446th Missile Squadron

History

World War II

Initial organization and training

The squadron was first organized as a medium bomber unit at Barksdale Field, Louisiana in late June 1942. It was one of the original four squadrons of the 321st Bombardment Group, which were equipped with North American B-25 Mitchells. However, it was not until the squadron moved on paper to Columbia Army Air Base, South Carolina, that the initial cadre was assigned in August 1942

After five months of training, the ground echelon of the squadron departed for the Port of Embarkation at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey on 21 January 1943. The air echelon of the squadron remained at DeRidder Army Air Base until 12 February, when it flew to Morrison Field, Florida for staging via the South Atlantic ferry route.

Combat in the Mediterranean Theater

The ground echelon landed at Oran, Algeria on 21 February 1943. The air echelon arrived in Algeria at Oujda Airfield on 2 March 43. On 9 March most of the ground and air echelon was united at Oujda. The squadron arrived at its first combat station, Ain M'lila Airfield, Algeria, in March 1943, with the air echelon established there on 12 March. The squadron flew its first combat mission, an attack on a landing ground near Mezzouna Tunisia on 15 March. It initially engaged primarily in air support and interdiction missions, bombing marshalling yards, rail lines, highways, bridges, viaducts, troop concentrations, gun emplacements, shipping, harbors, and other objectives in North Africa. Later, objectives spread into France, Italy, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Greece. It also engaged in psychological warfare missions, dropping propaganda leaflets behind enemy lines.

Until May 1943, it participated in Allied operations against the Axis in Algeria and Tunisia. In June, it moved forward to bases in Tunisia, from which it participated in Operation Corkscrew, the projected invasion of and reduction of Pantelleria and Lampedusa. The following month, it supported Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily and in September, Operation Avalanche the invasion of mainland Italy near Salerno. On 8 October 1943, the squadron completed a raid on Eleusis Airfield near Athens, despite intense flak and attacks by numerous enemy Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 interceptor aircraft. For this action it was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC).

The squadron provided air support for the Allied advance toward Rome between January and June 1944 and Operation Dragoon, the invasion of Southern France in August 1944. On 18 August, its attacks on Toulon harbor earned the squadron a second DUC.

After September 1944, it supported Allied operations in northern Italy, including Operation Strangle, the effort to choke off supplies for Axis military in Italy through air interdiction and Operation Grapeshot, the Spring 1945 offensive in Northern Italy from September 1944 to April 1945. It remained in Italy after V-E Day, reducing in size as individuals returned to the United States, being reduced to a mere cadre by August 1945 and was inactivated at Pomigliano Airfield on 12 September 1945.

Reserve operations

The squadron was reactivated as a reserve unit under Air Defense Command (ADC) on 30 March 1947 at Johnstown Municipal Airport, Pennsylvania. It is not clear whether or not the squadron was fully staffed and it was equipped with only trainer aircraft during this period. President Truman’s reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force, and the 446th was inactivated and not replaced as reserve flying operations at Johnstown Municipal Airport ceased.

Strategic bomber unit

The squadron was reactivated on 15 December 1953 at Pinecastle Air Force Base, Florida, On 1 January 1954, the base and B-47 training mission were transferred to Strategic Air Command (SAC). Under SAC's dual deputy organization, the squadron was assigned directly to the 321st Wing, with the group level organization eliminated. Over the next six months, the B-47 training mission at Pinecastle was phased out and was replaced by the 446th and other operational units of the 321st Bombardment Wing, and the squadron became operational in late May 1954.

The squadron trained in global strategic bombardment operations with the B-47. It deployed with the 321st Wing to RAF Lakenheath, England from December 1954 until March 1955 and to Sidi Slimane Air Base, Morocco From April through July 1956. From 1958, SAC B-47 units began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases, with an initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.

By 1961, SAC was relying on dispersed Boeing B-52 Stratofortress units as the backbone of its bomber force. The squadron and the rest of the 321st Wing became nonoperational on 15 September 1961 and were replaced by the 4047th Strategic Wing, a B-52 unit. The squadron was inactivated in late October 1961.

Intercontinental ballistic missile unit

On 1 November 1963 the squadron was redesignated the 446th Strategic Missile Squadron, a SAC intercontinental ballistic missile squadron, but it was not organized at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota until 1 July 1965. Squadron members trained on the new missile at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California during the second half of the year. The squadron, however, did not become operational until late March 1966 and was declared fully operational in December 1966, with a complement of 50 missiles. following an Operational Readiness Inspection of the 321st Wing

: Squadron missile alert facilities (A-E flights, each controlling 10 missiles) were located as follows: :: A-00 6.7 mi SE of Wales ND,
:: B-00 6.8 mi NxNW of Osnabrock ND,
:: C-00 5.7 mi NW of Edinburg ND,
:: D-00 1.7 mi SxSW of Nekoma ND,
:: E-00 4.3 mi SxSW of Hampden ND,
In December 1971, the squadron began replacing its Minuteman II missiles with LGM-30G Minuteman IIIs. The transition was completed in March 1972.

In September 1991, SAC implemented the Air Force's Objective Wing Organization. With this restructuring, the squadron was assigned to the new 321st Operations Group,

The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty required the United States to reduce the number of missiles in its inventory, and to meet this goal, the 321st Wing was selected for inactivation by the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission. The squadron transferred its Minuteman III missiles to the 341st Missile Wing at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana to replace the 341st's Minuteman IIs. It maintained nuclear alert until it was inactivated in 30 September 1998.

Lineage

• Constituted as the 446th Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 19 June 1942 : Activated on 26 June 1942
• Redesignated 446th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 6 March 1944 : Inactivated on 12 September 1945
• Redesignated 446th Bombardment Squadron, Light on 5 March 1947 : Activated in the reserve on 30 March 1947 : Inactivated on 22 June 1949
• Redesignated 446th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 25 November 1953 : Activated on 15 December 1953 : Discontinued and inactivated on 25 October 1961
• Redesignated 446th Strategic Missile Squadron on 1 November 1963 and activated (not organized) : Organized on 1 July 1965 : Redesignated 446th Missile Squadron on 1 September 1991 : Inactivated on 30 September 1998

Assignments

• 321st Bombardment Group, 26 June 1942 – 12 September 1945
• Eleventh Air Force, 30 March 1947
• 321st Bombardment Group, 30 September 1947 – 27 June 1949
• 321st Bombardment Wing, 15 December 1953 – 25 October 1961
• Strategic Air Command, 1 November 1963 (not organized)
• 321st Strategic Missile Wing (later 321st Missile Wing), 1 July 1965
• 321st Operations Group, 1 September 1991
• 321st Missile Group, 1 July 1994 – 30 September 1998

Stations

• Barksdale Field, Louisiana, 26 June 1942
• Columbia Army Air Base, South Carolina, c. 1 August 1942
• Walterboro Army Air Field, South Carolina, 17 September 1942
• DeRidder Army Air Base, Louisiana, 1 December 1942 – 21 January 1943
• Oujda Airfield, French Morocco, 7 March 1943
• Ain M'lila Airfield, Algeria, 12 March 1943
• Souk-el-Arba Airfield, Tunisia, 1 June 1943
• Soliman Airfield, Tunisia, 9 August 1943
• Grottaglie Airfield, Italy, 3 October 1943
• Amendola Airfield, Italy, c. 27 November 1943
• Vincenzo Airfield, Italy, 14 January 1944
• Gaudo Airfield, Italy, 18 February 1944
• Solenzara Airfield, Corsica, c. 29 April 1944
• Falconara Airfield, Italy, c. 6 April 1945
• Pomigliano Airfield, Italy, c. August – 12 September 1945
• Johnstown Municipal Airport, Pennsylvania, 30 March 1947 – 27 June 1949
• Pinecastle Air Force Base (later McCoy Air Force Base), Florida, 15 December 1953 – 25 October 1961
• Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, 1 July 1965 – 30 September 1998

Aircraft and missiles

• North American B-25 Mitchell, 1942–1945
• Boeing B-47E Stratojet, 1953–1961
• LGM-30F Minuteman II, 1965–1973
• LGM-30G Minuteman III, 1972–1998

Awards and campaigns

References

Notes

; Explanatory notes

; Citations

Bibliography

References

1. Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 551-552
2. Staff historian. "U.S. Air Force Fact Sheet 446 Missile Squadron". Air Force Historical Research Agency.
3. Watkins, pp. 86-87
4. Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 550-554
5. Maurer, ''Combat Units'', pp 201-202
6. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, 1 August 1942-31 January 1943".
7. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, February 1943".
8. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, February 1943".
9. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, March 1943".
10. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, March 1943".
11. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, March 1943".
12. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, March 1943".
13. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, October 1943".
14. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, July - September 1945".
15. Knaack, p. 25
16. Manning, p. 95
17. Starting in 1957, overseas deployments of entire wings to stand [[alert status. alert]] were replaced by [[Operation Reflex]]. Reflex placed Stratojets and [[Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter]]s from multiple wings at bases closer to the Soviet Union for 90 day periods, although individuals rotated back to home bases during unit Reflex deployments.Narducci, p. 2
18. Schake, p. 220 (note 43)
19. 321st Missile Wing at Grand Forks, p. 8
20. No byline. "Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): 446th Missile Squadron". GlobalSecurity.org.
21. 321st Missile Wing at Grand Forks, p. 4
22. No byline. "Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): 321st Missile Wing". GlobalSecurity.org.
23. SAC Missile Chronology, p. 51
24. Kirk, Jim. "Grand Forks AFB Minuteman Missile Site Coordinates". University of Wyoming.
25. These missiles were equipped with [[multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle]]s and [[penetration aid]]s.SAC Missile Chronology, p. 48
26. Fields, Dave. (2024). "Wing VI - GrandForks Air Force Base". Minuteman Missile, A Tribute To The ICBM Program.
27. Anonymous. "321st Missile Group". Association of Air Force Missileers.
28. Lineage, including assignments, stations and missiles through July 1994 in USAF Fact Sheet.
29. "Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards". Air Force Personnel Center.