic to the Nazi cause, but his fanatical speech is refuted by Peter, the community's leader. One of the sailors, Vogel, would rather join the community, but he is tried by Hirth and executed for desertion and treachery.

Hirth, Lohrmann and Kranz arrive in Winnipeg. Hirth decides that they will travel west to Vancouver and catch a steamship for Japan. They hijack a car and then board a train that stops in Banff, Alberta, during Banff Indian Days. A Canadian Mountie addresses the crowd and Kranz is arrested when he panics.

Fleeing across the Rocky Mountains, the two remaining men are welcomed to a lakeside camp by eccentric English writer Philip Armstrong Scott, who takes them for lost tourists. After they burn his manuscript and precious paintings, Scott and his men pursue them. Lohrmann finally rebels against Hirth's leadership and takes off by himself. Lohrmann is cornered in a cave. Scott is wounded but enters the cave and beats Lohrmann unconscious.

Hirth, the last fugitive, meets Andy Brock, a Canadian soldier who is absent without leave, in a freight car on a train near the international border. Hirth knocks Brock unconscious with the butt of his gun and steals his uniform and dog tags. After the train crosses the border at Niagara Falls, Hirth surrenders his gun to a customs official and demands to be taken to the German embassy. Brock tells the official that Hirth, now globally famous, is wanted in Canada for murder. The customs officials are powerless to do anything, but then Brock has an inspiration: he says that because neither man is listed on the freight manifest, they cannot enter the country. Using this technicality, the officials reject the cargo and send the train back to Canada. As the train passes over the bridge, Brock dons his uniform cap and announces his intent to take back his pants.

Cast

;The Canadians

• Laurence Olivier as Johnnie. the trapper
• Finlay Currie as the factor
• Ley On as Nick, the Eskimo
• Anton Walbrook as Peter
• Glynis Johns as Anna
• Charles Victor as Andreas
• Frederick Piper as David
• Leslie Howard as Philip Armstrong Scott
• Tawera Moana as George
• Eric Clavering as Art
• Charles Rolfe as Bob
• Raymond Massey as Andy Brock
• Theodore Salt and O. W. Fonger as US Customs Officers}} ;The U-boat crew
• Richard George as Kommandant Bernsdorff
• Eric Portman as Lieutenant Hirth
• Raymond Lovell as Lieutenant Kuhnecke
• Niall MacGinnis as Vogel
• Peter Moore as Kranz
• John Chandos as Lohrmann
• Basil Appleby as Jahner

Production

Development

The British Ministry of Information approached Michael Powell to produce a propaganda film, suggesting minesweeping as the subject. Powell instead desired to make a film to help sway opinion in the neutral United States. Powell persuaded the British and Canadian governments and started location filming in 1940, but by the time the film appeared in March 1942, the U.S. was already involved in the war. Powell's interest in creating a propaganda film in Canada dovetailed with some of Pressburger's work. The screenplay was initially based on Pressburger's idea to replicate the Ten Little Indians scenario of people being removed from a group, one by one. Arthur Horman, who wrote several sequences, later wrote Desperate Journey, a film with a similar story.

Casting

The original choice to play German officer Hirth was Esmond Knight, but he was unavailable because of his military duties. Anton Walbrook donated half his fee to the International Red Cross. Raymond Massey, Laurence Olivier and Leslie Howard all agreed to work at half of their normal fees. The film marked the only time that Canadian-born Massey played a Canadian on screen.

Elisabeth Bergner was originally cast in the role of Anna but deserted the film, refusing to return to Britain for the studio scenes. As an Austrian, she feared for her life if the Nazis were to invade. Glynis Johns replaced Bergner. However, many location wide shots in which Bergner appeared were salvaged for the film, including the initial long shots of Anna.

Filming

Shooting took place in various locations across Canada, including Banff National Park, Niagara Falls, Winnipeg, Corner Brook, Cape Wolstenholme, and Yoho National Park. Studio interiors were filmed back in England at Denham Film Studios.

Although the film's budget was intended to be £68,000, costs ran to £132,000, of which the government provided less than £60,000. Bergner's leave, along with Olivier and Massey nearly pulling out and budget overruns, nearly lead to the film being canceled. However, J. Arthur Rank stepped in and provided additional funding.

The replica U-37 carried two 1,000-pound bombs supplied by the RCAF. Powell did not inform the actors that the bombs were aboard so that the actors would not be nervous. The actors were replaced by dummies before the bombs were detonated. Powell's voice can be heard faintly in some of the submarine scenes. Once, when the camera boat almost collides with the submarine, Powell says, "Keep rolling." The men in the lifeboat at the start of the film were mainly local merchant seamen, many of whom had already been torpedoed.

Lovell nearly drowned filming the scene in which the commandeered floatplane crashes. The plane sank faster than anticipated, and a stink bomb that was thrown in to "heighten the turmoil" added to the chaos. A member of the camera crew jumped into the water and saved Lovell.

Music

Ralph Vaughan Williams provided the music, his first film score. The music was directed by Muir Mathieson and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra.

Release

The film premiered in London on October 8, 1941, and went into general release on November 24.

Although the film had been intended to sway American involvement in World War II, it was ultimately released stateside on March 5, 1942, several months after American entry into the war. Columbia distributed the film in the U.S. in 1942 as The Invaders for a reported $200,000 after Universal had declined. American censors cut 19 minutes from the film, including the speech by the fanatical Nazi commander who claims that Eskimos are like Negros and "semi-apes, only one degree above the Jews", which was removed to avoid offending segregationists in the American South. The American film trailer was made on the set of the film The Talk of the Town under the title It Happened One Noon, with stars Cary Grant, Jean Arthur and Ronald Colman telling director George Stevens about seeing the exciting film during a two-hour lunch break.

Box office

According to Kinematograph Weekly, 49th Parallel was the most popular film at the British box office in 1941. The Times attributed the success of the film to the enthusiasm of Odeon Cinemas founder Oscar Deutsch.

Variety estimated that the film earned $1.3 million in U.S. rentals in 1942. The film earned a total of $5 million at the North American box office.

The British Film Institute ranked 49th Parallel at #63 among the most popular films with British audiences based on a cinema attendance of 9.3 million in the UK.

Reception

In a contemporary review for the Liverpool Evening Express, critic Cedric Fraser called 49th Parallel "[o]ne of the finest pictures ever made in this country" and wrote: "This is a magnificent film, fair to the point of scrupulousness, and revealing in all its ruthlessness the savagery of the typical Nazi."

J. E. Sewell of The Daily Telegraph wrote: "It is a grown-up's film, presenting our point of view with fairness, vigour and humanity through the medium of an exciting, vivid story, and some of the best short characterizations I have ever seen. All I could wish changed is the title, which seems to me to be almost completely irrelevant."

In The New York Times, critic Bosley Crowther wrote: "Among the best of the anti-Nazi pictures which have yet been exhibited hereabouts, you can list the British-made The Invaders… For this, indeed, is a picture which not only argues trenchantly but is filmed and played with such intelligence that it gives an illusion of documented fact. ... And, except for a few static stretches and one slightly artificial sequence, it stands up with Target for Tonight as one of the memorable war films so far. For the purpose of ideological contrasts—or for tense and exciting action, too—a better story could hardly have been conceived. ... The Invaders is an absorbing and exciting film."

49th Parallel holds a 90% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10.

Awards and nominations

Pressburger won an Oscar for Best Story and the film was nominated for Best Picture and Best Screenplay (including Rodney Ackland for additional dialogue). Powell was nominated for Best Director by the New York Film Critics Circle.

References

Bibliography

References

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2. Hopper, Hedda. (4 April 1942). "Screen: Hedda Hopper's Hollywood". [[Los Angeles Times]].
3. "BFI Screenonline: 49th Parallel (1941)".
4. (15 October 2010). "Inuit, Inuk (Linguistic recommendation from the Translation Bureau)". [[Public Services and Procurement Canada.
5. (3 April 2014). "Banff Indian Days affirmed stereotypes, reinforced culture".
6. Eder, Bruce. "49th Parallel".
7. Crook, Steve. "49th Parallel (1941): Cuts to the first American release".
8. Lant, Antonia. (1991). "Blackout: Reinventing Women for Wartime British Cinema". Princeton University Press.
9. (6 December 1941). "Mr. Oscar Deutsch". [[The Times]].
10. Ungar, Arthur. (6 January 1943). "101 Pix Gross in Millions".
11. Fraser, Cedric. (1941-10-25). "Epic Record of Nazi Ruthlessness". [[Liverpool Evening Express]].
12. Sewell, J. E.. (1941-10-13). "Film Notes: Virtuoso in Hollywood". [[The Daily Telegraph]].
13. Crowther, Bosley. (1942-03-06). "Screen in Review: 'The Invaders,' a British-Made Adventure Drama, Opens at Capitol—'The Remarkable Andrew' Is at Loew's State". [[The New York Times]].
14. "49th Parallel (The Invaders) (1941)".