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2011 census of India

15th Indian census

Field	Value
name	15th census of India
logo_caption	Our Census, Our Future
image	The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Dr. C. Chandramouli and Additional Registrar General, India, Shri RC Sethi presenting the Report of Census-2011 to the President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil.jpg
image_caption	President of India Pratibha Patil receiving the 2011 census report from the Census Commissioner C. Chandramouli
country	India
date	9 to 28 February 2011
population	1,210,854,977
percent_change	17.70%
region_type	state
most_populous
least_populous
additional_label1	Densest state
additional_data1	Bihar (1102 per km²)
additional_label2	Least dense state
additional_data2	Arunachal Pradesh (17 per km²)
previous_census	2001 census of India
previous_year	2001
next_census	2025 census of India
next_year	2027
authority	RGCCI
website

Postage stamp dedicated to the 2011 census of India

The 2011 census of India or the 15th Indian census was conducted in two phases, house listing and population enumeration. The House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved the collection of information about all buildings. Information for National Population Register (NPR) was also collected in the first phase, which will be used to issue a 12-digit unique identification number to all registered Indian residents by Unique Identification Authority of India. The second population enumeration phase was conducted between 9 and 28 February 2011. Census has been conducted in India since 1872 and 2011 marks the first time biometric information was collected. According to the provisional reports released on 31 March 2011, the Indian population increased to 1.21 billion with a decadal growth of 17.70%. Adult literacy rate increased to 74.04% with a decadal growth of 9.21%. The motto of the census was Our Census, Our Future.

Spread across 28 states and 8 union territories, the census covered 640 districts, 5,924 sub-districts, 7,935 towns and more than 600,000 villages. A total of 2.7 million officials visited households in 7,935 towns and 600,000 villages, classifying the population according to gender, religion, education and occupation. The cost of the exercise was approximately – this comes to less than per person, well below the estimated world average of per person.

Information on castes was included in the census following demands from several ruling coalition leaders including Lalu Prasad Yadav, and Mulayam Singh Yadav supported by opposition parties Bharatiya Janata Party, Shiromani Akali Dal, Shiv Sena and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Information on caste was last collected during the British Raj in 1931. During the early census, people often exaggerated their caste status to garner social status and it is expected that people downgrade it now in the expectation of gaining government benefits. Earlier, there was speculation that there would be a caste-based census conducted in 2011, the first time in 80 years (last was in 1931), to find the exact population of the "Other Backward Classes" (OBCs) in India. This was later accepted and the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 was conducted whose first findings were revealed on 3 July 2015 by Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley. Mandal Commission report of 1980 quoted OBC population at 52%, though National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) survey of 2006 quoted OBC population at 41%.

There is only one other instance of a caste count in post-independence India. It was conducted in Kerala in 1968 by the Government of Kerala under E. M. S. Namboodiripad to assess the social and economic backwardness of various lower castes. The census was termed Socio-Economic Survey of 1968 and the results were published in the Gazetteer of Kerala, 1971.

History

C. Chandramouli IAS was the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India for the 2011 Indian census. Census data was collected in 16 languages and the training manual was prepared in 18 languages. In 2011, India and Bangladesh also conducted their first-ever joint census of areas along their border. The census was conducted in two phases. The first, the house-listing phase, began on 1 April 2010 and involved collection of data about all the buildings and census houses. Information for the National Population Register was also collected in the first phase. The second, the population enumeration phase, was conducted from 9 – 28 February 2011 all over the country. The eradication of epidemics, the availability of more effective medicines for the treatment of various types of diseases and the improvement in the standard of living were the main reasons for the high decadal growth of population in India.

Information

House-listings

The House-listing schedule contained 35 questions.

Building number / Census house number
Predominant material of floor, wall and roof of the census house
Ascertain use of actual house
Condition of the census house
Household number
Total number of persons in the household
Name of the head of the household
Sex of the head
Caste status (SC or ST or others)
Ownership status of the house
Number of dwelling rooms
Number of married couples in the household
Main source of drinking water
Availability of drinking water source
Main source of lighting
Latrine within the premises
Type of latrine facility
Waste water outlet connection
Bathing facility within the premises
Availability of kitchen
Fuel used for cooking
Radio/Transistor
Television
Computer/Laptop
Telephone/Mobile phone
Bicycle
Scooter/Motor cycle/Moped
Car/Jeep/Van
Availing Banking services

Population enumeration

The Population enumeration schedule contained 30 questions.

Name of the person
Relationship to head
Sex
Date of birth and age
Current marital status
Age at marriage
Religion
Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe
Disability
Mother tongue
Other languages known
Literacy status
Status of attendance (Education)
Highest educational level attained
Working any time during last year
Category of economic activity
Occupation
Nature of industry
Trade or service
Class of worker
Non economic activity
Seeking or available for work
Travel to place of work
Birthplace
Place of last residence
Reason for migration
Duration of stay in the place of migration
Children surviving
Children ever born
Number of children born alive during last one year

National Population Register

The National Population Register household schedule contained 9 questions.

Name of the person and resident status
Name of the person as should appear in the population register
Relationship to head
Gender
Date of birth
Marital status
Educational qualification
Occupation/Activity
Names of father, mother and spouse

Once the information was collected and digitised, fingerprints were taken and photos collected. Unique Identification Authority of India was to issue a 12-digit identification number to all individuals and the first ID have been issued in 2011.

Census report

Decadal growth of Indian population (1901–2011).

2011 census density map of India, by state and UT.

Provisional data from the census was released on 31 March 2011 (and was updated on 20 May 2013). Transgender population was counted in population census in India for the first time in 2011. The overall sex ratio of the population is 943 females for every 1,000 males in 2011. The official count of the third gender in India is 490,000

Child sex ratio (0–6 age group)	per 1000 males	919 females

Population

The population of India as per 2011 census was . India added 181.5 million to its population since 2001, slightly lower than the population of Brazil. India, with 2.4% of the world's surface area, accounts for 17.5% of its population. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state with roughly 200 million people. Over half the population resided in the six most populous states of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Of the 1.21 billion Indians, 833 million (68.84%) live in rural areas while 377 million stay in urban areas. 453.6 million people in India are migrants, which is 37.8% of total population.

India is home to many religions such as Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism, while also being home to several indigenous faiths and tribal religions which have been practiced alongside major religions for centuries. According to the 2011 census, the total number of households in India is 248.8 million. Of which 202.4 million are Hindu, 31.2 million are Muslim, 6.3 million are Christian, 4.1 million are Sikh, and 1.9 million are Jain. According to 2011 census, there are around 3.01 million places of worship in India.

State /
Union Territory (UT)	Capital	Type	Population	Males	Females	Sex
Ratio
Literacy
rate (%)	Population	Area
(km2)	Density
(1/km2)	Decadal
Growth%
(2001–11)	number	url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Provisional_Population_Total_link/PDF_Links/chapter3.pdf	title=Ranking of States and Union territories by population size: 1991 and 2001	work=Government of India (2001)	publisher=Census of India	pages=5–6	access-date=12 December 2008	archive-date=2 January 2014	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192159/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Provisional_Population_Total_link/PDF_Links/chapter3.pdf	url-status=live}}	url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/prov_results_paper2_india.html	title=Provisional Population Totals	work=Government of India (2011)	publisher=Census of India	access-date=23 July 2011	archive-date=13 November 2013	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113152711/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/prov_results_paper2_india.html	url-status=live}}	Urban	India	1,210,854,977	623,724,248	586,469,174	943	833,087,662	377,105,760	3,287,240	382	17.64%
Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow	State	199,812,341		104,480,510	95,331,831	912		155,111,022	44,470,455	240,928	828	20.1%
Maharashtra	Mumbai	State	112,374,333		58,243,056	54,131,277	929		61,545,441	50,827,531	307,713	365	16.0%
Bihar	Patna	State	104,099,452		54,278,157	49,821,295	918		92,075,028	11,729,609	94,163	1,102	25.1%
West Bengal	Kolkata	State	91,276,115		46,809,027	44,467,088	950		62,213,676	29,134,060	88,752	1,030	13.9%
Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad	State	84,580,777		42,442,146	42,138,631	993		56,361,702	28,219,075	275,045	308	10.98%
Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	State	72,626,809		37,612,306	35,014,503	931		52,537,899	20,059,666	308,245	236	20.3%
Tamil Nadu	Chennai	State	72,147,030		36,137,975	36,009,055	996		37,189,229	34,949,729	130,058	555	15.6%
Rajasthan	Jaipur	State	68,548,437		35,550,997	32,997,440	928		51,540,236	17,080,776	342,239	201	21.4%
Karnataka	Bengaluru	State	61,095,297		30,966,657	30,128,640	973		37,552,529	23,578,175	191,791	319	15.7%
Gujarat	Gandhinagar	State	60,439,692		31,491,260	28,948,432	919		34,670,817	25,712,811	196,024	308	19.2%
Odisha	Bhubaneshwar	State	41,974,218		21,212,136	20,762,082	979		34,951,234	6,996,124	155,707	269	14.0%
Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram	State	33,406,061		16,027,412	17,378,649	1,084		17,445,506	15,932,171	38,863	859	4.9%
Jharkhand	Ranchi	State	32,988,134		16,930,315	16,057,819	948		25,036,946	7,929,292	79,714	414	22.3%
Assam	Dispur	State	31,205,576		15,939,443	15,266,133	958		26,780,526	4,388,756	78,438	397	16.9%
Punjab	Chandigarh	State	27,743,338		14,639,465	13,103,873	895		17,316,800	10,387,436	50,362	550	13.7%
Chhattisgarh	Raipur	State	25,545,198		12,832,895	12,712,303	991		19,603,658	5,936,538	135,191	189	22.6%
Haryana	Chandigarh	State	25,351,462		13,494,734	11,856,728	879		16,531,493	8,821,588	44,212	573	19.9%
Delhi	Delhi	UT	16,787,941		8,887,326	7,800,615	868		944,727	12,905,780	1,484	11,297	21%
Jammu and Kashmir	Jammu(winter)
Srinagar(summer)	State	12,541,302		6,640,662	5,900,640	889		9,134,820	3,414,106	222,236	56	23.7%
Uttarakhand	Dehradun	State	10,086,292		5,137,773	4,948,519	963		7,025,583	3,091,169	53,483	189	19.2%
Himachal Pradesh	Shimla	State	6,864,602		3,481,873	3,382,729	972		6,167,805	688,704	55,673	123	12.8%
Tripura	Agartala	State	3,673,917		1,874,376	1,799,541	960		2,710,051	960,981	10,486	350	14.7%
Meghalaya	Shillong	State	2,966,889		1,491,832	1,475,057	989		2,368,971	595,036	22,429	132	27.8%
Manipur	Imphal	State	2,721,756		1,290,171	1,280,219	992		1,899,624	822,132	22,327	122	18.7%
Nagaland	Kohima	State	1,978,502		1,024,649	953,853	931		1,406,861	573,741	16,579	119	−0.5%
Goa	Panaji	State	1,458,545		739,140	719,405	973		551,414	906,309	3,702	394	8.2%
Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar	State	1,383,727		713,912	669,815	938		1,069,165	313,446	83,743	17	25.9%
Puducherry	Pondicherry	UT	1,247,953		612,511	635,442	1,037		394,341	850,123	479	2,598	27.7%
Mizoram	Aizawl	State	1,097,206		555,339	541,867	976		529,037	561,997	21,081	52	22.8%
Chandigarh	Chandigarh	UT	1,055,450		580,663	474,787	818		29,004	1,025,682	114	9,252	17.1%
Sikkim	Gangtok	State	610,577		323,070	287,507	890		455,962	151,726	7,096	86	12.4%
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Port Blair	UT	380,581		202,871	177,710	876		244,411	135,533	8,249	46	6.7%
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	Silvassa	UT	343,709		193,760	149,949	774		183,024	159,829	491	698	55.5%
Daman and Diu	Daman	UT	243,247		150,301	92,946	618		60,331	182,580	112	2,169	53.5%
Lakshadweep	Kavaratti	UT	64,473		33,123	31,350	946		14,121	50,308	32	2,013	6.2%

Religious demographics

The religious data on India census 2011 was released by the Government of India on 25 August 2015. Hindus are 79.8% (966.3 million) while Sikhs are 20.8 million comprising 1.72% of the population, Muslims are 14.23% (172.2 million) in India and Christians are 2.30% (28.7 million). According to the 2011 census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India. For the first time, a "No religion" category was added in the 2011 census. 2.87 million were classified as people belonging to "No Religion" in India in the 2011 census, 0.24% of India's population of 1.21 billion. Given below is the decade-by-decade religious composition of India until the 2011 census. There are six religions in India that have been awarded "National Minority" status – Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Parsis. Sunnis, Shias, Bohras, Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam in India. As per 2011 census, six major faiths – Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains make up over 99.4% of India's 1.21 billion population, while "other religions, persuasions" (ORP) count is 8.2 million. Among the ORP faiths, six faiths – 4.957 million-strong Sarnaism, 1.026 million-strong Gond, 506,000-strong Sari, Donyi-Polo (302,000) in Arunachal Pradesh, Sanamahism (222,000) in Manipur, Khasi (138,000) in Meghalaya dominate. Maharashtra is having the highest number of non-religious in the country with 9,652 such people, followed by Kerala.

Year	Hindus	Muslims	Christians	Sikhs	Buddhists	Jains	Zoroastrians	Atheists or
other religion
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
%±	5.12%	45.21%	3.04%	3.91%	5.41%	19.56%	61.53%	12.51%

Language demographics

Main article: Languages of India

The 2011 Census of India reported 121 languages having over 10,000 speakers, constituting 1.20billion (~99%) of the population, consolidated from 1,369 classified and 1,474 unclassified forms out of 19,569 raw mother tongue entries recorded from respondents. Out of 121 languages, 22 languages designated as scheduled language of India, which spoken by 96.71 percent of population as mother tongue. The language data was released on 26 June 2018. As per census, 57.1% of Indian population know Hindi, in which 43.63% of Indian people have declared Hindi as their native language or mother tongue. However, the census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "Hindi languages" which is widely spoken language in northern parts of India. Hindi is the fastest growing language of India, followed by Kashmiri in the second place, with Meitei (officially called Manipuri) as well as Gujarati, in the third place, and Bengali in the fourth place, according to the 2011 census of India.

The 2011 census report on bilingualism and trilingualism, which provides data on the two languages in order of preference in which a person is proficient other than the mother tongue, was released in September 2018. The number of bilingual speakers in India is 314.9 million, which is 26% of the population in 2011. 7% of Indian population is trilingual. Hindi, Bengali speakers are India's least multilingual groups.

Language	First language
speakers	Second language
speakers	Third language
speakers	Total speakers	url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf	title=Comparative Speakers'strength of Scheduled Languages - 1971, 1981, 1991,2001 and 2011	work=Census of India 2011 - Paper 1 of 2018 - Language - India, States and Union Territories (Table C-16)	publisher=Census of India	access-date=27 June 2018	archive-date=27 June 2018	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627064326/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf	url-status=live}}	% of total pop.	url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-languagesintersect-in-india/story-g3nzNwFppYV7XvCumRzlYL.html	title=How languages intersect in India	work=Hindustan Times	date=22 November 2018	first1=Vijdan Mohammad	last1=Kawoosa	access-date=26 November 2018	archive-date=22 November 2018	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122091352/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-languagesintersect-in-india/story-g3nzNwFppYV7XvCumRzlYL.html	url-status=live }}	% of total pop.
Hindi	528,347,193		139,207,180	24,000,000	692,000,000
English	259,678		83,125,221	46,000,000	129,000,000
Bengali	97,237,669		9,037,222	1,000,000	107,000,000
Marathi	83,026,680		13,000,000	3,000,000	99,000,000
Telugu	81,127,740		12,000,000	1,000,000	95,000,000
Tamil	69,026,881		7,000,000	1,000,000	77,000,000
Gujarati	55,492,554		4,000,000	1,000,000	60,000,000
Urdu	50,772,631		11,000,000	1,000,000	63,000,000
Kannada	43,706,512		14,000,000	1,000,000	59,000,000
Odia	37,521,324		5,000,000	390,000	43,000,000
Malayalam	34,838,819		500,000	210,000	36,000,000
Punjabi	33,124,726		2,230,000	720,000	36,600,000
Maithili	13,063,042		400,000	130,000	13,583,464
Sanskrit	24,821	{{percentage bar	width=80	0.01		1,230,000	1,960,000	3,190,000

Literacy

Any individual above age seven who can read and write in any language with an ability to understand was considered literate. In censuses before 1991, children below the age five were treated as illiterates. The literacy rate taking the entire population into account is termed as "crude literacy rate", and taking the population from age seven and above into account is termed as "effective literacy rate". Effective literacy rate increased to a total of 74.04% with 82.14% of the males and 65.46% of the females being literate.

Effective literacy rate (1901–2011)	S.No.	Census year	Total (%)	Male (%)	Female (%)
1	1901
2	1911
3	1921
4	1931
5	1941
6	1951
7	1961
8	1971
9	1981
10	1991
11	2001
12	2011

Notes

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