413th Flight Test Squadron

Mission

It has planned, executed and managed development and qualification test and evaluation of fixed-wing aircraft assigned to Air Force Special Operations Command and of all United States Air Force helicopters since 2005.

History

World War II

Initial organization and training

The first predecessor of the squadron was constituted in January 1942 as the 23d Reconnaissance Squadron, one of the original squadrons of the 96th Bombardment Group. Since a reorganization of General Headquarters Air Force in September 1936, each bombardment group of the Army Air Forces (AAF) had an assigned or attached reconnaissance squadron, which operated the same aircraft as that group's assigned bombardment squadrons. However, before the squadron was activated at Salt Lake City Army Air Base, Utah on 15 July 1942, it was redesignated the 413th Bombardment Squadron.

In early August the squadron moved to Gowen Field, Idaho, where it received its initial cadre, then, later that month to Walla Walla Army Air Base, Washington to begin training with the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.

The air echelon of the squadron began ferrying their B-17s via the North Atlantic ferry route, stopping at Presque Isle Army Air Field, Newfoundland, Iceland, then at Prestwick Airport, Scotland on 4 April 1943. The ground echelon left Pyote on 16 April for Camp Kilmer, New Jersey in the New York Port of Embarkation, sailing on the on 5 May and arriving in Scotland on 13 May.

Combat in Europe

The squadron was established at RAF Great Saling by 12 May, and flew its first combat mission the next day, an attack against the airfield at Saint-Omer, France.Eighth Air Force decided to transfer its new Martin B-26 Marauder units from VIII Bomber Command to VIII Air Support Command and concentrate them on bases closer to the European continent. As a result, the 322d Bombardment Group moved to Great Saling on 12 June, forcing the 96th Group and its squadrons to relocate to RAF Snetterton Heath, which would be its combat station for the rest of the war.

The squadron engaged in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. It attacked airdromes, aircraft factories, harbors, oil refineries, railway yards, shipyards, and other industrial targets in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. Targets included airfields at Bordeaux and Augsburg; marshalling yards at Kiel, Hamm, Braunschweig, and Gdynia; aircraft factories at Chemnitz, Hanover, and Diósgyőr; oil refineries at Merseburg and Most, and chemical works in Wiesbaden, Ludwigshafen, and Neunkirchen

During an attack on the Messerschmitt factory at Regensberg on 17 August 1943, the squadron was without escort after its escorting Republic P-47 Thunderbolts reached the limit of their range. It withstood repeated attacks, first by enemy Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 interceptors, then by Messerschmitt Bf 110 and Junkers Ju 88 night fighters, to strike its target, earning its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC). This was a "shuttle" mission, with the squadron recovering on bases in North Africa, rather than returning to England.

The squadron formed part of the leading 45th Combat Bombardment Wing formation on very long-range mission against the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 factory at Poznań Heavy clouds led an entire wing and some combat boxes of the 45th Wing to abandon the mission and return to England. The 96th Group and one other combat box proceeded to the target and were surprised to find they were able to bomb visually, although the target was defended by intense flak fire, earning the squadron its second DUC. The squadron was assigned a number of B-17s equipped with H2X radar and during the spring of 1944 provided pathfinder aircraft to 3d Bombardment Division before this mission was passed on to the 482d Bombardment Group.

In addition to strategic operations, the squadron participated in air support and interdiction missions. In the preparation for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, it bombed coastal defenses, railway bridges, gun emplacements, and field batteries in the battle area prior to and during D-Day in June 1944. It attacked enemy positions in support of Operation Cobra the breakout at Saint Lo in July 1944, aiding the campaign in France in August by striking roads and road junctions, and by dropping supplies to the Maquis. During the early months of 1945, it attacked the communications supplying German armies on the western front.

After V-E Day, the 413th flew food missions to the Netherlands and hauled redeployed personnel to French Morocco, Ireland, France, and Germany. The squadron was scheduled for occupation duty, but that plan was cancelled in September 1945. In November 1945 its aircraft were flown back to the United States or transferred to other units in Europe. The unit's remaining personnel returned to the United States aboard the SS Lake Champlain, and it was inactivated at the Port of Embarkation on 19 December 1945.

Reserves

The squadron was activated in the reserves under Air Defense Command (ADC) at Keesler Field on 17 July 1947, and again assigned to the 96th Group, which was located at Gunter Field, Alabama.

The squadron does not appear to have been fully manned or equipped with operational aircraft. In 1949, as ConAC was reorganizing its operational units under the Wing Base Organization system, President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of flying units in the Air Force, and the 413th was inactivated. Corollary units were reserve units integrated with an active duty unit. They were viewed as the best method to train reservists by mixing them with an existing regular unit to perform duties alongside the regular unit.

Strategic Air Command

From 1958, the Boeing B-47 Stratojet wings of Strategic Air Command (SAC) began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases. The SAC alert cycle divided itself into four parts: planning, flying, alert and rest to meet General Thomas S. Power's initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC's planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike. To implement this new system B-47 wings reorganized from three to four squadrons. The 413th was activated at Dyess Air Force Base as the fourth squadron of the 96th Bombardment Wing.

Flight testing

The 6513th Flight Test Squadron was activated by Air Force Systems Command at Edwards Air Force Base, California on 1 December 1977 as part of the Air Force Flight Test Center. Squadron personnel operated from Tonopah Test Range Airport, Nevada from Monday to Friday to perform technical evaluations of foreign military aircraft (Soviet and Chinese). A similar organization, the 4477th Test and Evaluation Squadron ("Red Eagles") performed operational testing of the aircraft. In October 1992 the squadron was consolidated with the 413th Squadron and redesignated the 413th Test Squadron. The 413th performed flight testing of electronic warfare assets at Edwards. It was inactivated on 6 May 2004. Its remaining personnel and assets were transferred to Electronic Warfare Directorate North Base.

The squadron was activated at Hurlburt Field, Florida in February 2005 In July 2012, the 46th Wing was inactivated and its assets, including the squadron,

Lineage

; 413th Bombardment Squadron

• Constituted as the 23d Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942 : Redesignated 413th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 22 April 1942 : Activated on 15 July 1942 : Redesignated 413th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 20 August 1943 : Inactivated on 19 December 1945
• Redesignated 413th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 3 July 1947 : Activated in the reserve on 17 July 1947 : Inactivated on 27 June 1949
• Redesignated 413th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 20 August 1958 : Activated on 1 November 1958 : Discontinued and inactivated, on 1 January 1962
• Consolidated with the 6513th Test Squadron as the 6513th Test Squadron on 1 October 1992

; 413th Flight Test Squadron

• Designated as the 6513th Test Squadron and activated on 1 December 1977 : Consolidated with the 413th Bombardment Squadron on 1 October 1992 : Redesignated 413th Test Squadron on 2 October 1992 : Redesignated 413th Flight Test Squadron on 1 March 1994 : Inactivated on 6 May 2004
• Activated on 25 February 2005

Assignments

• 96th Bombardment Group, 15 July 1942 – 19 December 1945
• 96th Bombardment Group, 17 July 1947 – 27 June 1949
• 96th Bombardment Wing, 1 November 1958 – 1 January 1962
• Air Force Flight Test Center, 1 December 1977
• 6510th Test Wing (later 412th Test Wing), 1 March 1978
• 412th Operations Group, 1 October 1993 – 6 May 2004
• 46th Operations Group, 25 February 2005 – 18 July 2012
• 96th Operations Group, 18 July 2012 – present

Stations

• Salt Lake City Army Air Base, Utah, 15 July 1942
• Gowen Field, Idaho, 6 August 1942
• Walla Walla Army Air Base, Washington, 16 August 1942
• Rapid City Army Air Base, South Dakota, 29 September 1942
• Pocatello Army Air Field, Idaho, 1 November 1942
• Pyote Army Air Base, Texas, 3 January – 16 April 1943
• RAF Great Saling (AAF-485), England, 12 May 1943
• RAF Snetterton Heath (AAF-138), England, 12 June 1943 – 11 December 1945
• Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, 17–19 December 1945
• Keesler Field (later Keesler Air Force Base), Mississippi, 17 July 1947 – 27 June 1949
• Dyess Air Force Base, Texas, 1 November 1958 – 1 January 1962
• Edwards Air Force Base, California, 1 December 1977 – 6 May 2004
• Hurlburt Field, Florida, 25 February 2005

Aircraft

• Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1945
• Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1958–1961
• Lockheed C-130 Hercules, 2005–present
• MH-53 Pave Low, 2005–2008
• Bell UH-1 Iroquois, 2005–present
• HH-60 Pave Hawk, 2005–present
• CV-22 Osprey, 2007–present
• Lockheed HC-130J Combat King II, 2010–present
• MC-130J Commando II, 2011–present
• Lockheed AC-130J Ghostrider, 2014–present

Awards and campaigns

References

Notes

; Explanatory notes

; Citations

Bibliography

; Further reading

References

1. (30 June 2021). "Factsheet 413 Flight Test Squadron (AFMC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency.
2. Watkins, pp. 44-45
3. Maurer, ''Combat Units'', pp. 165-166
4. Maurer (1987), p. 340
5. However, the squadron was late assembling and did not complete the mission. The following day, it made its first strike on a target, an airfield at [[Courtrai]].Freeman (1970), p. 47
6. Freeman (1970), p. 50.
7. Freeman (1970), p. 50
8. "482nd Bombardment Group (P): The 8th Army Air Force Pathfinders . . . They Led the Way: History". 482nd.org.
9. ''See'' Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', p. 505 (no aircraft assigned); Ream (unknown what aircraft assigned).
10. Knaack, p. 25
11. Cantwell, p. 73
12. Schake, p. 220 (note 43)
13. (1 April 1975). "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index.
14. Davies, p. 33
15. Station number in Anderson, p. 33.
16. Station number in Anderson, p. 21.