2010 Sudanese general election

Background

Date

The elections were originally scheduled to be held from March to April 2009, but there were reports that they may be delayed up to six months from the latest possible date of July 2009 due to problems with the preparation of the vote. However, on 2 April 2009, the electoral commission pushed the date back to 6 February to 21 February 2010 and results were to be declared on 27 February 2010. The elections will entail: national presidential and parliamentary, the south Sudanese presidency, state governors, the southern parliament, and state assemblies. The voting will be early in the month so results may be fielded late in the month. The electoral commission released the date after the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for President Bashir on 4 March 2009.

On 11 June 2009, it was rumoured that the elections might be delayed for a short time once more. This was immediately rejected by the government. However, it was announced on 30 June 2009 that the election would be postponed until 5 April to 12 April 2010 after problems with the national census. The census results were expected early April 2009 but were not released until mid-May 2009; upon its release, the SPLM contested that Southern Sudan are a third of Sudan's total population while the census reported that they made up 21 percent of the total population. It is unknown if the Darfurian amalgamation referendum, due to take place in July 2010, will be pulled back to match the general election.

Census

A census, which was necessary for the election to be held, was initially planned to be held in July 2007, then from 15 November 2007 onwards, then delayed to be held from 2 February 2008 onwards due to funding issues. It was again postponed to 15–30 April 2008. On 12 April 2008, a few days before the census was slated to start, the SPLM withdrew from the census, stating that they wanted IDPs to return to their homes before the census would take place. However, it was agreed on 14 April 2008 to start the census on 22 April 2008 instead. It was finished by 6 May 2008 (with about 90% of the country covered by then; many people claimed, however, not to have been counted, but officials stated that in no state was the covering rate below 80%.) Preliminary results that hit the press in early July claimed a population of about 38 million, with 3.8 million in Southern Sudan. This strongly contradicted former estimates of at least 8 million residents in the south. However, the Central Bureau of Statistics quickly denied these figures, saying no numbers had yet been released. The full results of the census were announced on a press conference by Central Bureau of Statistics on 12 May 2009. The total of Sudan's population were reported as 39,154,490, with 8,260,490 in the south.

Darfur

A Sudanese official has stated that elections would be held in "99% of Darfur" and that the election would be held at a later date in those regions where it was not possible at that time.

Electoral system

The draft bill on the electoral law was being discussed in February 2008; differences remained over the proportion between FPTP seats and proportional seats, over the number of seats reserved for women, and over how many votes smaller parties would have to win in order to gain entry into parliament.

At first:

• The SPLM wants 50% proportionally elected and 50% through FPTP, and it wants women to be given 50% of the proportional seats.
• The Sudanese government wants only 40% to be proportionally elected and wants a separate list of women-only seats, of which all would be given to the list with the most votes.

Finally, the election law was passed on 8 July 2008. The law is based on a mixed electoral system, utilizing the benefits of majoritarian, proportional representation and plurality models.

In Sudan, the 450 seats of the National Assembly were elected by three methods:

• 270 seats (60%) were elected by First-past-the-post.
• 112 seats (25%) reserved for women were elected by closed list proportional representation with 4% electoral threshold.
• 68 seats (15%) unreserved were elected by the same system.

The President was elected using the two-round system; if no candidate gained a majority of the vote in the first round, a run-off would have been held, also:

• Candidates for presidential elections require 200 endorsements from 18 of Sudan's 25 states.
• Citizens have to be over 17–40 years old and without a criminal record to stand in the election.

In Southern Sudan, the 170 seats of the Legislative Assembly were elected by three methods:

• 102 seats (60%) were elected by First-past-the-post.
• 43 seats (25%) reserved for women were elected by closed list proportional representation with 4% electoral threshold.
• 25 seats (15%) unreserved were elected by the same system.

The border constituency report was completed by the National Elections Committee in November 2009. Some state politicians have appealed the report and their concerns have been printed in a report published on the National Elections Committee website. Despite these objections, it is likely that the constituency borders will remain. An explanation of the boundary complaints were delineated in a 71-page report by the Rift Valley Institute in 2010.

Candidates

SPLM leader Salva Kiir Mayardit has stated he will contest the presidential election. He will also be supported by the former eastern rebels from the Beja Congress, to increase the chances of unseating Omar al-Bashir, who has held power since 1989.

69 parties registered for the election.

Opposition parties including the SPLM considered nominating Sadiq al-Mahdi, who was prime minister from 1986 to 1989, as their presidential candidate. Yasir Arman was the SPLM candidate, but the SPLM withdrew from the presidential election, citing fears of fraud.

The university professor Abdullah Ali Ibrahim planned to run as an independent presidential candidate. Islamist opposition leader Hassan al-Turabi announced on 2 January 2010 that his party, the Popular Congress Party, had designated its deputy leader, Abdallah Deng Nhial, as its presidential candidate. One of the renowned female politicians, professor Fatima Abdel Mahmoud, was nominated by the Sudanese Socialist Democratic Union party which she leads, as their candidate for the presidency.

Controversies

There were numerous accusations of irregularities which forced the election to be extended by two additional days for a total of four days. On the last day of the elections the head of the ruling party in the south said: "Three days ago at night some southern army soldiers came to the home of the president of the National Congress Party (NCP) in Raja, and killed him and eight other members of the NCP." He claimed it was because of anger that people had voted for the ruling party. The Sudan People's Liberation Movement denied responsibility while having claimed repression.

A video was posted on YouTube which apparently shows election officials in uniform and a child filling out voting strips and stuffing them into ballot boxes, with one saying that he was glad the voting period had been extended for them to finish their work. The clip, which has not been independently verified, is claimed by Sudanese opposition activists as proof to their claims of poll rigging. The National Elections Commission (NEC) however, dismissed it as a fake and refused to investigate it. Even after the result was announced, the opposition claims that there was "massive rigging", and is thinking to challenge the result in the courts.

Issues of manipulation of the electoral districts have also been a problem and were detailed in a report by the Rift Valley Institute in April 2010.

Results

In 16 state constituencies and 17 national constituencies (18 and 15 according to other sources), a repoll was ordered (to be held within 60 days); the results in the other constituencies will be announced on 20 April 2010. 27 MPs (five national, four in the Southern Sudanese Legislative Assembly, and 18 for state assemblies) were elected by default, as they had no opponent in the election.

The National Assembly results were announced on May 20, in which the NCP won 73% of the seats, while the SPLM won 22% of the seats. The remaining five percent was won by the smaller opposition parties.

On 26 April, President Omar al-Bashir's National Congress Party was officially declared the winner after Sudan's election commission announced he received 68% of the votes.

While no full parliamentary election results are available, the NCP won 324 of the 450 seats, and the SPLM won 99 seats. 27 seats went to smaller parties.

President

National Assembly

Southern Sudan

Main article: 2010 Southern Sudanese general election

President

Legislative Assembly

Conduct

Election observers from the Cordoba Initiative said the election, as a whole, could not have been called a failure. Although the group did say that "This election satisfied many purposes and was what can be expected from a country that hosts elections for the first time in such a long while." Western observers, from the EU and the Carter Centre, criticised the polls as "not meeting international standards". However, former US President Jimmy Carter made it clear the "international community" would recognise the winners.

References

References

1. [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article34734 BREAKING NEWS: Sudan election board extends voting period for two days] {{Webarchive. link. (2019-06-06 [[Sudan Tribune]]. 12 April 2010)
2. "IFES Election Guide – Country Profile: Sudan – Elections". Electionguide.org.
3. [http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=88167 SUDAN: Elections in a volatile climate] IRIN Africa. 19 February 2010
4. (2010-04-27). "Elections In Sudan: President Al-Bashir Re-elected". [[Bernama]].
5. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7610670.stm Sudan election 'could be delayed'] [[BBC News]]. 11 September 2008
6. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7980032.stm Sudan elections put back to 2010] BBC News. 2 April 2009
7. [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31460 Sudan may delay 2010 elections] Sudan Tribune. 10 June 2009
8. [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31471 Sudan dismisses new delay of general elections] Sudan Tribune. 12 June 2009
9. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8127562.stm Sudan delays presidential ballot] BBC News. 30 June 2009
10. (2009-05-21). "Sudan announces details of contested census results". Sudan Tribune.
11. (2 September 2007). "Funds row delays key Sudan census". BBC News.
12. (11 December 2007). "Sudan's census delayed to April 2008". Sudan Tribune.
13. (2008-05-14). "Democracy: A Key to Peace In Sudan | Enough". [[Enough Project]].
14. "Sudan census delayed till year end raising doubt on 2009 elections". Sudan Tribune.
15. (12 April 2008). "BREAKING NEWS: Sudan president and SPLM chairman resolve census row". Sudan Tribune.
16. (7 May 2008). "Sudan says 90 percent covered on last day of census". Sudan Tribune.
17. (11 July 2008). "Sudan preliminary census results released – report". Sudan Tribune.
18. (21 February 2008). "Sudanese official says elections will be conducted in all of Darfur". Sudan Tribune.
19. (10 February 2008). "Sudan parties close to election bill deal". Sudan Tribune.
20. (26 February 2008). "SPLM slams NCP over possible adoption of Sudan elections law". Sudan Tribune.
21. (8 July 2008). "Sudan signs crucial election law". BBC News.
22. (May 24, 2010). "Elections and the Probability of Violence in Sudan". [[Harvard International Law Journal]].
23. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115944/http://nec.org.sd/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/09/NEC-preliminary-report-2010-elections.pdf] National Electoral Commission
24. [http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2145/ Election for President] IFES
25. (2009-12-19). "Making Sense of Sudan » Blog Archive » Sudan's Census and the National Assembly Elections". [[Social Science Research Council]].
26. Marc Gustafson. (2010). "Electoral Designs". Rift Valley Institute.
27. (30 July 2008). "SPLM Kiir to run for president in Sudan 2009 elections". Sudan Tribune.
28. (August 2008). "Eastern Sudan Beja, SPLM discuss electoral alliance". Sudan Tribune.
29. (15 June 2009). "Sudan says 69 parties registered for elections - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". Sudan Tribune.
30. (19 December 2009). "SPLM, opposition parties may nominate Sudan ex-PM as presidential candidate - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". Sudan Tribune.
31. (2010-03-16). "Sudan Electoral Commission Advisor Says Upcoming Vote Will be Credible | Africa". [[Voice of America]].
32. (2010-03-31). "Yassir Arman quits Sudan presidential poll". BBC News.
33. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140226121833/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iD0kG93NpUZNO0mTXWBJu2xB9dwA "Sudan Islamists name presidential candidate"], AFP, January 2, 2010.
34. link. (2011-02-08 Sudan Votes)
35. [http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/04/2010415883436865.html Sudan 'poll shooting' kills nine] [[Al Jazeera English]]
36. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8633162.stm Sudan opposition claims video shows election fraud] BBC News. 20 April 2010
37. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8647249.stm Southern Sudan opposition leader contests poll result] BBC News. 27 April 2010
38. [http://www.riftvalley.net/resources/file/Electoral%20Designs%20-%20Report%20on%20elections%20in%20Sudan.pdf Electoral Designs] {{Webarchive. link. (2014-04-26 Rift Valley Institute. 25 May 2010)
39. [http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/6953380.html Polling process of Sudan elections ends, ballot count to begin] [[People's Daily Online]]
40. [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article34785 27 MPs declared winners by default in Sudan elections] {{Webarchive. link. (2019-10-26 Sudan Tribune)
41. [http://blogs.ssrc.org/sudan/2010/05/26/analysis-of-national-assembly/comment-page-1/#comment-7802 Election Results of the National Assembly] {{Webarchive. link. (2011-05-29 SSRC Making Sense of Sudan)
42. (2010-04-26). "President Omar al-Bashir declared winner of Sudan poll". BBC News.
43. (2010-04-26). "Sudan's al-Bashir wins landmark presidential poll". France 24.
44. [http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/sudanelection/2010/04/201041863127155974.html Sudan poll given a thumbs up Sudan poll given a thumbs up] Al Jazeera English
45. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8645661.stm Dream election result for Sudan's President Bashir] BBC News. 27 April 2010