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2015 Pacific hurricane season
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| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Basin | EPac |
| Year | 2015 |
| Track | 2015 Pacific hurricane season summary.png |
| First storm formed | May 28, 2015 |
| Last storm dissipated | December 31, 2015 |
| (record latest) | |
| Strongest storm name | Patricia |
| (Most intense Pacific hurricane) | |
| Strongest storm pressure | 872 |
| Strongest storm winds | 185 |
| Average wind speed | 1 |
| Total depressions | 31 (record high) |
| Total storms | 26 |
| Total hurricanes | 16 (record high, tied with [1990](1990-pacific-hurricane-season), [1992](1992-pacific-hurricane-season) and [2014](2014-pacific-hurricane-season)) |
| Total intense | 11 (record high) |
| ACE | 290.2 |
| Damages | 588 |
| Fatalities | 45 total |
| five seasons | [2013](2013-pacific-hurricane-season), [2014](2014-pacific-hurricane-season), **2015**, [2016](2016-pacific-hurricane-season), [2017](2017-pacific-hurricane-season) |
| Season timeline | Timeline of the 2015 Pacific hurricane season |
| Atlantic season | 2015 Atlantic hurricane season |
| West Pacific season | 2015 Pacific typhoon season |
| North Indian season | 2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season |
(record latest) (Most intense Pacific hurricane) The 2015 Pacific hurricane season was the second-most active Pacific hurricane season on record, with 26 named storms, only behind the 1992 season. A record-tying 16 storms became hurricanes, and a record 11 storms further intensified into major hurricanes throughout the season. The Central Pacific, the portion of the Northeast Pacific Ocean between the International Date Line and the 140th meridian west, had its most active year on record, with 16 tropical cyclones forming in or entering the basin. Moreover, the season was the third-most active season in terms of accumulated cyclone energy, amassing a total of 290 units. The season officially started on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Northeast Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as shown when a tropical depression formed on December 31. The above-average activity during the season was attributed in part to the very strong 2014–2016 El Niño event.
The season featured several long-tracking and powerful storms, although land impacts were often minimal. In June, Hurricane Blanca, an early season Category 4 hurricane, killed four people due to rough seas. Hurricane Carlos sustained minor damage while passing a short distance off the coast of Mexico. In July, the remnants of Hurricane Dolores brought record rainfall to Southern California, killing one and causing damage worth over $50 million. On August 29, three Category 4 hurricanes (Kilo, Ignacio, Jimena) were all active simultaneously in the Pacific east of the International Date Line for the first time in recorded history. In September, moisture from Hurricane Linda contributed to storms that killed 21 people in Utah. Later that month, Hurricane Marty inflicted $30 million in damage to the southwestern coast of Mexico. In October, Hurricane Patricia became the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere, with a central pressure of 872 mbar (hPa; 25.75 inHg) and 1-minute sustained winds of 215 mph (345 km/h). It also became the strongest landfalling Pacific hurricane on record at the time, until it was surpassed by Hurricane Otis in 2023. Patricia caused 13 fatalities and inflicted $463 million in damage. The season's activity continued into November when Hurricane Sandra became the strongest Pacific hurricane ever recorded in that month. Damage across the basin reached $566 million, while 45 people were killed by the various storms.
Seasonal forecasts
| Record | Named | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| storms | Hurricanes | Major | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hurricanes | Ref | Date | Source | Named | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| storms | Hurricanes | Major | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hurricanes | Ref | Area | Named | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| storms | Hurricanes | Major | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hurricanes | Ref | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average (1981–2010): | 15.4 | 8.4 | 3.9 | url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/background_information.html | title=Background Information: East Pacific Hurricane Season | website=Climate Prediction Center | publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | location=College Park, Maryland | date=May 22, 2014 | access-date=May 29, 2014}} | ||||||||||||||||
| Record high activity: | [1992: 27](1992-pacific-hurricane-season) | 2015: 16 | 2015: 11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Record low activity: | [2010: 8](2010-pacific-hurricane-season) | [2010: 3](2010-pacific-hurricane-season) | [2003: 0](2003-pacific-hurricane-season) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| April 10, 2015 | SMN | 19 | 11 | 4 | title=Presentan Primera Versión Del Pronóstico Para La Temporada De Ciclones Tropicales 2015 | url=http://smn.cna.gob.mx/ciclones/tempo2015/pronosticoTC2015.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528200349/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/ciclones/tempo2015/pronosticoTC2015.pdf | publisher=Servicio Meteorológico Nacional | date=April 10, 2015 | archive-date=2015-05-28 | access-date=May 28, 2015 | language=es | url-status=dead}} | |||||||||||||
| May 27, 2015 | CPC | 15–22 | 7–12 | 5–8 | author1=Gerry Bell | author2=Hui Wang | author3=Eric S. Blake | author4=Christopher W. Landsea | title=NOAA 2015 Eastern Pacific Hurricane Season Outlook | url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/Epac_hurricane.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511021856/http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/Epac_hurricane.html | publisher=Climate Prediction Center | date=May 27, 2015 | archive-date=May 11, 2015 | access-date=May 28, 2015 | url-status=usurped}} | ||||||||||
| **Actual activity**: | EPAC | 18 | 13 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| **Actual activity**: | CPAC | 8 | 3 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| **Actual activity**: | 26 | 16 | 11 |
On April 10, 2015, the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) issued its first outlook for the Pacific hurricane season, forecasting 19 named storms, 11 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes. The organization listed a set of seasons with similar atmospheric and oceanic conditions, including 1982, 1986, 1991, 1994, 2002, and 2014. On May 27, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Prediction Center (CPC) released its forecast for the year, highlighting a 70% chance of an above-average season with 15–22 named storms, 7–12 hurricanes, 5–8 major hurricanes, and an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index range of 110–190% of the median. While both organizations cited an intensifying El Niño as a cause of increased activity, the CPC also highlighted the difference in global sea surface temperature patterns in 2015 versus the 1995–2014 period. The season ended up exceeding all of these forecasts with 26 named storms, 16 hurricanes, 11 major hurricanes, and an ACE index at more than 200% of the median.
Seasonal summary
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The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 2015 Pacific hurricane season (Eastern Pacific and Central Pacific combined), as calculated by Colorado State University using data from the National Hurricane Center, was 290.2 units. ACE is a rough measure of the energy generated by a tropical or subtropical cyclone over its lifespan, and is calculated every six hours when the tropical cyclone has sustained wind speeds of at least of 39 mph. Therefore, more intense and longer-lived tropical cyclones will generate more ACE, while tropical depressions are excluded from ACE calculations.
Overall, 31 tropical cyclones formed, of which 26 reached tropical storm intensity and were named. A total of 16 of these storms became hurricanes, and a record-breaking 11 became major hurricanes. These values make the 2015 season the second-most active on record. The Central Pacific, meanwhile, had its most active year on record, with 16 systems forming or crossing into the basin (8 formed in the basin and 8 others entered into it), surpassing the old record of 11 set in 1992 and 1994. The season officially began on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; the season ended officially on November 30, though a tropical depression formed well after that on December 31. The well-above-average activity levels were largely attributed to the strong 2014–16 El Niño event, which brought anomalously high sea surface temperatures and low vertical wind shear to western parts of the basin. In fact, for the region between the 116th meridian west and the International Date Line, sea surface temperatures from July to October averaged 28 C, the highest value on record since reliable data records began in 1979. Around Hawaii, sea surface temperatures were 0.9 C-change higher than at any point during the past 60 years. Wind shear in the region was also at its lowest on record during that period. The existence of a large region of rising air over the basin during much of the season, a feature typical of El Niño events, further facilitated the development and intensification of the season's numerous tropical cyclones.
The season started off with three successive hurricanes, with Andres and Blanca both reaching Category 4 status. On June 3, Blanca became both earliest second hurricane and second major hurricane in the basin since reliable records began in 1971, and became the earliest instance of a landfall on the Baja California Peninsula. Ten days later, Carlos became the second-earliest third hurricane on record. After about a month of inactivity, eight systems formed in July, including five between July 8 and July 12. Ela became the earliest named storm to form in the Central Pacific within the bounds of the official season, and one of the earliest in the calendar year. When Halola and Iune formed soon thereafter, that marked the first month in the satellite era where three tropical cyclones were observed in the Central Pacific simultaneously. Six more systems formed in an active August. Early on August 30, Hurricanes Kilo, Ignacio and Jimena intensified into Category 4 hurricanes. This was the first time in the historical record that three or more major hurricanes existed simultaneously in the Pacific east of the International Date Line, and that two or more major hurricanes existed simultaneously in the Central Pacific.
September saw the formation of five systems, excluding Kevin which was named in September but formed on August 31. Three systems—Linda, Sixteen-E, and Marty—affected Mexico, with the first two also bringing floods to the Southwestern United States. The flood event caused by Linda in Utah was also the state's deadliest. October saw another five systems. With the formation of Oho on October 3, the 2015 season surpassed 1992 and 1994 as the most active year on record in the Central Pacific. During October 18–19, Olaf became the southernmost-forming hurricane and major hurricane in the Eastern Pacific. Olaf later became the first system on record to cross from the Eastern Pacific into the Central Pacific and then back into the Eastern Pacific while still a tropical cyclone. Patricia became the strongest hurricane in the basin on October 23 when its pressure fell to 892 mbar (hPa; 26.34 inHg), breaking the previous record of 902 mbar (hPa; 902 mbar) set by 1997's Hurricane Linda. Patricia subsequently became the strongest tropical cyclone on record in the Western Hemisphere in terms of barometric pressure, with a central pressure of 872 mbar (hPa; 872 mbar). This value was also the second-lowest globally, behind Typhoon Tip of 1979 which had a central pressure of 870 mbar (hPa; 870 mbar). Additionally, its maximum sustained winds of 215 mph were the strongest ever reliably recorded or estimated anywhere globally. Patricia later became the strongest Pacific hurricane to strike Mexico after making landfall in Jalisco as a strong Category 4 hurricane.
The following month tied for the most active November with the development of two systems, Rick and Sandra. Sandra subsequently strengthened into a major hurricane, bringing the season total to a record 11. Its peak winds of 150 mph and minimum central pressure of 934 mbar (hPa; 934 mbar) surpassed Hurricane Kenneth of 2011 for the strongest November Pacific hurricane in terms of both sustained winds and central pressure. Despite the official end of the season on November 30, anomalously favorable conditions in the Central Pacific gave rise to the final storm of the season, Tropical Depression Nine-C, which formed on December 31 and dissipated late the same day. This marked the latest end to a Pacific hurricane season on record.
Systems
Hurricane Andres
| 1-min winds = 125 On May 23, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring the potential for tropical cyclogenesis well south of Mexico over the following days. A broad low-pressure area formed three days later, steadily organizing to become Tropical Depression One-E at 06:00 UTC on May 28. With an increase in spiral banding and an expanding central dense overcast, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Andres six hours later. Directed west-northwest and eventually northwest by a subtropical ridge over Mexico, the cyclone quickly organized and became a hurricane on May 29. A spurt of intensification saw Andres strengthen into a strong Category 2 hurricane late the next day. Andres's intensification trend leveled off thereafter due to an eyewall replacement cycle and a brief increase in vertical wind shear, but Andres still managed to reach major hurricane status early on May 31, becoming one of only five major hurricanes during the month of May. Although forecasts did not indicate additional strengthening, Andres began a period of rapid deepening the following day as wind shear decreased, intensifying into a Category 4 hurricane at 00:00 UTC on June 1. Andres reached its peak intensity six hours later with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph and a minimum pressure of 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg). Thereafter, the system moved west-northwestwards over cooler waters and into a more stable environment, which led to a swift weakening trend. Andres fell below hurricane strength on the morning of June 2, and weakened into a tropical storm a day later. Further weakening ensued as convection around Andres's center dissipated, and the NHC declared Andres a remnant low on June 4.
Moisture extending from the remnants of Andres brought light rain to parts of the Southwest United States, with Phoenix, Arizona having measurable precipitation on June 5 for the first time since records began in 1896.{{cite news |author=Jeff Masters |work=Weather Underground |date=June 5, 2015 |access-date=June 5, 2015 |title=Category 2 Hurricane Blanca Headed Towards Baja Mexico
Hurricane Blanca
| 1-min winds = 125 Main article: Hurricane Blanca (2015)
A tropical wave first monitored by the NHC late on May 27 spawned a weak low-pressure area well south of Acapulco, Mexico, two days later. Plagued by strong upper-level winds from Hurricane Andres, the disturbance slowly organized into the season's second tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on May 31 and further into Tropical Storm Blanca on the following day. Moving little within a weak steering regime, the cyclone began to rapidly deepen by June 2 as conditions aloft became more favorable; following the appearance of a pinhole eye, Blanca became a major hurricane at 12:00 UTC on June 3. Shortly thereafter, Blanca reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 145 mph and a pressure of 936 mbar. Tremendous upwelling of cooler waters, with some areas falling from 30 to, resulted in weakening early on June 4. A concurrent eyewall replacement cycle spurred further weakening and Blanca degraded to Category 1 status by June 5. The next day, a shifting ridge steered Blanca northwest back over warm waters, allowing Blanca to quickly reintensify to a secondary peak of 130 mph. However, as Blanca tracked poleward, waters beneath the cyclone cooled yet again, prompting a quick weakening trend. After weakening to a tropical storm on June 7, Blanca made landfall around 12:00 UTC on June 8, near Puerto Cortés with winds of 45 mph, and became the earliest instance of a landfall in the Baja California Peninsula since records began in 1949. Swiftly weakening over land, Blanca degenerated to a remnant low on June 9 and dissipated shortly after.
Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific Ocean east of 140°W during 2015. This was the same list used for the 2009 season.
For storms that form in the North Pacific from 140°W to the International Date Line, the names come from a series of four rotating lists. Names are used one after the other without regard to year, and when the bottom of one list is reached, the next named storm receives the name at the top of the next list. Eight named storms, listed below, formed within the area in 2015. Also, named storms in the table above that crossed into the area during the season are noted (*).
Retirement
On April 25, 2016, at the 38th session of the RA IV Hurricane Committee, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Patricia due to its extreme intensity, and it will not be used again for another Pacific hurricane. It was replaced with Pamela for the 2021 Pacific hurricane season.
Season effects
This is a table of all of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 2015 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their name, duration (within the basin), peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2015 USD.
Notes
References
References
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- Christopher Jacobson. (April 16, 2018). ["Tropical Storm Iune"]({{NHC TCR url). Central Pacific Hurricane Center.
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- Daniel P. Brown. (September 16, 2015). ["Tropical Storm Enrique"]({{NHC TCR url). National Hurricane Center.
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- Monica Woods. (August 6, 2015). "Active Pacific hurricane season brings unusual summer rain, risk of lightning". [[USA Today]].
- (September 6, 2016). ["Hurricane Hilda"]({{NHC TCR url). National Hurricane Center.
- (August 14, 2015). "Remnants of Hilda Depart from Hawaii". The Weather Channel.
- Richard J. Pasch. (February 16, 2016). ["Tropical Depression Eleven-E"]({{NHC TCR url). National Hurricane Center.
- Derek Wroe. (August 1, 2017). ["Hurricane Loke"]({{NHC TCR url). Central Pacific Hurricane Center.
- Thomas Birchard. (October 10, 2018). ["Hurricane Kilo"]({{NHC TCR url). [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]].
- (August 17, 2018). ["Hurricane Ignacio"]({{NHC TCR url). National Hurricane Center.
- (August 29, 2015). "Ignacio Becomes Major Hurricane Overnight, Tropical Storm Watch Issued". Big Island Video News.
- (February 4, 2016). ["Hurricane Jimena"]({{NHC TCR url). National Hurricane Center.
- Christopher Jacobson. (September 6, 2015). "Tropical Storm Jimena Discussion Number 47". Central Pacific Hurricane Center.
- Christopher Jacobson. (September 7, 2015). "Tropical Storm Jimena Discussion Number 48". Central Pacific Hurricane Center.
- Kevin R. Kodama. (October 6, 2015). "September 2015 Precipitation Summary". National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii.
- Craig Gima. (September 11, 2015). "Flash flood warnings canceled; flood watch remains for Oahu, Kauai County". [[Honolulu Star-Advertiser]].
- Todd B. Kimberlain. (November 28, 2015). ["Tropical Storm Kevin"]({{NHC TCR url). National Hurricane Center.
- Daniel P. Brown. (November 12, 2015). ["Hurricane Linda"]({{NHC TCR url). National Hurricane Center.
- Jim Holt. (September 10, 2015). "Fierce heat to give way to cooler weather in SCV". The Santa Clarita Valley Signal.
- (September 10, 2015). "Heat blankets California, mixed with lightning, storms". KBAK, KBFX.
- Chris Dolce. "Los Angeles Sees Unusual September Rains From Remnants of Hurricane Linda; Water Rescues Reported on L.A. River". The Weather Channel.
- (2015). "California Event Reports: September 8–15, 2015". National Climatic Data Center.
- Bob Henson. (September 15, 2015). ["Linda's Moisture Contributes to Heavy Rain, Deadly Flooding in Southwest"](https://maps.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3113}} {{dead link). Weather Underground.
- David DeMille. (September 29, 2015). "Results elusive in search for missing Hildale flood victim". [[Gannett Company]].
- Laura Wagner. (September 17, 2015). "Authorities Search For Another Possible Victim In Utah Flash Floods". [[NPR.
- Tim Stelloh. (September 17, 2015). "After Devastating Utah Floods, Final Body Found in Zion National Park". NBC News.
- (2015). "Utah Event Report: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center.
- (2015). "Arizona Event Report: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center.
- (2015). "Arizona Event Reports: September 12–14, 2015". National Climatic Data Center.
- Kevin Schultz. (September 27, 2015). "Windy remnants of hurricane may have hastened Valley Fire". San Francisco Chronicle.
- Jon Jelsema. (June 1, 2016). ["Tropical Storm Malia"]({{NHC TCR url). Central Pacific Hurricane Center.
- John P. Cangialosi. (January 11, 2016). ["Tropical Depression Sixteen-E"]({{NHC TCR url). National Hurricane Center.
- (September 23, 2015). "Desfogues dañan obras e inundan cultivos y granjas". El Debate.
- (September 25, 2015). "Remnants of Tropical Depression Sixteen-E Bring Flash Floods to Phoenix, Albuquerque and Omaha Metro Areas". The Weather Channel.
- (2015). "Arizona Event Report: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center.
- (2015). "Arizona Event Report: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center.
- (2015). "Arizona Event Report: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center.
- (2015). "New Mexico Event Report: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center.
- [https://weather.com/forecast/regional/news/southern-california-arizona-desert-southwest-heavy-rain-outlook-sep2015 Remnants of Tropical Depression Sixteen-E Bring Flash Floods to Phoenix, Albuquerque and Omaha Metro Areas], The Weather Channel, September 26, 2015
- (November 16, 2016). ["Tropical Storm Niala"]({{NHC TCR url). Central Pacific Hurricane Center.
- Robbie J. Berg. (January 5, 2016). ["Hurricane Marty"]({{NHC TCR url). National Hurricane Center.
- (October 5, 2015). "Lluvias dejan 35 mil danmificados en Sonora". Periódico Correo.
- (November 21, 2016). ["Hurricane Oho"]({{NHC TCR url). Central Pacific Hurricane Center.
- Christopher Jacobson. (October 10, 2017). ["Tropical Depression Eight-C"]({{NHC TCR url). Central Pacific Hurricane Center.
- (October 6, 2015). "JMA WWJP25 Warning and Summary October 6, 2015 18z". Japan Meteorological Agency.
- Lixion A. Avila. (December 8, 2015). ["Tropical Storm Nora"]({{NHC TCR url). National Hurricane Center.
- Kevin R. Kodama. (November 5, 2015). "October 2015 Precipitation Summary". National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii.
- (February 9, 2016). ["Hurricane Olaf"]({{NHC TCR url). National Hurricane Center.
- Eric S. Blake. (October 18, 2015). "Hurricane Olaf Discussion Number 14". National Hurricane Center.
- Michael J. Brennan. (October 19, 2015). "Hurricane Olaf Discussion Number 19". National Hurricane Center.
- Jonathan Belles. (October 22, 2018). "Three Years Ago, Hurricane Patricia Became the Record Strongest Hurricane in the Western Hemisphere With 215 MPH Winds". The Weather Channel.
- (October 20, 2015). "Lluvias han afectado a 223 mil guatemaltecos". El Periódico.
- (October 18, 2015). "Cuatro muertos, daños y suspensión de clases a causa de las lluvias". [[El Diario de Hoy]].
- (October 18, 2015). "Un muerto y damnificados por inundaciones en Guatemala". La Tribuna.
- (October 21, 2015). "Merman lluvias en la región, pero autoridades mantendrán las alertas". El Heraldo.
- (October 23, 2015). "Daños por lluvias en Chetumal ascienden a 1,400 mdp: alcalde". Unión Cancún.
- (October 24, 2015). "Reportan muerte de mujer coahuilense por 'Patricia'". El Siglo de Durango.
- Antonio Hernández. (October 28, 2015). "Suman 40 mil hectáreas afectadas por "Patricia"". El Universal.
- Bob Henson. (October 26, 2015). "The Cataclysm That Wasn't: Hurricane Patricia Largely Spares Mexico, Texas". Weather Underground.
- (October 24, 2015). "Patricia's Remnants to Fuel Dangerous Rains in Texas". Weather Underground.
- (2016). "Texas Event Report: Heavy Rain". National Climatic Data Center.
- (2016). "Texas Event Report: Heavy Rain". National Climatic Data Center.
- John L. Beven II. (January 20, 2016). ["Tropical Storm Rick"]({{NHC TCR url). National Hurricane Center.
- (November 28, 2015). "Pavimento mojado por lluvias en Cabo San Lucas provocó 2 accidentes viales". BCS Noticias.
- (December 13, 2018). ["Hurricane Pali"]({{NHC TCR url). [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]].
- (December 22, 2016). ["Tropical Depression Nine-C"]({{NHC TCR url). Central Pacific Hurricane Center.
- (January 2016). "Tropical Depression Nine-C Dissipates; Caps Off a Record Central Pacific Hurricane Season".
- (April 11, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone Names". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- National Hurricane Center. (2008). "Worldwide Tropical Cyclone Names". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- Klotzbach, Phil. (December 3, 2015). "The typically quiet Central Pacific hurricane season shattered records this year". [[The Washington Post]].
- (April 25, 2016). "World Meteorological Organization retires storm names Erika, Joaquin and Patricia". [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]].
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