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2010 Myanmar general election

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FieldValue
countryMyanmar
typeparliamentary
previous_election1990 Myanmar general election
previous_year1990
next_election2015 Myanmar general election
next_year2015
seats_for_election330 of the 440 seats in the Pyithu Hluttaw
221 seats needed for a majority
168 of the 224 seats in the Amyotha Hluttaw
majority_seats113
election_date7 November 2010
image_size130x130px
image1TheinSeinASEAN.jpg
leader1Thein Sein
party1Union Solidarity and Development Party
leaders_seat1Zabuthiri (Pyithu)
seats1**259 P / 129 A**
image2**SNDP**
leader2Sai Ai Pao
party2Shan Nationalities Democratic Party
leaders_seat2*Did not stand*
seats2**18 P / 3 A**
image3**NUP**
leader3Tun Yi
party3National Unity Party (Myanmar)
leaders_seat3*Did not stand*
seats3**12 P / 5 A**
image4File:Dr. Aye Maung.jpg
leader4Aye Maung
party4Rakhine Nationalities Development Party
leaders_seat4*Did not stand*
seats4**9 P / 7 A**
image5**NDF**
leader5Khin Maung Swe
party5National Democratic Force
leaders_seat5*Did not stand*
seats5**8 P / 4 A**
titlePrime Minister
posttitleElected President
before_electionThein Sein
before_partyUnion Solidarity and Development Party
after_electionThein Sein
after_partyUnion Solidarity and Development Party
map[[File:05-Sector Map Gov IFES Political Party Result of Pyithu Hluttaw-2010 MIMU1248v03 26Jan2016 A3.pdf100px]][[File:07-Sector Map Gov IFES Political Party Result of Amyotha Hluttaw-2010 MIMU1248v03 26Jan2016 A3.pdf100px]]
map_captionResults of the election in the Pyithu Hluttaw and Amyotha Hluttaw. Includes by-elections up to December 2014.

221 seats needed for a majority 168 of the 224 seats in the Amyotha Hluttaw

General elections were held in Myanmar on 7 November 2010, in accordance with the new constitution, which was approved in a referendum held in May 2008. The election date was announced by the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) on 13 August.

The elections were the fifth step of the seven-step "roadmap to democracy" proposed by the SPDC in 2003, the sixth and seventh steps being the convening of elected representatives and the building of a modern, democratic nation, respectively. However, the National League for Democracy boycotted the elections. The result was a sweeping victory for the Union Solidarity and Development Party, which won nearly 80% of seats contested across both houses. The United Nations expressed concern about the fairness of the elections, and western countries dismissed them as fraudulent.

Due to the strict separation of powers in the constitution, members elected to the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw were automatically disqualified from their seats if they accepted appointment to an executive or judicial body. As a result, many elected members elected were quickly disqualified from their seats after accepting appointment to bodies such as the Cabinet of Myanmar. By-elections to fill 48 vacancies left by such appointments as well as by resignations and deaths were held in April 2012.

Background

Going into the elections, a debate emerged around whether Aung San Suu Kyi would be disqualified from contesting the elections under Article 59F of the new constitution, which banned from the Presidency any person whose spouse or children are foreign citizens. The United Nations, members of ASEAN, and Western nations, however, insisted that the elections would not be credible without the participation of Suu Kyi.

The National League for Democracy (NLD) had set a number of conditions for participating in the poll, including changes to the constitution to reduce the army's influence, international supervision for free and fair polls, and freeing all political prisoners including Suu Kyi. Senior General Than Shwe, leader of the ruling military junta, has pledged to release political prisoners in an amnesty before the election, though he has not stated when this would occur. On 11 August 2009, Suu Kyi was sentenced to imprisonment for three years with hard labour over a trespass incident. This sentence was commuted by the military rulers to further house arrest of eighteen months. The NLD later announced they would not take part in the election due to the election laws.

Key ministries including justice, defence and the interior will remain under the control of the military and under the 2008 constitution, a quarter of the 440 parliament seats will be reserved for the military officials. People holding military positions are not permitted to contest the election; as such, 20 members of the junta, including Prime Minister Thein Sein, retired from their posts to participate in the election.

New election laws

The first of five election laws was announced in March 2010, concerning the creation of an election commission. The Union Election Commission Law states that the military government will appoint all members of the commission and have the final say over the election results. Members of the commission must be "an eminent person, to have integrity and experience, to be loyal to the state and its citizens". A 17-member election commission was later named, headed by a former military officer.

The second law bans anyone currently serving a prison term from belonging to a political party, and therefore over 2,000 political prisoners will not be able to participate, possibly including Aung San Suu Kyi (depending on whether her house arrest is deemed to fall under the definition of "serving a prison term"). The Political Parties Registration Law also bars members of religious orders, members of insurgent groups 'as defined by the state' and foreigners from joining political parties. This separation of Buddhism and politics is a long-standing feature of Myanmar politics, dating back to before independence, and was incorporated in the 1947 independence Constitution at the request of the monkhood.

The other laws stipulate that anyone currently serving a prison term is barred from running or voting in the elections for the upper and lower houses. A 224-member House of Nationalities will have 168 elected candidates and 56 nominated by the military chief, while the 440-member House of Representatives will have 330 elected civilians and 110 military representatives.

The new laws have been described as a "farce" by the Philippines and a "mockery" by the United States.

Political parties

Parties are required to have at least 1,000 members to participate in the election and had to register by 6 June. 40 parties have been approved by the Electoral Commission to contest the elections, some of which are linked to ethnic minorities.

The National League for Democracy, which overwhelmingly won the previous 1990 elections but were never allowed to take power, and the party's participation is restricted in this elections, decided not to participate. Nonetheless, some senior members have formed the National Democratic Force to contest the elections, claiming that a boycott would play into the hands of the government.

The government has established the Union Solidarity and Development Party, the successor to the mass organisation Union Solidarity and Development Association, which claims to have around half the population as members. The National Unity Party, which contested the 1990 election as the main pro-government party and won 10 seats, has also registered to run. Reuters estimates that six parties in total are allied to the government.

The new Democratic Party, established by Mya Than Than Nu, the daughter of former Prime Minister of Myanmar, U Nu and Nay Ye Ba Swe, the daughter of former Prime Minister Ba Swe, is aiming to take part in the election. Mya Than Than Nu will run as General Secretary of the party. Media coverage of the party has been banned by the military government.

Another new party is being formed comprising members of a ceasefire group and a party that won seats in the 1990 elections. Five former members of the New Mon State Party (NMSP) and five members of Mon National Democratic Front (MNDF) together with five other Mon elites, who make up the new party, founded a 15-member committee and later announced that they are not going to participate in the upcoming election.

The Shan Nationalities League for Democracy, a Shan political party that came second in the 1990 election, is participating in the election as the Shan Nationalities Democratic Party.

The SPDC has not answered opposition calls to amend the 2008 constitution or state clearly how the electoral process will be managed and the terms that new political parties can organise. In a speech to military retirees, Than Shwe said that the transition to a parliamentary system meant various parties with different opinions would appear, but he warned that the new parties should "avoid anything that leads to harming state interests".

The constituencies available for contesting are 330 civilian seats in the House of Representatives (out of 440) and 168 civilian seats in the House of Nationalities (out of 224). The remaining seats are designated for military officials and to be selected by the military chief.

During an East Asian summit in Vietnam, Foreign Minister Nyan Win confirmed Than Shwe would not be running in the election.

Contesting political parties

  1. Mro or Khami National Solidarity Organisation (MKNSO)
  2. National Unity Party (NUP)
  3. Lahu National Development Party (LNDP)
  4. Kokang Democracy and Unity Party (KDUP)
  5. Pa-O National Organisation (PNO)
  6. Democratic Party (Myanmar) (DPM)
  7. Kayan National Party (KNP)
  8. Rakhine State National Force of Myanmar (RSNF)
  9. Kayin People's Party (KPP)
  10. Wa National Unity Party (WNUP)
  11. Ta'ang National Party (TPNP)
  12. All Mon Region Democracy Party (AMRDP)
  13. Democracy and Peace Party (DPP)
  14. Shan Nationalities Democratic Party (SNDP)
  15. United Democratic Party (UnitedDP)
  16. 888 Generation Student Youths (Union of Myanmar, 8GSY)
  17. Union of Myanmar Federation of National Politics (UMNPF)
  18. National Political Alliances League (NPAL)
  19. Democratic Party for Myanmar New Society (DPMNS)
  20. Chin National Party (CNP)
  21. Wuntharnu NLD (Union of Myanmar, WNLD)
  22. Modern People Party (MPP)
  23. Union Democratic Party (UnionDP)
  24. Peace and Diversity Party (PDP)
  25. Chin Progressive Party (CPP)
  26. Inn National Progressive Party (INPP)
  27. Rakhine Nationalities Development Party (RNDP)
  28. Wa Democratic Party (WDP)
  29. Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party (PSDP)
  30. National Democratic Party for Development (NDPD)
  31. Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP)
  32. Ethnic National Development Party (ENDP)
  33. Myanmar Democracy Congress (MDC)
  34. Mro National Party (MNP)
  35. Kaman National Progressive Party (KNPP)
  36. Khami National Development Party (KNDP)
  37. National Democratic Force (NDF)
  38. Regional Development Party (Pyay, RDPP)
  39. Unity and Democracy Party of Kachin State (UDPKS)

Conduct

Cancelled elections

Due to ongoing insurgent violence, elections were cancelled in parts of Mon State (4.08% of village-tracts), Shan State (10.69%), Kayah State (11.93%), Kachin State (16.60%), and Kayin State (47.25%).

Violence

There have been concerns from aid agencies that the upcoming election could see a growing number of refugees fleeing to Thailand and China, due to alleged government repression, poverty and low-level ethnic conflict. Ceasefires between the military government and ethnic groups were also deteriorating.

In the run up to the election, there were several bomb blasts in Myanmar. A bomb attack on Myanmar New Year killed at least nine people in Yangon and injured many others, including the regional commander of the Myanma Army, while a series of explosions were reported at a hydroelectric project being jointly built by a Chinese company in the north of the country, the latter thought to be the work of anti-government groups.

International response

The United Nations has expressed concern about the fairness of the election and United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon expressed "grave concern" that Aung San Suu Kyi would not be released before the election and thus it would "lack credibility." He accused the government of being "slow and incomplete" to meet political commitments, and said it was "deeply frustrating" that the government would not hold talks with the "international community."

The Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman, Jiang Yu, commented on the election during Than Shwe's visit to China. "The international community can provide constructive help [for the elections] and refrain from any negative impact on the domestic political process of Myanmar and on regional peace and stability."

The following day, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton spoke to the US Senate Appropriations Committee Subcommittee on State and Foreign Affairs where she mentioned that the trial against Aung San Suu Kyi was allegedly "baseless charges." She also added that the government was "continuing resistance to a free and open electoral process. If they stay on the track they're on, their elections in 2010 will be totally illegitimate and without any meaning in the international community." She admitted that "We are absolutely committed to trying to come up with an approach that might influence the regime. We are going to try to do our best to influence them to see that this repressive regime is not one that we should continue to support, and hopefully get a greater international base to take action against them." She claimed to have support from other countries, "I have been heartened by the response that we have received. I have spoken to a number of the foreign secretaries of ASEAN countries, who've issued strong statements." She added that she was working to get more support in the United Nations.

UK Foreign Minister William Hague said that "holding flawed elections does not represent change."

Monitors

Myanmar barred foreign observers and the international media from the election. The election commission chief, Thein Soe, did add, however, that diplomats and representatives from UN organisations in the country would be allowed to observe the election. He justified the decision saying "We are holding the election for this country. It's not for other countries ... We will have credibility after holding the election in front of all the people."

Election day

The election was held amid tight security. Initial reports pointed to a light turnout across the country, possibly as low as 20% in some areas, and the possibility of irregularities. The Guardian reported that independent local observers were reporting "widespread voter intimidation and bribery" in the election.

Results

On 11 November, state radio announced the results for 147 constituencies in the Lower House, with the USDP winning 133. The USDP won 81 of 86 races newly announced for the Amyotha Hluttaw. The new and previously announced results show the USDP gained majorities in both houses of parliament: 190 out of the 219 (86%) seats announced for the 330-seat lower house, and 95 out of 107 (88%) seats announced for the 168-seat Amyotha Hluttaw.

The Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) won 80% of the seats that were up for election. The two largest opposition parties, the National Democratic Front and the Democratic Party conceded defeat; however, along with four other opposition parties, filed formal complaints about fraud with the election commission.

The final results were announced by the Myanmar Union Election Commission on 17 November 2010. Detailed results in English are available.

Amyotha Hluttaw

168 of the 224 seats in the Amyotha Hluttaw were up for election. The remaining 56 seats (25%) were not elected, and instead reserved for military appointees (taken from Tatmadaw personnel; officially known as "Army Representatives").

By constituencies

ConstituencyUSDPNUPNDFSNDPRNDPUMFNP[88GSY](88-generation-student-youths)DPAMRDPNDPDCPPPSDPINDPUDPKSKPPMPPTNPCNPNPAKDUPUDPWDPKNPKMNDPPDPMKNSOUDPRSNUPENDPPDPKSDDPNDPPKNPPWNUPPNOIndInvalidElectorate
Kachin No. 128,51052,3918,357137,102
Kachin No. 29,86414,2949,8482,90751,715
Kachin No. 37,1965,26093222,573
Kachin No. 44,0476,9531,10015,502
Kachin No. 516,1728,4198,5502,28163,614
Kachin No. 615,1766,4379,2421,94554,783
Kachin No. 731,54913,0562,08172,132
Kachin No. 837,60615,38216,400109,813
Kachin No. 913,8808,3234,2225,70258,897
Kachin No. 1015,25013,0012,83945,268
Kachin No. 1126,47426,0138,46172,353
Kachin No. 1219,55325,1071,09047,164
Kayah No. 123,2495,9954,12834,954
Kayah No. 220,8529,2315,19636,706
Kayah No. 311,6621,3871,65678017,656
Kayah No. 415,2551,1513,0201,25421,190
Kayah No. 53,3601,641715,072
Kayah No. 64,25091865,174
Kayah No. 713571143
Kayah No. 81,387220731,680
Kayah No. 94,6164212245,564
Kayah No. 103,3532051533,736
Kayah No. 113,003832033,564
Kayah No. 122,5472911453,127
Karen No. 120,44214,12525,6873,765102,419
Karen No. 223,18112,07022,0524,78594,362
Karen No. 312,0316,50016,7052,72552,867
Karen No. 43,29013,3814,8461,07030,698
Karen No. 52,7527751444,286
Karen No. 62,3972,19747610,030
Karen No. 77,14012,3741,56931,992
Karen No. 8Unopposed
Karen No. 915,36012,9572,49644,551
Karen No. 107,3615,44010,9131,09135,432
Karen No. 11Unopposed
Karen No. 12Unopposed
Chin No. 13,8489164,7851,26915612,233
Chin No. 24,0587665,23017312,250
Chin No. 38,07212,3701,34765225,693
Chin No. 44,6501,83110,4351,44823,623
Chin No. 56,4345,1471,2414,48646522,356
Chin No. 66,1043,6801,7615,64650621,466
Chin No. 75,5791,8914,69634213,470
Chin No. 86,8823,9681,1792,3922,10765520,137
Chin No. 95,2614,9836,3856,00588425,452
Chin No. 102,8991,3102,7151,13742810,163
Chin No. 113,4692,1118,4074,3041,86823,164
Chin No. 126,0751,5652,5465,7581,3671,70823,467
Sagaing No. 1146,93446,26726,85016,368347,467
Sagaing No. 2263,95966,61519,732483,197
Sagaing No. 3212,71865,92516,224406,393
Sagaing No. 4181,38169,63122,240409,986
Sagaing No. 5239,02342,73324,67413,785402,072
Sagaing No. 673,34465,32513,820215,535
Sagaing No. 7103,99168,53720,580246,399
Sagaing No. 8102,02063,00330,69514,108287,849
Sagaing No. 922,2478,84610,4972,16856,434
Sagaing No. 1034,07235,6604,11691,135
Sagaing No. 1131,09222,48518,0805,634116,742
Sagaing No. 1239,4108,63066954,457
Tanintharyi No. 111,2096,8866,4341,60135,384
Tanintharyi No. 215,8586,7227,8651,77239,697
Tanintharyi No. 337,09818,4432,57560,942
Tanintharyi No. 424,83016,4629432,40459,108
Tanintharyi No. 516,82915,47110,8483,75654,876
Tanintharyi No. 644,03217,4103,48077,707
Tanintharyi No. 728,94321,3173,28671,701
Tanintharyi No. 8Unopposed
Tanintharyi No. 946,54110,2732,39161,723
Tanintharyi No. 10Unopposed
Tanintharyi No. 1129,12515,2066,32275,323
Tanintharyi No. 1221,13310,2532,44136,706
Bago No. 188,40640,08426,49252,200284,466
Bago No. 299,35854,93410,758216,749
Bago No. 3114,02272,00517,316264,766
Bago No. 4107,24281,52017,689282,772
Bago No. 5128,04653,02717,4318,34912,750282,350
Bago No. 696,33868,8634,566218,583
Bago No. 781,05840,8308,983167,977
Bago No. 8136,32462,50049,47520,153333,008
Bago No. 9110,25044,68748,38917,673284,618
Bago No. 1083,28857,97914,740206,381
Bago No. 1192,77150,95336,15617,429250,936
Bago No. 1297,47745,60440,5749,342251,561
Magway No. 198,80811,40315,9688,9684,146181,281
Magway No. 2103,78830,89739,4338,557252,453
Magway No. 3111,50039,78832,8339,428254,808
Magway No. 479,14227,39621,8013,6722,8265,613173,293
Magway No. 5132,03852,73712,641228,625
Magway No. 6112,45564,05315,479226,330
Magway No. 7155,69374,25412,958259,495
Magway No. 8139,34457,39113,208240,022
Magway No. 9122,73456,55826,78112,968269,423
Magway No. 1096,85518,01217,8446,652166,536
Magway No. 11162,95928,05924,11511,425274,527
Magway No. 1263,90028,60929,34320,0777,225168,743
Mandalay No. 1120,41837,48282,81517,62315,944374,211
Mandalay No. 2136,33756,08994,35626,80514,00817,205492,664
Mandalay No. 3237,035131,22537,660540,637
Mandalay No. 4307,72233,68658,68010,694465,040
Mandalay No. 5221,61130,57323,66716,36212,035410,274
Mandalay No. 6235,40443,93911,253370,485
Mandalay No. 770,71121,82024,1778,568168,364
Mandalay No. 8238,39734,27817,9055,058332,350
Mandalay No. 9155,56146,65019,28412,290282,200
Mandalay No. 10307,27931,05312,46510,495394,437
Mandalay No. 11177,63927,10229,18310,390286,422
Mandalay No. 12148,59341,81636,90612,677279,201
Mon No. 121,58410,94213,9542,67567,460
Mon No. 225,32611,45111,8202,99762,466
Mon No. 320,2646,6205,22217,5557,516118,656
Mon No. 418,9846,93523,7502,82188,935
Mon No. 510,1877,81813,4394,13078,629
Mon No. 629,0185,65126,0661,853116,174
Mon No. 715,3497,03433,9636,500101,403
Mon No. 814,73516,6273,52549,222
Mon No. 919,70219,1773,29161,222
Mon No. 1024,89723,53321,3461,32793,179
Mon No. 1127,30221,3211,9273,98284,520
Mon No. 1225,60023,5525,27490,083
Rakhine No. 121,7572,89640,16424,5833,96911,117119,454
Rakhine No. 216,3507,65745,0026,7692,7576,58299,106
Rakhine No. 312,7579,71841,05714,9789,9953,7942,987105,145
Rakhine No. 416,7428,99929,8067,61270,332
Rakhine No. 522,28210,45844,73610,704112,859
Rakhine No. 626,66114,14957,4053,7105,401131,245
Rakhine No. 772,1772,07938,699981128,187
Rakhine No. 864,56430,8871,39615,350129,195
Rakhine No. 948,12044,12610,9222,74025,64017,342154,703
Rakhine No. 1024,63913,65328,6483,068107,197
Rakhine No. 1162,6107,75217,0245,180115,400
Rakhine No. 1254,06743,89410,922170,261
Yangon No. 1106,07430,406114,5485,72812,27816,169426,890
Yangon No. 2122,08637,32990,33327,26518,425438,638
Yangon No. 386,71317,90692,33811,53512,902325,531
Yangon No. 478,71420,34483,55827,35411,080360,527
Yangon No. 581,95023,70969,40724,6838,225313,358
Yangon No. 670,31718,08777,54117,8157,31312,401315,478
Yangon No. 7106,06932,67827,5927,663221,768
Yangon No. 8137,62838,66985,68915,683377,620
Yangon No. 9173,20838,83015,4617,33211,787298,298
Yangon No. 10116,68251,90339,01817,4488,53213,380366,909
Yangon No. 11146,23460,02561,10168,76122,303567,584
Yangon No. 12213,44371,80544,59015,803427,894
Shan No. 1244,251103,95975,23417,80128,139568,569
Shan No. 273,58615,89794,07116,846320,691
Shan No. 381,10514,27068,12026,95016,088299,617
Shan No. 489,31841,252123,45815,695370,216
Shan No. 565,72015,36147,87637,50115,549247,688
Shan No. 655,1883,2245,84217,2302,580139,302
Shan No. 779,49414,81441,22413,486192,146
Shan No. 832,27611,92430,2216,10992,318
Shan No. 9Unopposed
Shan No. 10Unopposed
Shan No. 11Unopposed
Shan No. 1223,5421,70386129,519
Ayeyarwady No. 1123,03354,11344,84517,161302,035
Ayeyarwady No. 2124,10083,80131,29118,448303,551
Ayeyarwady No. 3134,61083,37615,810286,550
Ayeyarwady No. 4210,60456,93325,264337,273
Ayeyarwady No. 5147,40332,5419,121208,467
Ayeyarwady No. 6105,64751,28919,108213,055
Ayeyarwady No. 7197,835125,39740,90927,907477,437
Ayeyarwady No. 8175,72165,35018,50525,282332,602
Ayeyarwady No. 9119,26094,50511,421281,182
Ayeyarwady No. 10156,48545,82717,63220,714332,298
Ayeyarwady No. 11141,04760,36311,89414,40212,37720,005328,980
Ayeyarwady No. 12176,215116,29674,05936,460500,940

Pyithu Hluttaw

325 of the 440 seats in the Pyithu Hluttaw were up for election after 5 seats in Shan State were cancelled. The remaining 110 seats (25%) were not elected, and instead reserved for military appointees (taken from Tatmadaw personnel; officially known as "Army Representatives").

By constituencies

State/RegionConstituencyUSDPNUPNDFSNDPRNDPUMFNP[88GSY](88-generation-student-youths)AMRDPDPNDPDNPAPPSDPCPPKPPINDPTNPCNPMPPUDPWDPPDPKDUPKNPPDPUDPKSWNLDLNDPRSNFMKNPPDPNSWNUPMKNSOPNOIndInvalid
Kachin State1 - Myitkyina41,92016,49814,5858,6107,470
2 - Waingmaw12,65210,63610,6632,962
3 - Tanai7,2604,7345691,007
4 - Chipwi4,9573,181658
5 - Tsawlaw1,0831,037221
6 - Injangyang350507112
7 - Mohnyin34,42213,32916,1564,696
8 - Mogaung29,0805,8389,6482,459
9 - Hpakant29,42621,6335,98313,255
10 - Bhamo23,88317,5657,7776,582
11 - Momauk10,5517,11310,7152,720
12 - Mansi7,5956,1594,5932,774
13 - Shwegu18,63116,6244,903
14 - Puta-O20,2845,6711,538782
15 - Machanbaw2,0662,512257
16 - Nawngmun3,15363055
17 - Sumprabum1,233858180
18 - Khaunglanhpu3,3083,17788
Kayah State19 - Loikaw42,89315,17910,579
20 - Demoso26,8692,8735,1921,231
21 - Hpruso7,6172,53692
22 - Shadaw1,56318474
23 - Bawlakhe4,524449288
24 - Hpasawng6,432249319
25 - Mese2,603244136
Karen State26 - Hpa-An45,19727,65445,3349,060
27 - Hlaingbwe17,9558,05130,5404,028
28 - Hpapun5,1852,959608
29 - Thandaunggyi7,9231,61510,0331,439
30 - MyawaddyUnopposed
31 - Kawkareik23,22415,74913,3575,049
32 - Kyainseikgyi8,6733,3721,066
Chin State33 - Falam7,1221,0158,9753,716389
34 - Hakha4,8071,50110,4001,648
35 - Thantlang8,2951,47612,075605
36 - Tedim12,4469,1922,29210,3201,223
37 - Tonzang6,9485,055512
38 - Mindat6,8774,0741,0562,4202,029712
39 - Matupi8,4366,1987,910973
40 - Kanpetlet3,2881,1302,3601,274441
41 - Paletwa6,1292,3454,65012,6295,6444,2923,489
Sagaing Region42 - Sagaing91,01518,94014,49110,638
43 - Myinmu22,63913,0265,1283,686
44 - Myaung39,6219,8515,7902,396
45 - Shwebo88,33224,6977,652
46 - Khin-U60,54612,7663,416
47 - Wetlet83,25211,3744,002
48 - Kanbalu101,22318,3496,801
49 - Kyunhla27,51014,3193,221
50 - Ye-U36,37315,3664,214
51 - Tabayin30,98313,1794,2215,840
52 - Taze50,96610,2012,1104,476
53 - Monywa75,71823,05722,0943,8211,92312,801
54 - Budalin43,84713,4984,040
55 - Ayadaw51,96716,1415,638
56 - Chaung-U28,3435,66210,3372,769
57 - Yinmabin41,43117,1265,906
58 - Kani64,5355,2171,683
59 - Salingyi43,72416,0582,507
60 - Pale68,0714,3502,922
61 - Katha29,77422,0022,250
1,2655,615
62 - Indaw21,17119,8065,708
63 - Tigyaing22,48519,4803,279
64 - Banmauk17,23810,7716,8625,411
65 - Kawlin27,18412,19025,0114,314
66 - Wuntho23,0558,9572,532
67 - Pinlebu25,63419,6595,308
68 - Kale49,57532,62929,71211,572
69 - Kalewa12,97214,7411,324
70 - Mingin42,71712,3281,839
71 - Tamu23,4247,76710,1652,418
72 - Mawlaik11,03211,5621,748
73 - Paungbyin22,87023,4732,817
74 - Hkamti9,0372,376741
75 - Homalin23,13219,76217,1685,374
76 - Lay Shi5,8271,163160
77 - LaheUnopposed
78 - Nanyun12,1897,445376
Tanintharyi Region79 - Dawei28,11911,81914,5313,931
80 - Launglon37,62017,8192,591
81 - Thayetchaung26,97014,9772,682
82 - Yebyu17,45214,38811,0965,193
83 - Myeik74,84336,7297,187
84 - KyunsuUnopposed
85 - Palaw47,2999,6272,370
86 - Tanintharyi20,48219,1012,345
87 - Kawthoung29,35014,4916,575
88 - Bokepyin20,74610,2812,800
Bago Region89 - Bago88,26536,90630,96651,045
90 - Thanatpin31,87917,7576,0165,827
91 - Kawa62,19927,2789,6655,098
92 - Waw43,56217,83311,3807,692
93 - Nyaunglebin42,95623,1138,3522,3804,692
94 - Kyauktaga58,08943,01311,38118,475
95 - Daik-U44,77323,4628,8357,685
96 - Shwegyin15,09117,7452,3942,916
97 - Taungoo85,93235,5096,712
98 - Yedashe54,18030,3528,5546,596
99 - Kyaukkyi13,70628,4672,339
100 - Phyu83,53627,8426,4827,087
104 - Oktwin48,79219,2673,3795,736
105 - Htantabin28,02216,2606,3421,582
103 - Pyay60,40528,08621,98510,682
104 - Paukkaung25,74220,9818,2125,029
105 - Padaung51,11613,65416,3975,474
106 - Paungde41,86917,67613,7616,738
107 - Thegon31,50415,18418,5806,456
108 - Shwedaung34,98010,92717,9435,201
109 - Thayarwady42,47126,0823,151
110 - Letpadan35,91519,3564,71512,7048,526
111 - Minhla31,87512,1109,5078,430
112 - Okpho36,97012,93611,3685,991
113 - Zigon22,3476,4209,3051,831
114 - Nattalin57,45526,4455,636
115 - Monyo24,86113,8568,14817,9363,725
116 - Gyobingauk27,20413,28519,1894,091
Magway Region117 - Magway106,90021,69416,25810,3684,832
118 - Yenangyaung45,05711,51314,5909033,263
119 - Chauk59,08118,88523,0808,531
120 - Taungdwingyi76,89331,69917,4904,4496,976
121 - Myothit46,98614,81212,6953,6192,559
122 - Natmauk63,11825,09916,8737,970
123 - Minbu63,35023,2268,5246,988
124 - Pwintbyu62,50021,3275,6184,711
125 - Salin57,35026,55140,0728,658
126 - Ngape18,80411,302950
127 - Sidoktaya18,8468,2701,328
128 - Thayet50,84914,5782,6682,248
129 - Kamma28,5225,79214,0621,617
130 - Mindon25,8739,2465,5351,902
131 - Minhla44,76231,6873,586
132 - Sinbaungwe50,82518,9072,357
133 - Aunglan83,21223,55523,3197,840
134 - Pakokku105,58726,81719,12011,421
135 - Yesagyo101,14613,86816,8305,878
136 - Myaing109,1738,2608,9426,241
137 - Pauk57,24615,55815,1145,499
138 - Seikphyu24,53429,7772,568
139 - Gangaw32,11610,59023,0512,6773,450
140 - Tilin14,5456,8869,0251,527
141 - Saw19,89411,51011,5242,312
Mandalay Region/Naypyidaw142 - Aungmyethazan41,69710,76135,4863,6976,514
143 - Chanayethazan30,5916,55829,2876,6575,509
144 - Mahaaungmyay30,6369,55124,8684,9437,6727,156
145 - Chanmyathazi32,38117,51625,67211,8233,115
146 - Pyigyidagun28,39210,20313,2265,7912,1795,636
147 - Amarapura50,18019,87530,9698,287
148 - Patheingyi49,30117,85418,5521,9761,9403,7615,461
149 - Pyinoolwin77,44134,62613,449
150 - Madaya55,16727,70118,61411,270
151 - Singu34,81313,8937,4454,800
152 - Mogok27,2897,05717,0557,335
153 - Thabeikkyin31,07912,1486,0333,027
154 - Kyaukse116,1787,97214,1700
155 - Sintgaing52,2099,73113,1025,187
156 - Myittha80,1836,82012,8446,8510
157 - Tada-U69,0743,1808,7521,7502,823
158 - Myingyan92,10311,36016,5999,7598,018
159 - Taungtha122,1716,2043,1065,308
160 - Natogyi98,4237,9204,329
161 - Kyaukpadaung113,69734,7814,186
162 - Ngazun42,86616,1584,031
163 - Nyaung-U70,48621,91723,5089,351
164 - Yamethin109,59918,5629,9808,248
165 - Pyawbwe133,02919,3823,850
166 - Zeyathiri60,5032,253897
167 - Pobbathiri44,3054,6152,434
168 - Ottarathiri26,8856,7341,581
169 - Zabuthiri65,6206,2573,640
170 - Dekkhinathiri13,3981,466479
171 - Pyinmana73,02111,7079,7694,368
172 - Tatkon106,8036,7174,4162,670
173 - Lewe86,12927,65411,9269,145
174 - Meiktila117,15223,28413,2424,895
175 - Mahlaing61,8784,0576,5178,4725,376
176 - Thazi69,93612,30518,4836,270
177 - Wundwin74,28829,21016,25114,817
Mon State178 - Mawlamyine47,14122,60425,9384,285
179 - Kyaikmaraw18,9224,76717,1994,7154,4258,209
180 - Chaungzon20,0396,27423,1833,065
181 - Thanbyuzayat11,5855,62311,7892,5624,353
182 - Mudon29,9004,1733,72624,8677,124
183 - Ye15,9835,49434,6057,243
184 - Thaton35,25334,8777,651
185 - Paung35,96130,34711,676
186 - Kyaikto26,87723,0354,708
187 - Bilin26,77122,492539
Rakhine State188 - Sittwe20,1682,48340,02314,9162,62111,83912,808
189 - Ponnagyun10,5147,47527,6982,3986,485
190 - Mrauk-U21,1399,55647,2237,587
191 - Kyauktaw22,2884,03744,10414,96710,123
192 - Minbya15,8178,35230,7728,218
193 - Myebon10,0054,36715,18710,264
194 - Pauktaw11,5515,88330,55014,388
195 - Rathedaung16,6186,09229,79411,854
196 - Maungdaw137,6915,11468,52322,543
197 - Buthidaung51,98515,56447,80214,55818,031
198 - Kyaukpyu14,6265,10322,9757,723
199 - Munaung6,3204,5023,6066,160
3,6403,878
200 - Ramree20,16517,1334,535
201 - Ann44,3135,7352,011
202 - Thandwe16,2338,09510,2856,8835,1216,637
203 - Toungup19,72310,8146,185
204 - Gwa13,21911,1833,122
Yangon Region205 - Insein57,19517,78919,50022,0994,7438,180
206 - Mingaladon74,17025,73915,6126,2924,806
207 - Hmawbi65,27814,55811,1515,0693,927
208 - Hlegu81,62510,23413,8157,687
209 - Taikkyi65,64036,22412,05415,5037,435
210 - Htantabin37,23810,7758,4174,9083,666
211 - Shwepyithar47,87113,60616,37427,4972,7457,948
212 - Hlaingtharya54,84134,55844,3171,8307,56118,606
3,136
2,56111,631
213 - Thingangyun37,3706,63948,6032,8175,865
214 - Yankin13,5874,26913,1765,348
215 - South Okkalapa43,3344,52124,5293,6646,5855,677
216 - North Okkalapa45,58410,31853,3965,81918,7392,337
217 - Thaketa42,47111,45939,61814,5727,307
218 - Dawbon14,7396,69712,1471,4301,700
219 - Tamwe23,0327,79520,42415,1613,7474,9669
220 - Pazundaung7,2451,1317,3352,5651,278
221 - Botataung10,9028,0811,0861,094
222 - Mingala Taungnyunt28,5664,29220,2575,4421,7173,409
223 - Dagon Myothit (North)32,7367,88334,8004,3524,5755,300
224 - Dagon Myothit (East)27,3079,25220,6532,649
225 - Dagon Myothit (South)61,87514,34646,8289,6008,342
226- Dagon Myothit (Seikkan)20,1197,5548,7423,086
227 - Thanlyin59,92115,42129,0514,2205,494
228 - Kyauktan31,73811,36630,9966,585
229 - Thongwa45,27716,46015,5334,197
230 - Kayan63,97912,5099,3885604,185
231 - Twante74,58913,4833,7979,8026,666
232 - Kungyangon57,7315,3043,6391,825
233 - Kawhmu42,17613,9444,7571,6383,215
234 - Dala33,4605,86611,0337,0533,5222,5754,565
235 - Seikkyi Kanaungto8,7019424,283729
236 - Cocokyun6531226
237 - Kyauktada4,6681,2354,0658641,108119418850
238 - Latha3,4871,3095,289726
239 - Pabedan5,4477944,2611,9912581,562848
240 - Ahlone8,8991,94913,6831,3608051,146
241 - Lanmadaw4,3331,5786,8307471,145335
2541,107
242 - Kyimyindaing19,2254,28014,9206,1829662,941
243 - Sanchaung12,2862,93813,7132,9395,1621,944
244 - Kamayut9,1432,2408,9711,5258466,2372,097
245 - Hlaing24,2384,99317,9215,2558,270
2,1674,383
246 - Mayangone41,1838,92523,3059,4883,5242,436
247 - Bahan15,7693,09914,7865,0522,069
248 - Dagon6,6081,1283,473443
249 - Seikkan1,0249739263
Shan State250 - Taunggyi76,98331,41523,16533,33811,280
251 - HopongUnopposed
252 - Nyaungshwe30,0487,23952,1955,471
253 - Hsi HsengUnopposed
254 - Kalaw52,54327,8484,472
255 - Pindaya26,45910,9012,998
256 - Ywangan9,5022,62423,9224,212
257 - Lawksawk46,82115,5455,541
258 - PinlaungUnopposed
259 - Pekon15,0287,82612,7433,087
260 - Loilem18,0396,74311,4813,080
261 - Nansang14,5704,53511,5912,087
262 - Kunhing5,6658,255473
263 - Lai Hka2,6371,3899,7741,313
264 - Mong Kung2,1667,3581,482
265 - Kyethi4,15212,99281
266 - Monghsu8,5767,5672,211
267 - Langhko6,9669,4061,787
268 - Mong Nai4,2578,349688
269 - Mawkmai5,1814,422480
270 - Mong pan3,3193,929272
271 - Lashio43,2957,71129,00215,5797,508
272 - Hsenwi10,3771,30110,4572,5693,409
273 - Tangyan11,3521,95513,4241,6612,5511,9464,734
274 - Panghsang*Election not held*
275 - Namphan*Election not held*
276 - Pangwaun*Election not held*
277 - Mongmao*Election not held*
278 - Mongyai5,1039,7131,600
279 - Kyaukme20,58837,01015,1265,015
280 - Hsipaw18,2063,37136,9984,285
281 - Nawnghkio20,71022,70114,9472,672
282 - Namtu8,40510,4882,052
283 - Mongmit13,86512,9201,965
284 - Mabein8,3745,3845,1761,097
285 - NamhsanUnopposed
286 - MantonUnopposed
287 - Kunlong9,6753,6767,5831,193
288 - Hopang17,5822940
289 - Muse18,6488,61222,3806,430
290 - Namhkan11,50897921,35015,4623,442
291 - Kutkai39,9766,3294,09016,0646,322
292 - LaukkaingUnopposed
293 - KonkyanUnopposed
294 - Kengtung46,0571,7395,75814,1092,7001,199
295 - Mongla*Election not held*
296 - Mongkhet4,7132832261,1611,003
297 - Mongyang2,697146136940113
298 - Matman4,6273,373230
299 - Monghsat16,8538832,433395
300 - Mongping15,3975656,4003,641886
301 - Mongton8,7162843,2251,384
302 - Tachileik20,75622,25514,639
303 - Monghpyak7,4054842302,9181,542
304 - Mongyawng5,4131,8049,4091,931
Ayeyarwady Region305 - Pathein90,67634,55832,65211,566
306 - Kangyidaunt46,11533,0859,296
307 - Thabaung42,21722,77411,0276,450
308 - Ngapudaw26,39712,6598,92113,5445,889
309 - Kyonpyaw71,99431,06418,2478,982
310 - Yegyi53,86437,8235,4806,813
311 - Kyaunggon50,39231,5557,043
312 - Hinthada142,70433,28418,844
313 - Zalun77,90814,5553,991
314 - Lemyethna34,2881,06721,9163,436
315 - Myanaung81,99624,50113,569
316 - Kyangin25,18424,6176,621
317 - Ingapu107,34817,0134,076
318 - Myaungmya74,86514,40418,4693,89918,30910,933
319 - Einme54,64143,8888,647
320 - Wakema74,04660,54812,144
321 - Labutta96,95163,24510,12441,52713,806
322 - Mawlamyinegyun97,69236,71219,85622,255
323 - Maubin123,82422,5144,8775,08913,385
324 - Pantanaw57,05461,9921,507
325 - Nyaungdon50,05439,91910,6230
326 - Danubyu67,14227,7817,491
327 - Pyapon97,66934,1018,997
328 - Bogale80,97237,90013,0634,8145,55915,711
329 - Kyaiklat56,74914,63610,7214,6655,3825,4375,313
330 - Dedaye62,94027,2379,36111,613

Reactions

Than Nyein, the chairman of the National Democratic Force, claimed the election was marred by irregularities. "We have our evidence. Some candidates complained ... because there was vote cheating." Khin Maung Swe, the leader of the opposition National Democratic Force alleged: "We took the lead at the beginning but the USDP later came up with so-called advance votes and that changed the results completely, so we lost."

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon claimed voting conditions had been "insufficiently inclusive, participatory and transparent."

The People's Republic of China's Foreign Ministry said the election was "a critical step for Myanmar in implementing the seven-step road map in the transition to an elected government, and thus is welcome."

India was conspicuously silent with segments of the Indian media questioning whether principle gave way to expediency.

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov welcomed the vote and characterised it as a "step forward in the democratisation of Burmese society."

During a speech to the Indian parliament, US President Barack Obama said of the election that "When peaceful democratic movements are suppressed – as in Burma – then the democracies of the world cannot remain silent ... It is unacceptable to steal an election as the regime in Burma has done again for the world to see."

Edwin Lacierda, the spokesperson of Philippine president Benigno Aquino III, said in a press conference in Malacañang Palace that " [We] express our disappointment towards the actions done by the Burmese government towards the NLD, and also with regards to such a farce-like elections which just appeared to be a display."

Analysis

At the time of the election Aljazeera argued that the election marginalised Aung San Suu Kyi. It asked "How much power and reach would she still have to rally her followers barely a week after the south-east Asian nation's first general election in two decades?" One such reason was because the NLD's boycott may have failed if it does not play the right cards in dealing with at least a semblance of an elected opposition in a "semi-legitimate" parliament. Pending her release from jail, the political atmosphere would have changed because of a new military leadership that may not be as "cosmopolitan" and "practical" in dealing both with her and external players. The British ambassador to Myanmar, Andrew Heyn, also said: "What they the junta do when Suu Kyi is released will send a message. She is well informed and committed and wants to stay involved."

Aftermath

Main article: 2010–2012 Myanmar border clashes

The following day clashes erupted between the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) and government forces in Myawaddy by the Thai border. The fighting spilled over to the town of Three Pagodas Pass with reports that the DKBA had seized the town from the military. According to some reports, the DKBA planned the action in the towns of Myawaddy and Three Pagodas Pass to take advantage of the deployment of the military for election monitoring. Many voters in the area, fearing an attack, stayed away from the polls.

Opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi was released from house arrest on 13 November, despite a court ruling quashing her release. She then said there were no regrets over her party's boycott of the election. To have change, she said, "The people have to want it, and they have to be united."

Suu Kyi and her party participated and won seats in the subsequent 2012 by-elections. The next Myanmar general election was held in 2015.

Changes during the term of office

On 9 September 2011 Tun Aung Khaing (USDP) replaced Aung Kyaw Zan (RNDP) who had been removed from office.

References

References

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  2. (13 August 2010). "Myanmar junta sets election date of November 7". [[CNN]].
  3. link. (29 April 2011 . ''[[Kuwait Times]]''. {{Nowrap). 30 November, 2008.
  4. link. (19 March 2017 . [[Bernama]]. {{Nowrap). 4 January 2010.
  5. Kipgen, Nehginpao. (29 December 2009). "Reconciliation Myanmar Needs". [[The Korea Times]].
  6. MacFarquhar, Neil. (22 October 2010). "U.N. Doubts Fairness of Election in Myanmar". The New York Times.
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  12. Aziakou, Gerard ({{Nowrap. 13 July 2009). [https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hS3550qL38y2An64Ovl7DMVdbr5A UN chief tells Myanmar to deliver on poll pledge] {{Webarchive. link. (29 April 2011 . [[Agence France-Presse). AFP]].
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  38. [http://www.khitpyaing.org/news/April2010/7410a.php အမျိုးသားပြန်လည်သင့်မြတ်ရေး တောင်းဆိုချက်များ မရပါက ယူအန်အေ ရွေးကောက်ပွဲမဝင်] {{Webarchive. link. (11 April 2010 . (in Burmese). ''The New Era Journal''.)
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  67. Elected unopposed.
  68. "အမျိုးသားလွှတ်တော်ကိုယ်စားလှယ်လောင်း တစ်ဦးချင်းစီ၏ ဆန္ဒမဲရရှိမှုအခြေအနေ (၇-၁၁-၂၀၁၀)".
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  70. "ပြည်သူ့လွှတ်တော်ကိုယ်စားလှယ်လောင်း တစ်ဦးချင်းစီ၏ ဆန္ဒမဲရရှိမှုအခြေအနေ (၇-၁၁-၂၀၁၀)".
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