418th Flight Test Squadron

Mission

The 418th conducts developmental flight testing on the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender, Boeing KC-46 Pegasus, Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker, and partner nation airlift and air refueling aircraft as the lead unit for the Global Reach Combined Test Force.

History

World War II

Training in the United States

The first predecessor of the squadron was constituted in January 1942, shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor, as the 28th Reconnaissance Squadron. However, before it was activated at Orlando Army Air Base, Florida on 1 June 1942 as one of the four original squadrons of the 100th Bombardment Group, it was redesignated as the 418th Bombardment Squadron. The Army Air Forces (AAF) decided to concentrate heavy bomber training under Second Air Force, and before the end of June, the squadron moved to Pendleton Field, Oregon. Its intended equipment changed to Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses. As a result, the squadron only began organizing in October 1942, after it had moved to Gowen Field, Idaho. The following month, it moved to Walla Walla Army Air Field, Washington, where it received its first operational aircraft and began training.

The 418th completed its training and departed Kearney Army Air Field, Nebraska for the European Theater of Operations on 1 May 1943. The ground echelon sailed on the on 28 May, arriving at Greenock, Scotland on 3 June, while the air echelon engaged in additional training before departing via the northern ferry route to England about 21 May 1943.

Combat in Europe

The squadron established itself at its combat station, RAF Thorpe Abbotts, on 9 June 1943, flying its first combat mission on 25 June. Until the end of the war, the squadron was primarily employed in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. Until January 1944, it concentrated its operations on airfields in France, and industrial targets and naval facilities in France and Germany. On 17 August 1943, it participated in an attack on a factory manufacturing Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters in Regensburg, Germany, which seriously disrupted production of that plane. Although the mission called for fighter escort, the fighter group assigned to protect the squadron's formation missed the rendezvous and the wing formation proceeded to the target unescorted. Enemy fighter opposition focused on the low "box", formed in part by the squadron. Ten of the 21 Flying Fortresses flown by the 100th Group were lost on this mission. Unknown to AAF intelligence at the time, the attack also destroyed almost all of the fuselage construction equipment for Germany's secret Me 262 jet fighter. Rather than returning to England, the unit turned south and recovered at bases in North Africa. For this action, the squadron was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC).

From January to May 1944, the 418th attacked airfields, industrial targets, marshalling yards, and missile sites in Western Europe. During Big Week, it participated in the concentrated attack on the German aircraft industry. In March, it conducted a series of long range attacks against Berlin, for which it was awarded a second DUC. Two days later, German fighters shot down the leader of the 45th Combat Bombardment Wing, and the 100th Group took the lead in another attack on Berlin. From the summer of 1944, the 418th concentrated on German oil production facilities.

The squadron was occasionally diverted from strategic bombing to perform interdiction and air support missions. It attacked bridges and gun positions to support Operation Overlord, the landings at Normandy in June 1944. In August and September it supported Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo, and bombed enemy positions in Brest. As Allied forces drove across Northern France toward the Siegfried Line in October and November, it attacked transportation and ground defenses. During the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 and January 1945, it attacked lines of communication and fortified villages in the Ardennes. It provided support for Operation Varsity, the airborne assault across the Rhine in March 1945. The squadron was awarded the French Croix de Guerre with Palm for attacks on heavily defended sites and dropping supplies to the French Forces of the Interior.

The squadron flew its last mission on 20 April 1945. Following, V-E Day, the squadron was initially programmed to be part of the occupation forces in Germany, but that plan was cancelled in September, and between October and December, the squadron's planes were ferried back to the United States or transferred to other units in theater. Its remaining personnel returned to the United States in December and the squadron was inactivated at the Port of Embarkation on 19 December 1945.

"Bloody Hundredth"

Starting with the Regensburg mission of August 1943, the squadrons of the 100th Bombardment Group began suffering losses among the highest in VIII Bomber Command. On 8 October, it lost seven aircraft on a raid on Bremen, including its lead and deputy lead aircraft. Only two days later, it lost twelve aircraft on an attack on Münster, again including the lead aircraft. The only group plane returning from that mission had lost two engines and had two wounded on board. Its highest one day loss occurred on the 6 March 1944 attack on Berlin, when 15 bombers failed to return. On 11 September 1944, the Luftwaffe put up its heaviest opposition in months, destroying 11 of the group's bombers. On 31 December 1944, half the 1st Bombardment Division's losses consisted of a dozen 100th bombers. With a group authorization of 40 B-17s, it lost 177 planes to enemy action. It became a legend for these losses and was referred to as the "Bloody Hundredth."

Air Force Reserve

The squadron was again activated in the reserve at Miami Army Air Field, Florida and assigned to the 100th Group on 29 May 1947. There, its training was supervised by the 473d AAF Base Unit (later the 2585th Air Force Reserve Training Center) of Air Defense Command (ADC). It does not appear the squadron was fully staffed or equipped with operational aircraft. In 1948 Continental Air Command (ConAC) assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC. The 418th was inactivated when ConAC reorganized its reserve units under the wing base organization system in June 1949. The squadron's personnel and equipment, along with other reserve units at Miami were transferred to elements of the 435th Troop Carrier Wing.

Strategic Air Command

From 1958, the Boeing B-47 Stratojet wings of Strategic Air Command (SAC) began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases. The SAC alert cycle divided itself into four parts: planning, flying, alert and rest to meet General Thomas S. Power's initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike. To implement this new system B-47 wings reorganized from three to four squadrons. The 418th was activated at Pease Air Force Base as the fourth squadron of the 100th Bombardment Wing. The alert commitment was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962 and the four squadron pattern no longer met the alert cycle commitment, so the squadron was inactivated on 1 January 1962.

Flight Testing

The squadron's second predecessor was organized on 10 March 1989 as the 6518th Test Squadron at Edwards Air Force Base, California. On 1 October 1992 it was consolidated with the 418th Bombardment Squadron and the following day, the consolidated squadron was designated the 418th Test Squadron. A year later, the 412th Test Wing reorganized under the Objective Wing system, and the squadron was reassigned to the 412th Operations Group.

It supported test programs for miscellaneous large aircraft. It also managed small test programs including the Slingsby T-3 Firefly, Beechcraft T-6 Texan II, and Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules. The squadron gained the Boeing C-17A Globemaster III program from the inactivating 417th Flight Test Squadron in 1995.

In 2000 the number of EC-18B Advanced Range Instrumentation Aircraft and Boeing NKC-135 types at Edwards was reduced. The remaining aircraft were transferred from the 452d Flight Test Squadron to the 418th on 1 October 2000. The squadron operated the EC-18s until 24 August 2001 when they were retired.

On 1 May 2015, the 445th Flight Test Squadron, which had been supporting test operations at Edwards was inactivated. Its mission was divided among other squadrons that were operating Combined Test Forces. In this realignment, active duty tanker crews, engineers and program managers moved to the 418th along with their aircraft and missions.

Starting in 2019, the squadron began Phase III testing of the Boeing KC-46 Pegasus. Prior phases of Pegasus testing had been led by Boeing Aircraft. This testing included certification of aircraft that could refuel the KC-46 or be refueled by it. At that time, the squadron was involved in 24 separate test projects, including upgrades for both the C-17 and the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy. Later that year, the squadron began tests of Rapid Dragon, using C-130 and C-17 aircraft to air drop palletized long-range munitions systems. It has also used its Globemasters to test the parachute system for NASA's Orion spacecraft.

Lineage

; 418th Bombardment Squadron

• Constituted as the 28th Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942 : Redesignated 418th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 22 April 1942 : Activated on 1 June 1942 : Redesignated 418th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 20 August 1943 : Inactivated on 19 December 1945
• Redesignated 418th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 13 May 1947 : Activated in the reserve on 29 May 1947 : Inactivated on 27 June 1949
• Redesignated 418th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 1 December 1958 : Activated on 1 March 1959 : Discontinued and inactivated on 1 January 1962
• Consolidated with the 6518th Test Squadron as the 6518th Test Squadron on 1 October 1992

; 418th Flight Test Squadron

• Designated as the 6518th Test Squadron and activated on 10 March 1989 : Consolidated with the 418th Bombardment Squadron on 1 October 1992 : Redesignated 418th Test Squadron on 2 October 1992 : Redesignated 418th Flight Test Squadron on 1 March 1994

Assignments

• 100th Bombardment Group, 1 June 1942 – 19 December 1945
• 100th Bombardment Group, 29 May 1947 – 27 June 1949
• 100th Bombardment Wing, 1 March 1959 – 1 January 1962
• 6510th Test Wing (later 412th Test Wing), 10 March 1989
• 412th Operations Group, 1 October 1993 – present

Stations

• Orlando Army Air Base, Florida 1 June 1942
• Barksdale Field, Louisiana, 18 June 1942
• Pendleton Field, Oregon, 26 June 1942
• Gowen Field, Idaho, 28 August 1942
• Walla Walla Army Air Field, Washington, 31 October 1942
• Wendover Field, Utah, 30 November 1942
• Sioux City Army Air Base, Iowa, 6 January 1943
• Kearney Army Air Field, Nebraska, 4 February – 1 May 1943
• RAF Thorpe Abbotts (Station 139), England, 2 June 1943 – 11 December 1945
• Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, 17–19 December 1945
• Miami Army Air Field (later Miami International Airport), Florida, 29 May 1947 – 27 June 1949
• Pease Air Force Base, New Hampshire, 1 March 1959 – 30 April 1966
• Edwards Air Force Base, California, 10 March 1989 – present

Aircraft

• Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1945
• Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1959–1961
• Lockheed MC-130H Hercules, 1989–1994
• Lockheed AC-130U Hercules, 1990–1995
• Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, 1993–1998
• Short C-23 Sherpa, 1993–1997
• North American T-39 Sabreliner, 1993–present
• Boeing C-17A Globemaster III, 1995–present
• Lockheed NC-130H Hercules, 1995–present
• Beechcraft C-12 Huron, 1997–present
• Bell Boeing CV-22 Osprey, 2000–present
• EC-18B Stratoliner, 2000–2001
• Boeing NKC-135E, 2000–2006
• Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker, 2000–present
• Slingsby T-3 Firefly
• Beechcraft T-6 Texan I I
• Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules
• Boeing KC-46 Pegasus, 2019 – present

Awards and campaigns

References

Notes

; Explanatory notes

; Citations

Bibliography

References

1. (7 April 2008). "Factsheet 418 Flight Test Squadron". Air Force Historical Research Agency.
2. Endicott, p. 794
3. Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', p. 512
4. Maurer, ''Combat Units'', pp. 171-172
5. Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 433-436
6. Freeman, pp. 67-68
7. The raid of 6 March was to be the costliest mission flown by [[Eighth Air Force]] during the war. German fighter controllers detected that the formation including the squadron was unprotected by fighter escorts and concentrated [[interceptor aircraft. interceptor]] attacks on it. Twenty-three B-17s from the formation failed to return.Freeman, p.114
8. Freeman, p. 115
9. Freeman, pp. 68-69
10. Freeman, p. 75
11. Freeman, p. 77
12. Freeman, p. 116
13. Freeman, p. 178
14. Freeman, p. 204
15. Ravenstein, pp. 230-231
16. ''See'' Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', p. 512 (no aircraft listed as assigned to the squadron from 1947 to 1949)
17. (27 December 1961). "Abstract, Mission Project Closeup, Continental Air Command". Air Force History Index.
18. Schake, p. 220 (note 43)
19. (1 April 1975). "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index.
20. Rogers{{page needed. (July 2017.)
21. Fabara, Jet. (May 7, 2015). "Test Ops bids farewell, consolidates into three other units". 412th Test Wing Public Affairs.
22. (January 30, 2019). "418th FLTS completes ‘banner’ year, now begins KC-46A Phase III testing". U.S. Air Force News.
23. No byline. (2023). "Rapid Dragon: Delivers Palletized Cruise Missile from Cargo Aircraft". U.S. Air Force News.
24. No byline. (August 23, 2021). "Our 418th Flight Test Squadron participated in Rapid Dragon program's first system-level demonstration of palletized munitions". U.S. Air Force News.
25. (October 11, 2018). "418th FLTS completes 10-year support of NASA Orion parachute tests". U.S. Air Force News.
26. Station number in Anderson, p. 21.