.450 Nitro Express

Development

The .450 Nitro Express was the first Nitro Express cartridge, developed around 1898 by John Rigby. This cartridge was based on the then popular .450 Black Powder Express case with 70 gr of Cordite and a 480 gr jacketed bullet. Muzzle velocity is listed at 2,150 feet per second (655 m/s) with 4909 ft.lbf of muzzle energy. This straight case has a length of 3.25 in with a .624 in rim.

Early cartridges used the black powder case that was designed for around 22,000 psi and not the 34,000 psi that the Cordite load generated. Case extraction was difficult, especially in warmer climates such as Africa and India where the cartridge was primarily used. To remedy this problem, a reinforced case was produced and Kynoch made a reduced load to lower the case pressure. Another problem lay in the sensitivity of Cordite, loads developed in the cool British climate performed differently in the tropical heat of Africa and India, resulting in excessive pressures. The manufacturers responded by developing "tropical loads" with reduced propellant.

These initial problems led to Holland & Holland developing the .500/450 Nitro Express and Eley Brothers developing the .450 No 2 Nitro Express, both of which offered very similar performance to the original .450 Nitro Express. By the time these two cartridges appeared, the early issues with the .450 Nitro Express had been resolved, and it quickly became the most popular and widely used dangerous-game hunting round.

Following the British Army 1907 ban of .450 caliber ammunition into India and the Sudan, instead of developing their own replacement, Rigby adopted Joseph Lang's .470 Nitro Express as their standard double rifle cartridge. By the time the ban was lifted the .470 NE had largely supplanted the .450 NE as the industry's most popular elephant cartridge, and Mauser's Gewehr 98 bolt actioned rifles offered cheaper alternatives to the expensive double rifles required by the Nitro Express cartridges.

World War I service

In 1914 and early 1915, German snipers were engaging British Army positions with impunity from behind steel plates that were impervious to .303 British ball ammunition. In an attempt to counter this threat, the British War Office purchased 62 large-bore sporting rifles from British rifle makers, including 47 of .450 caliber rifles, which were issued to regiments, some British officers also supplied their own.

On one notable occasion, Richard "Dickie" Cooper brought down three Albatros D.III fighters from Ernst Udet's squadron, Jagdstaffel 15, with his Holland & Holland .450 Nitro Express big-game double rifle. Cooper is recorded as saying: "I aimed well ahead of the leader. He came down like a pheasant, as did the one that followed, and I had time to reload and fire again at the third before he passed over - he also crashed."

Users

Prominent users of the .450 Nitro Express include Agnes Herbert, Arthur H. Neumann, Major Chauncey H. Stigand and Denys Finch Hatton; the latter had a gunsmith rebarrel his .475 No 2 Nitro Express Lancaster double rifle into .450 Nitro Express as it was easier to find ammunition.

References

References

1. Frank C. Barnes, ''Cartridges of the World'', ed 13, Gun Digest Books, Iola, 2012, {{ISBN. 9781440230592.
2. Edgar N. Barclay, [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.215069/2015.215069.Big-Game#page/n7/mode/2up/ ''Big game shooting records: together with biographical notes and anecdotes on the most prominent big game hunters of ancient and modern times''], H. F. & G. Witherby, London, 1932.
3. [http://www.soulofacarp.com/africanhunter/classcart/450_nitro_express_01.htm Charlie Haley, "The .450 Nitro Express", ''soulofacarp.com''], retrieved 31 December 2014.
4. [http://www.thefield.co.uk/features/shotguns-and-rifles-are-more-than-sporting-items-they-carry-the-wear-and-tear-of-history-22260 Alexandra Henton, "Shotguns and rifles are more than sporting items...they carry the wear and tear of history", ''thefield.co.uk''], retrieved 17 December 2017.
5. Agnes Herbert, ''[https://archive.org/stream/twodianasinalask00herbiala#page/n3/mode/2up Two Dianas in Alaska]'', John Lane, London & New York, 1908.
6. [http://auctions.holtsauctioneers.com/asp/fullcatalogue.asp?salelot=A1034+++1295+&refno=&image=1 Holt's Auctioneers, "The Hon. Denys Finch Hatton big game rifle", ''holtsauctioneers.com''], retrieved 17 December 2017.
7. Denis D. Lyell, [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.215055/2015.215055.The-African#page/n7/mode/2up ''The African elephant and its hunters''], Heath Cranton Ltd, London, 1924.
8. Captain C.H. Stigand, ''[https://archive.org/stream/huntingelephanti1913stig#page/n7/mode/2up Hunting the elephant in Africa: and other recollections of thirteen years wanderings]'', The Macmillan Company, New York, 1913.
9. Douglas Tate, "Sporting guns that went to war", ''The Field Magazine'', Vol 324 No 7321, August 2014, pp 100–103.