2011 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting

Venue

Perth, Western Australia, hosted the conference, the first time the city hosted the event and the first time the event had been held in Australia since the 2002 meeting at Coolum, Queensland. Kings Park served as the leaders' retreat.

Security

A heavy security presence was placed in Perth with many parts of the city being declared "security areas" as delegated with newly enumerated authority to clamp down on protests. In the Perth Central Business District, where the Queen was due to open the summit, nearly every street corner had a police presence. F/A-18 Hornet fighter jets of the Royal Australian Air Force also patrolled the skies. "(27 October 2011). Australia police out in force for Commonwealth meet. Times of Oman. Muscat Press and Publishing House.

Opening session

The Head of the Commonwealth, Queen Elizabeth II, incorporated the CHOGM Official Opening into her official visit to Australia, accompanied by her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. The tour lasted from 19 to 29 October and included visits to Canberra, Australian Capital Territory; Brisbane, Queensland; Melbourne, Victoria; and Perth. In attendance at the ceremony were the Queen, Prime Minister Julia Gillard, the incoming Commonwealth Chair-in-Office, Kamla Persad-Bissessar, the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago and outgoing Commonwealth Chair-in-Office, the Commonwealth Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma and many heads of government or heads of state from the 53 Commonwealth states.

British Prime Minister David Cameron arrived late for the summit as he was attending a European Union summit on financial bailouts.

Guy Sebastian headlined the Official Opening in Perth, performing "Agents of Change," a song he wrote especially for the event.

Attendees

• Personal flag of Queen Elizabeth II.svg Queen Elizabeth II, Head of the Commonwealth
• Commonwealth of Nations Kamalesh Sharma, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations
• Antigua and Barbuda Baldwin Spencer, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda
• Australia Julia Gillard, Prime Minister of Australia (host)
• Bahamas Brent Symonette, Deputy Prime Minister of The Bahamas
• Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of Bangladesh
• Barbados Freundel Stuart, Prime Minister of Barbados
• Belize Wilfred Elrington, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belize
• Botswana Ian Khama, President of Botswana
• Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei
• Cameroon Philemon Yang, Prime Minister of Cameroon
• Canada Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada
• Cyprus Erato Kozakou-Marcoullis, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus
• Gambia Isatou Njie-Saidy, Vice President of the Gambia
• Ghana John Mahama, Vice President of Ghana
• Grenada Tillman Thomas, Prime Minister of Grenada
• Guyana Carolyn Rodrigues, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Guyana
• India Mohammad Hamid Ansari, Vice President of India
• Kenya Mwai Kibaki, President of Kenya
• Kiribati Taomati Iuta, Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kiribati
• Lesotho Pakalitha Mosisili, Prime Minister of Lesotho
• Malawi Bingu wa Mutharika, President of Malawi
• Malaysia Najib Razak, Prime Minister of Malaysia
• Maldives Mohamed Nasheed, President of Maldives
• Malta Tonio Borg, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Malta
• Mauritius Navinchandra Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauritius
• Mozambique Armando Guebuza, President of Mozambique
• Namibia Hifikepunye Pohamba, President of Namibia
• Nauru Marcus Stephen, President of Nauru
• New Zealand Murray McCully, Minister of Foreign Affairs of New Zealand
• Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan, President of Nigeria
• Pakistan Yusuf Raza Gilani, Prime Minister of Pakistan
• Papua New Guinea Peter O'Neill, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
• Rwanda Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda
• Saint Kitts and Nevis Denzil Douglas, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis
• Saint Lucia June Soomer, Special Envoy of Saint Lucia
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Cenio Lewis, High Commissioner of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to the United Kingdom
• Samoa Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi, Prime Minister of Samoa
• Seychelles James Alix Michel, President of Seychelles
• Sierra Leone Ernest Bai Koroma, President of Sierra Leone
• Singapore Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore
• Solomon Islands Peter Shannel Agovaka, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Solomon Islands
• South Africa Jacob Zuma, President of South Africa
• Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa, President of Sri Lanka
• Swaziland Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, Prime Minister of Swaziland
• Tanzania Jakaya Kikwete, President of Tanzania
• Tonga Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō, Prime Minister of Tonga
• Trinidad and Tobago Kamla Persad-Bissessar, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
• Tuvalu Willy Telavi, Prime Minister of Tuvalu
• Uganda Edward Ssekandi, Vice President of Uganda
• United Kingdom David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
• Vanuatu Sato Kilman, Prime Minister of Vanuatu
• Zambia Guy Scott, Vice President of Zambia

Discussions

David Cameron announced his proposals to reform the rules governing the royal succession. Also discussed were topics on how the Commonwealth should celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.

The summit considered a report by an Eminent Persons Group panel, appointed at the last CHOGM. The panel suggested the Commonwealth's relevance was lost and was further decaying due to the lack of a mechanism to censure member countries when they violated human rights or democratic norms.

Outcome

The other Commonwealth realm prime ministers agreed to British Prime Minister David Cameron's proposal that the rules for the royal succession be reformed. The reforms need to be approved by parliaments of all 16 realms. New Zealand was chosen to chair a working group to consider the best way of accomplishing this reform in all the countries concerned.

The summit failed to reach an agreement to endorse or even publish the Eminent Persons Group report; the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada urged the publication of the report but were opposed by India, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, South Africa and Namibia. The EPG had been commissioned at the 2009 CHOGM to make proposals for modernisation and reforms. The failure to release the report, or accept its recommendations for reforms in the area of human rights, democracy and the rule of law was decried as a "disgrace" by former British Foreign Secretary Sir Malcolm Rifkind, a member of the EPG, who told a press conference: "The Commonwealth faces a very significant problem. It's not a problem of hostility or antagonism, it's more of a problem of indifference. Its purpose is being questioned, its relevance is being questioned and part of that is because its commitment to enforce the values for which it stands is becoming ambiguous in the eyes of many member states. The Commonwealth is not a private club of the governments or the secretariat. It belongs to the people of the Commonwealth."

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, former prime minister of Malaysia and chair of the EPG, warned "this CHOGM is expected to deliver meaningful reforms of the Commonwealth. If this CHOGM does not deliver such reforms, it is our duty to sound the caution to you that this CHOGM will be remembered not as the triumph it should be, but as a failure."

On the summit's final day it was agreed to develop a charter of values for the Commonwealth as "one clear, powerful statement" without any agreement about enforcement. Two-thirds of the EPG's 106 recommendations were referred to study groups, an act described by one EPG member as having them "kicked into the long grass." There was, however, still no agreement to create the recommended position of human rights commissioner, instead a ministerial management group was empowered with enforcement. The summit chair, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard, hailed the decision to develop the charter of values and adopt new rules for the ministerial management body as "major decisions" and "significant reforms." The Charter of the Commonwealth was subsequently adopted on 19 December 2012 and was officially signed by Queen Elizabeth II at Marlborough House, London, on the Commonwealth Day on 11 March 2013.

Controversies

Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh skipped the summit in protest against Australia's refusal to sell India uranium as it had not signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. Instead, the ceremonial vice-president, Hamid Ansari, led the Indian delegation. When reports suggested that the Commonwealth Secretariat had refused to grant Ansari head of government status and attendant protocol honours, Foreign Secretary Ranjan Mathai said that: "In our system, the vice president holds a position of great importance. He is second in the warrant of precedence." India also claimed that Singh's calendar was full, but the Commonwealth was not being snubbed as it was still relevant. Australia later denied that Singh's pull out from the summit was over its refusal to sell uranium.

Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper walked out of the summit during its last day when Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa was invited to speak. He also had threatened to boycott the 2013 CHOGM summit, scheduled to be held in Sri Lanka, if allegations of human rights abuses against the country's Tamil minority were not investigated.

In response to a suggestion by the British Prime Minister David Cameron that the United Kingdom would cut off aid to any country that failed to recognise LGBT rights, President of Ghana John Atta Mills pledged to never support or initiate any attempt to legalise homosexuality in his country and decried attempts by one country to dictate the societal norms of another state.

References

References

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