.25 ACP

Design and history

The .25 ACP was designed because .25-caliber was the smallest John Browning could go while still retaining a centerfire primer pocket, which would be more reliable for self-defense than a rimfire primer. As such, the .25 ACP allows for both a very compact lightweight semi-automatic pocket pistol. The .25 ACP was hugely popular after its introduction, with many millions of small .25 ACP "mouse guns" being offered on the civilian market.

Following the Gun Control Act of 1968, most foreign .25 pistols were too small to be imported; however, some domestic manufacturers continued to build guns in the caliber. The most common pocket pistols in the United States today are chambered in .22 LR, .380 ACP, and 9x19mm Parabellum.

The cartridge is of semi-rimmed design meaning that the rim protrudes slightly beyond the diameter of the base of the cartridge so the cartridge can headspace on the rim. This semi-rimmed design allows for it to be used in revolvers. Although rare, .25 ACP revolvers were produced in the early twentieth century by Belgian, French, and German gunmakers such as Adolph Frank and Decker. In the late twentieth century, Bowen Classic Arms produced a custom Smith & Wesson revolver in .25 ACP.

Performance

The .25 ACP is viewed by some, including Gun Digest magazine, to still be a relevant choice (with it being over a century old) for a personal defense handgun when compared to more modern subcompact handguns & cartridges due to its small size, low recoil, centerfire primer, effective penetration, and proven track record of being reliable. However, more modern ammunition offered from manufacturers such as Buffalo Bore hard cast lead, Federal "Punch", and Hornady Critical Defense are designed to be closer to the cartridge's full potential. Some more powerful loadings of the .25 ACP can even get close to .32 ACP ballistics.

The .25 is viewed by others as inadequate for personal defense. Self-defense instructor Greg Ellifritz conducted a study using statistics from almost 1,800 real-world shootings. Of the 68 people shot with a .25 ACP, 35% of them were not incapacitated. 25% of the hits were fatal, one-shot stop was 30%, and 49% were incapacitated by one shot. The .380 ACP, on the other hand, left 16% of people shot not incapacitated. This was a 30% increase from that of the .25 ACP. Ellifritz stated: "I would skip carrying the "mouse gun" .22s, .25s and .32s." However, he also pointed out that shot placement is more important than caliber (a common argument from .25 users) and concluded his review by stating: "caliber really isn't all that important." Other critics of the .25 ACP have pointed out that the round has trouble penetrating through bone and typically does not have enough energy to ensure the reliable expansion of hollow-point projectiles, and that even if the projectiles do expand, that results in a decrease of penetration.

However, urban legends about .25 ACP's inadequacy (such as claims that the .25-caliber bullet will bounce off a skull or be stopped by thicker clothing materials) are inconsistent with the cartridge's historically proven track record. The reputation of the .25 ACP has long suffered from the cartridge only being offered in low-capacity pocket pistols with 2 in barrels. This short barrel length limits the velocity and energy that a .25 ACP offers and contributes to the popular belief that the .25 ACP is less powerful than the .22 Long Rifle. The .22 LR is a rifle cartridge and, as such, is typically tested in rifle-length barrels, which is why the .22 LR appears to be more powerful than the .25 ACP. In an 18 in barrel, a .25 ACP performs similarly to a .22 LR being fired from a 2 in barrel, with a 50 gr projectile traveling at about 1,000 ft/s and producing in excess of 100 ftlbf of energy, while .22 LR gets such energy with twice the velocity from a 2 in barrel pocket pistol. Comparing the .25 ACP to the .22 LR fails to take into account a few things, namely that the .22 LR is far more popular and has had decades more of development. The .22 LR largely replaced the .25 ACP as a pocket pistol cartridge, but in addition received development for hunting purposes. As such, there are far more defensive loads for the .22 LR than the .25 ACP. That being said, most .25 loadings are still very comparable in performance to the .22 LR in short-barreled pocket pistols.

File:Browning 6,35 (6971783925).jpg|FN 1905/6 File:25 Caliber Jacketed Hollow Point.jpg|Modern jacketed hollow point loads for 6.35mm/.25 cal. File:Walther's Patent Mod 9-103.jpg|The Walther Model 9 pistol uses 6.35mm File:Bauer .25 Auto pistol.jpg|Bauer .25 Auto pocket pistol File:Raven_MP-25_Chrome_with_faux_mother_of_pearl_grips.jpg|Raven MP-25 .25 ACP chrome with faux mother of pearl grips and push up safety File:Colt Vest Pocket.JPG|Colt Model 1908 Vest Pocket used .25 ACP

References

References

1. Saami pressures. (n.d.). Retrieved May 3, 2023, from https://leverguns.com/articles/saami_pressures.htm
2. "25 ACP Pistol & Handgun Ammunition".
3. "25 ACP Ballistics Chart | Ballistics 101".
4. "Browning's .25 ACP: Mouse Gun History :: Guns.com".
5. "All You Need To Know About the 25 ACP".
6. *Wilson, R. K. ''Textbook of Automatic Pistols''. Plantersville, SC: Small Arms Technical Publishing Company, 1943. p. 258. {{ISBN. 978-0-935632-89-7.
7. (2004-08-29). "Pistols of the World". [[David & Charles]].
8. Bowen, Hamilton. ''The Custom Revolver''. Privately printed, 2001. {{ISBN. 978-0-9713366-0-5.
9. Jerry Ahern. (2010). "Gun Digest Buyer's Guide to Concealed-Carry Handguns". Gun Digest Books.
10. Cold Steel. (2016-08-25). "Lynn Thompson talks about the effectiveness of 25 ACP".
11. Borisenko, Adam. (2021-08-10). ".25 ACP: The Best Cartridge For Really Little Guns".
12. Esson, Roger. (2023-03-17). "Is.25 ACP Any Good?".
13. K, Zac. (2024-06-17). "Federal Punch Self-Defense Ammo Has New .25 ACP Option".
14. "Tested: Buffalo Bore 25 ACP 60 Grain Hard Cast Ammunition".
15. "25 Auto 35 gr FTX® Critical Defense®".
16. "An Alternate Look at Handgun Stopping Power | Buckeye Firearms Association".
17. (13 April 2023). "Throwback Thursday: The Rise and Fall of the .25 ACP".
18. "Ammo Test: Hornady Critical Defense 25 ACP - The Mag Life".
19. Lucky Gunner Ammo. (2018-10-30). "Is .25 ACP Literally the Worst Self-Defense Cartridge?".
20. "BBTI - Ballistics by the Inch :: .25 Auto Results".
21. Baker, Chris. (2020-01-17). "Pocket Pistol Caliber Ballistic Gel Tests".
22. Brandon. (2021-11-17). "22LR vs 25 ACP - Pocket Pistol Caliber Comparison".
23. ".25 ACP & .22LR: Comparing Pocket Pistol Calibers For Concealed Carry".