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3-Iodothyronamine

3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is an endogenous thyronamine. It is a high-affinity ligand of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). T1AM is the most potent endogenous TAAR1 agonist yet discovered. It is also an agonist of the TAAR2 and TAAR5 with similar potency as for the TAAR1 (all in the case of the human proteins). T1AM is not a ligand of the thyroid hormone receptors. However, it is additionally a ligand of various monoamine and other receptors. For instance, it is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.

Activation of TAAR1 by T1AM results in the production of large amounts of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). This effect is coupled with decreased body temperature and cardiac output. Wu et al. have pointed out that this relationship is not typical of the endocrine system, indicating that TAAR1 activity may not be coupled to G proteins in some tissues, or that T1AM may interact with other receptor subtypes. T1AM may be part of a signaling pathway to modulate cardiac function, as the compound can induce negative inotropic effects and decrease cardiac output.

T1AM has been found to produce TAAR1-dependent tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylation in mouse dorsal striatum slices. This phosphorylation would be expected to promote the functional activity of TH. Accordingly, higher rates of L-DOPA accumulation were observed after administration of T1AM in mice treated with a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor. The preceding effects were absent with TAAR1 knockout mice or with the TAAR1 antagonist EPPTB. In addition, T1AM-mediated TH phosphorylation appeared to be mediated by CaMKII and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. T1AM was also found to increase electrically evoked dopamine release in striatal slices, which was blunted in TAAR1 knockout mice and in mice treated with EPPTB, indicating partial mediation by the TAAR1. In contrast to T1AM, the trace amines β-phenethylamine and tyramine reduced TH phosphorylation, which was independent of the TAAR1, and hence do not appear to augment TH functional activity.

T1AM had no effect on locomotor activity in rodents at low doses but produced hypolocomotion at high doses.

References

References

  1. (2004). "3-Iodothyronamine is an endogenous and rapid-acting derivative of thyroid hormone". Nat. Med..
  2. (2006). "Trace amine-associated receptor agonists: synthesis and evaluation of thyronamines and related analogues". J. Med. Chem..
  3. (2005). "Alternate Pathways of Thyroid Hormone Metabolism". Thyroid.
  4. (2015). "Inverse agonistic action of 3-iodothyronamine at the human trace amine-associated receptor 5". PLOS ONE.
  5. (October 2016). "The emerging roles of human trace amines and human trace amine-associated receptors (hTAARs) in central nervous system". Biomed Pharmacother.
  6. (December 2016). "3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), a novel antagonist of muscarinic receptors". Eur J Pharmacol.
  7. "New compound may act to keep thyroid activity in check".
  8. (2007). "Cardiac effects of 3-iodothyronamine: a new aminergic system modulating cardiac function". The FASEB Journal.
  9. (January 2023). "Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonism as a new treatment strategy for schizophrenia and related disorders". Trends Neurosci.
  10. (2018). "Striatal Tyrosine Hydroxylase Is Stimulated via TAAR1 by 3-Iodothyronamine, But Not by Tyramine or β-Phenylethylamine". Front Pharmacol.
  11. (February 2011). "Thyronamines--past, present, and future". Endocr Rev.
  12. (March 2009). "The thyroid hormone derivative 3-iodothyronamine increases food intake in rodents". Diabetes Obes Metab.
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biogenic-amines iodinated-tyrosine-derivatives muscarinic-antagonists methoxyphenethylamines phenol-ethers taar1-agonists thyroid trace-amines aminoethyl-compounds
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