2013 Czech presidential election

Background

After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia and the adoption of a new constitution in 1992, the president was indirectly elected by a joint session of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Czech Republic. The possibility of a directly elected president was controversial because of concerns that it could weaken a government under the prime minister. The 2008 presidential election, which narrowly reelected Václav Klaus after several attempts, however was criticized for the appearance of political deal-making and allegations of corruption. Prime Minister Petr Nečas subsequently put the issue of a directly elected president in his three-party coalition agreement when he formed his government in 2010, in part because of demands by the TOP 09 party, and the Public Affairs and Mayors and Independents parties. Several outspoken opponents of the change however came from the Prime Minister's own Civic Democratic Party.

In September 2011, an amendment was submitted to the Chamber of Deputies for a second official reading, during which the Communist Party (KSČM) tried to reject the bill by sending it back into the review process, but the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD), also part of the opposition, did not support the Communists' motion, and allowed the bill to go ahead with certain changes, including limits on presidential power and penal immunity. This was then sent to the Senate, which passed the amendment on 8 February 2012 after five hours of debate The Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court, Pavel Rychetský, criticized the bill's method in which a constitutional amendment was in effect added, though without changing the original text of the constitution, and while leaving the election open to legal and constitutional challenges.

In June 2012 an implementation bill for holding the election passed in the Chamber of Deputies, and in July in the Senate. He however signed the law on 1 August 2012. The law was scheduled to take effect on 1 October 2012, after which Senate President Milan Štěch was due to set a date for the election, following discussions with the Ministry of the Interior.

The two-day first round was on 11–12 January 2013. However, because no one secured an absolute majority, a run-off round was held on 25–26 January 2013. Candidates were allowed to spend up to Kč40 million in the first round and Kč10 million in the second round. Each candidate had an election committee that manages campaign funding, which should be run through a special account. All anonymous campaigns contributions were banned.

Candidates

In order to be a candidate, an individual needs to gather 50,000 signatures from citizens or the support of twenty deputies or ten senators. The candidates were bound to file their applications with the signatures sixty-six days before the election; following which the Interior Ministry verified a sampling of the signatures.

The Civic Democratic Party (ODS) held primary elections in July 2012 to choose their candidate, selecting former president of the Senate Přemysl Sobotka over MEP Evžen Tošenovský. SPOZ, TOP 09, and Sovereignty have their party leaders running for the post. Jan Švejnar, who ran for the presidency in 2008 against Václav Klaus, declined to run in order to support Jan Fischer's candidacy.

Confirmed candidates

Vladimír Franz appears insignificant in agency surveys but in November he was the obvious favorite of opinion polls of several different popular news servers and media (Aktuálně.cz, Reflex, iDnes.cz) as well as of so-called "students' elections" in all regions and all types of secondary schools. The current president Klaus expressed fear that his successor would be Franz or Okamura.

Disqualified candidates

The following list includes the candidates who were disqualified after the Ministry of Interior reviewed their petitions assessing that they failed to meet the quorum of minimum of 50,000 popular signatures or twenty MPs in the Chamber of Deputies, or ten MPs in the Senate.

Candidates Jana Bobošíková, Vladimír Dlouhý, and Tomio Okamura collected more than 50,000 signatures; however, after checking two samples of each petition and reducing the number of signatures according to the error rate, the number fell below the requirement; accordingly, they were not registered as candidates. Along with the action, the ministry stated that many of Bobošíková's alleged signatories were long dead; while in case of Okamura, the ministry found a large number of fictitious signatories. Both candidates appealed the ministry's decision before the Supreme Administrative Court, believing that the ministry had used an incorrect method of recount.

On 13 December 2012, the Supreme Administrative Court ruled on the complaints. It ordered that Bobošíková must be registered as a candidate, and rejected the complaints of Dlouhý and Okamura, as even after correcting the error in computation their number of valid signatures still fails to meet the quorum. Okamura unsuccessfully challenged the verdict at the Constitutional Court.

Withdrawn candidate

Jan Toman from Bechyně filed his own candidature on 6 November but he attached no petition. He was also the attorney of the candidate Karel Světnička, and Karel Světnička was the attorney of Jan Toman. However, a candidate must not be an attorney of any proposer. Jan Světnička surrendered his own candidature on 22 November and remained the attorney of Karel Světnička.

Other announced candidates

The following list includes some of the people who announced their candidacy but the proposal was not filed finally. Some of them started to collect petition signatures.

• Ladislav Jakl, Party of Free Citizens, secretary to President Václav Klaus. He won the party's primaries but failed to gather enough signatures.
• Rut Kolínská, President of the Mother Centres Network
• Karel Randák, former head of the Czech counter-intelligence
• Tomáš Vandas, DSSS

Other possible candidates

Jan Švejnar a candidate in 2008 presidential election was speculated to be one of possible candidates and he himself admitted that he considers running. He quickly one of the frontrunners according to polls that showed him being the 2nd strongest candidate. His support decreased by the time and he fell to 3rd or 4th place. Švejnar eventually said in September 2012 that he won't run.

Vladimír Remek was offered presidential nomination by Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia. He rejected his own party's offer.

Primaries

Civic Democratic Party (ODS)

Main article: 2012 Civic Democratic Party presidential primaries

Civic Democratic Party held primary elections to decide who will become party's candidate. Primaries were held from end of April 2012 to 28 June 2012. Vice-Chairman of Senate Přemysl Sobotka faced MEP Evžen Tošenovský. Sobotka received 61% of votes and won party's nomination. Primaries suffered of low voter turnout.

Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD)

Main article: 2012 Czech Social Democratic Party presidential primaries

Czech Social Democratic Party held primaries in May 2012. The primaries were indirect, with only members of the party's Central Executive Committee able to vote. Jiří Dienstbier Jr. was expected to face Jan Švejnar. Švejnar withdrawn from primaries before voting took place and Dienstbier received the nomination on 19 May 2012.

Party of Free Citizens (Svobodní)

Main article: 2012 Party of Free Citizens presidential primaries

The Party of Free Citizens held presidential primaries in June 2012. Ladislav Jakl, the secretary of President Václav Klaus, was the only candidate. Jakl received 88% of votes and won the nomination but the party failed to gather enough signatures and Jakl could not participate in the election.

Public Affairs (VV)

Public Affairs also intended to choose its candidate in presidential primaries. Jan Švejnar was mentioned by Vít Bárta as a possible candidate. Švejnar himself didn't say that he would agree with nomination by the party. Leader of Public Affairs Radek John said that he would support Jan Fischer. Primaries never happened and Tomio Okamura was later speculated to be possible candidate of Public Affairs.

Campaign

Zeman and Fischer were leading in the polls, but Schwarzenberg's campaign ended on a higher note with a crowd of about 10,000 people at a rally in Prague. Zeman said of the runoff: "It will be a presidential race between a candidate for the left and a candidate for the right. We'll start from scratch for the second round;" Schwarzenberg said of his campaign that he would make the Czech Republic "a successful country." Vladimír Franz called his campaign "a success."

First round

Miloš Zeman and Jan Fischer stated they would run if the election is direct. 2008 presidential candidate Jan Švejnar was also speculated as a candidate. Zeman's Party of Civic Rights started petition campaign for direct election on 29 June 2011. Petition was signed by more than 100,000 people as of October 2011. Direct election was accepted by parliament on 8 February 2012.

Karel Schwarzenberg announced his candidature on 22 October 2011.

Former prime minister of the Czech Republic Jan Fischer announced his candidature on 7 January 2012. Jana Bobošíková announced her candidature on 9 February 2012. Miloš Zeman stated that he will officially announce his candidature when he gathers enough signatures.

Miloš Zeman announced his candidature on 14 February 2012. Party of Civic Rights started to gather signatures for him. His presidential bid received support from LEV 21 and some politicians of Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD). ČSSD later decided to stand its own candidate Jiří Dienstbier Jr.

Jan Fischer became front-runner in early 2012. Jan Švejnar was considered his main rival. Miloš Zeman was third strongest candidate according to polls. Švejnar himself was at the time waiting if he receives support of Czech Social Democratic Party

Miloš Zeman started gathering signatures on 21 March 2012 when he launched his presidential campaign. Jan Fischer started his campaign on 2 April 2012.

Jan Švejnar withdrew from ČSSD primaries on 2 May 2012 and decided to run as independent. Czech Social Democratic Party then nominated Jiří Dienstbier Jr.

Zeman grew in polls and in May 2012 he caught up with Jan Švejnar in polls. He also received signatures of 10 senators which meant he doesn't need 50,000 signatures. Zeman gathered required number of signatures by the end of June 2012. Polls in June 2012 indicated that Miloš Zeman became Fischer's main rival.

Civic Democratic Party nominated Přemysl Sobotka on 28 June 2012 when Sobotka won the party's presidential primaries. Sobotka stated that his campaign will cost 8 million Korunas. Candidate of Czech Social Democratic Party Jiří Dienstbier Jr. stated on the other hand that his campaign will cost tens of million Korunas. Dienstbier came third according to one of polls.

Jan Fischer started to fully pursue his campaign on 9 July. He was supported by businessman Jaromír Soukup. Fischer was still front-runner at the time while Miloš Zeman was his main competition. Jan Švejnar who was originally considered the main rival of Fischer was losing in polls due to his indecisiveness.

Vladimír Franz announced his candidature on 30 July 2012.

Přemysl Sobotka started his campaign on 17 August 2012. Jan Fischer gathered 50,000 signatures by the end of August 2012.

Švejnar announced on 11 September 2012 that he won't run and endorsed Jan Fischer. Tomio Okamura started to gather signatures at the time On 14 September 2012, Jan Fischer officially launched his campaign. He defined himself against Zeman and stated that "Czech Republic isn't a burnt land" reminding Zeman's statements from 1990s. He promised that Czechs won't be ashamed of him as a president. Švejnar's withdrawal led to Fischer's growth in polls.

Green Party supported Táňa Fischerová for the election. Greens started gathering signatures for her on 27 September 2012. Jana Bobošíková gathered enough signatures on 29 September 2012. Vladimír Dlouhý and Zuzana Roithová announced on 1 October 2012 that they are getting closer to required number of signatures.

Tomio Okamura announced candidature on 3 October 2012. He also started to gather signatures. Zuzana Roithová gathered enough signatures on the same day. Vladimír Dlouhý announced that he gathered 50,000 signatures on 5 October 2012.

As of 5 November 2012, Miloš Zeman, Vladimír Dlouhý, Jan Fischer, Jana Bobošíková, Zuzana Roithová, Vladimír Franz and Tomio Okamura reportedly had enough signatures to run. Táňa Fischerová and Pavel Kořán were close to the number while Klára Samková and Ladislav Jakl was unlikely get enough signatures.

Nominations were closed on 6 November 2012. There were 11 candidates who met required conditions. Miloš Zeman, Jan Fischer, Vladimír Franz, Zuzana Roithová, Tomio Okamura, Táňa Fischerová, Vladimír Dlouhý and Jana Bobošíková gathered over 50,000 signatures while Jiří Dienstbier, Přemysl Sobotka and Karel Schwarzenberg received parliamentary nomination. On 23 November, Bobošíková, Dlouhý and Okamura were disqualified from the election due to invalid signatures. Bobošíková was returned to the election after recount on 13 December 2012.

According to polls in November 2012, a gap between Fischer and Zeman started to shrink. Zeman took lead in January 2013 after debates held prior to voting.

Voting took place on 11 and 12 January 2013. Zeman and Karel Schwarzenberg qualified for the second round. Jan Fischer was surprisingly eliminated when he received only 16% of votes and came third. Zeman received only 40,000 votes more than Schwarzenberg. Chances of both candidates in second round were considered balanced.

Second round

The campaign for the second round started with the agreement of both candidates, Miloš Zeman and Karel Schwarzenberg, not to attack each other and to conduct their campaign in a civil manner. However, when, in the second debate in the Czech Television held on 17 January 2013, Karel Schwarzenberg stated that the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after World War II would be today (in the 21st century) considered a war crime and the creators of the Beneš decrees (a series of laws dealing inter alia with the status of ethnic Germans and Hungarians in postwar Czechoslovakia in connection with Article 12 of the Potsdam Agreement) would be probably judged by the Hague Tribunal as war criminals, Zeman responded as following: "... he who marks (...) one of the presidents of Czechoslovakia as a war criminal, speaks as a "sudeťák" [Sudeten German] and not as the president". Schwarzenberg has been criticized for the fact that his wife cannot speak Czech and that he spent a part of his life abroad, despite the fact that his family fled from communists when he was a child. It was suggested that members of his family collaborated with Nazis, most notably by the son of the Czech President, Václav Klaus Jr. These charges have been dismissed by historians. President Václav Klaus, his Slovak spouse Livia and son Václav expressed their concerns towards Schwarzenberg, pointing to the complete lack of knowledge of the Czech language of his spouse or to his emigration during the communist era. Schwarzenberg responded that "...the last hundred years have demonstrated that an appeal to the lowest instincts has tragic consequences." Additionally, he countered by claiming that the President Klaus and Zeman created a power group and manipulated his claims. He also called their alleged pact a "fraud on the voters". In a leaked text message to a friend, President Klaus wrote that if Karel Schwarzenberg won the election, he would consider emigration.

The critics of Karel Schwarzenberg mentioned his post in the unpopular cabinet of Petr Nečas. Schwarzenberg, leader of a government coalition party TOP 09, a vice-premier and a foreign minister, was frequently associated with the finance minister and his TOP 09 colleague Miroslav Kalousek, one of the key proponents of the austerity measures and spending cuts in the Czech Republic. In the first round, he received the majority of support by voters in Bohemian regions and in some of the biggest Czech cities, such as Prague, Brno, and Plzeň.

Miloš Zeman, a former successful politician and Social Democratic prime minister, announced his comeback and the intention to run in the election in February 2012. He narrowly won the first round, supported mainly by voters from industrial regions such as North Bohemia and Silesia, and smaller towns and villages. He has been criticized for the opaque funding of his campaign; the media pointed to his special relationships with controversial business subjects and lobbyists, such as Miroslav Šlouf and the Russian oil company LUKoil. Some of the issues associated with his previous political activities also reappeared in public. During the pre-election debates, Zeman had to face questions about connections between his former chief advisor Šlouf and the alleged mafia kingpin František Mrázek or about a discrediting campaign against his former colleague, Minister Petra Buzková.

On 22 January, the newspaper Mladá fronta DNES reported that the "massive negative campaign" of Miloš Zeman and his team won him popularity in the online media, while Schwarzenberg's supporters have a majority on social sites, such as Facebook.

During the election, the tensions and rivalries in the Czech society and media culminated to an unusual degree. Some of the commentators and politologists pointed to growing polarization of the society, which was also noted by some of the foreign media, such as The New York Times.

On 26 January, Miloš Zeman won the second round of the election. In his first post-election speech, he thanked his supporters and promised to be the president of all people. He also criticized the media that openly supported only one of the candidates. "Truth and love have finally prevailed over lies and hatred", stated the outgoing President Klaus, ironically paraphrasing the renowned Czech statesman (and political opponent) Václav Havel.

The Austrian press ascribed Zeman's victory to a "dirty anti-German campaign."

Median a Czech agency made a survey to find out what was the reason of the result. According to the survey Zeman was able to gain votes of left-wing supporters of other candidates namely Jan Fischer and Jiří Dienstbier Jr. Schwarzenberg on the other hand a little exhausted his electoral base in the first round and lost some supporters during a debate about Beneš decrees and his membership in Petr Nečas' Cabinet. According to the survey Zeman was an acceptable candidate for 46% of voters and Schwarzenberg for 35%. 71% of asked expected that the next president will influence the government and will support patriotism.

Campaign Finance

Debates

Main article: 2013 Czech presidential election debates

Opinion polling

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2013 Czech presidential election

Results

There were 14,904 polling stations in the Czech Republic, and 102 abroad.

During the second round, in the presence of journalists, Karel Schwarzenberg registered an invalid vote by forgetting to insert his paper into the required stamped envelope.

Notes

References

References

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55. (14 February 2012). "Miloš Zeman po deseti letech zkusí znovu dobýt Hrad".
56. (16 February 2012). "Zeman na Hradě by se líbil Paroubkovi, přímluvce má i ve vedení ČSSD".
57. (14 March 2012). "Zemana chce na Hradě víc lidí než Schwarzenberga, ukázal průzkum".
58. (16 March 2012). "Švejnar napíná ČSSD. Vyčkává, zda ho strana podpoří na Hrad".
59. (14 April 2012). "Zeman ani Okamura by se podle průzkumu na Hrad neprobojovali".
60. (21 March 2012). "Zeman začal boj o Hrad, lidem dá do schránek leták se svým životopisem".
61. (2 April 2012). "Fischer neoficiálně zahájil prezidentskou kampaň. Zpoza květináče".
62. (2 May 2012). "Švejnar nechce na Hrad za ČSSD, ale sám za sebe, přiznal Sobotka".
63. (6 May 2012). "Zeman dohání Švejnara, bojují o druhé místo v prezidentské volbě".
64. (7 May 2012). "Šance Zemana na Hrad rostou. Má podpisy senátorů i rostoucí důvěru lidí".
65. (26 June 2012). "Zeman předběhl soupeře, má 50 tisíc podpisů. Kampaň bude bez Šloufa".
66. (6 June 2012). "Zeman v průzkumu předstihl Švejnara. O Hrad by se utkal s Fischerem".
67. (28 June 2012). "ODS nasadí do boje o Hrad Přemysla Sobotku, k favoritům volby nepatří".
68. (29 June 2012). "Dienstbier má průzkum, že poráží Zemana. Utratí desítky milionů".
69. (9 July 2012). "Fischer končí v Londýně, na Hrad mu pomáhá mediální magnát Soukup".
70. (23 July 2012). "Švejnarovi váhání škodí, míní experti. Poslanci řekl, že na Hrad chce".
71. (25 July 2012). "Fischer versus Zeman, tvrdí průzkum. Švejnarovy šance slábnou".
72. (30 July 2012). "Potetovaný umělec Franz oznámil na Facebooku zájem o Hrad".
73. (17 August 2012). "Sobotka rozjel kampaň: poslance volme přímo a k euru buďme opatrní".
74. (27 August 2012). "Fischer nasbíral 50 tisíc podpisů a může kandidovat na prezidenta".
75. (11 September 2012). "Švejnar vzdal boj o Hrad, fanoušci Okamury naopak začali sbírat podpisy".
76. (14 September 2012). "Fischer zahájil kampaň. Česko není spálená země, vymezil se proti Zemanovi".
77. (17 September 2012). "Švejnarovo odstoupení nahrálo Fischerovi, protestní hlasy sbírá Franz".
78. (15 October 2012). "Fischer v prezidentském průzkumu posílil, Okamura je opět třetí".
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82. (3 October 2012). "Okamura potvrdil, že chce na Hrad. Sbírá podpisy a lobbuje v parlamentu".
83. (5 October 2012). "Už mám 50 tisíc podpisů, říká Dlouhý. Reformu penzí by odložil".
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