2009 swine flu pandemic in North America

Countries and territories

North America

[[Canada]]

Main article: 2009 flu pandemic in Canada

Roughly 10% of Canadians had been infected with the virus as of mid-late November with 416 confirmed deaths as of January 7; there were over 10,000 confirmed cases when Health Canada stopped counting in July 2009. Canada began its vaccination campaign in October and 40% of the populace has since been immunized against H1N1.

The widespread effect of H1N1 in Canada was a serious concern for the XXI Olympic Winter Games, which took place in Vancouver in February 2010.

[[Mexico]]

Main article: 2009 flu pandemic in Mexico

Dr. José Ángel Córdova Villalobos, Mexico's Secretariat of Health, stated that since March 2009, there have been over 1,995 suspected cases and 149 deaths, with 20 confirmed to be linked to a new swine influenza strain of Influenza A virus subtype H1N1. As of April 26 there had been 1,614 cases, with 103 deaths and about 400 patients in hospital; approximately two-thirds of the sick patients had recovered. "'As many as 23,000 Mexicans were likely infected with the swine flu virus,' Neil Ferguson of Imperial College London and colleagues reported in the journal Science."

Soldiers mobilized by the government have handed out six million surgical masks to citizens in and around Mexico City. On April 24, 2009, schools (from pre-school to university level) as well as libraries, museums, concerts and any public gathering place, were shut down by the government in Mexico City and the neighboring State of Mexico to prevent the disease from spreading further; the schools in Mexico City, the State of Mexico, and the state of San Luis Potosí will remain closed until at least May 5. Marcelo Ebrard, Mexico City's mayor, has also asked all night-life operators to shut down their places of business for ten days to prevent further infections. José Ángel Córdova, federal Secretary of Health, said on April 24 that schools will probably be suspended for at least the following week then, and that it will take around ten days to see the evolution of the virus' behavior, and to consider other measures after such. On April 25, President Felipe Calderón declared an emergency which granted him the power to suspend public events and order quarantines. Hours later, Córdova announced that classes in Mexico City would be officially suspended through May 6. On April 26, Natividad González Parás, governor of the northeastern State of Nuevo León, announced that statewide schools will remain closed until 6 May, and established a quarantine system in airports, central bus stations and the creation of observation points mainly in the southern part of the state at the nearest highways to the borders with other states, in order to realize tests conducted on people arriving from other states. However, as for April 27, there are no confirmed reported cases of infection in this state.

On April 26, the World Bank announced US$ 25 million in immediate aid loans to Mexico, an additional US$180 million for long-term assistance to address the outbreak, and advice on how other nations have responded to similar crises.

On April 27, the Secretariat of Public Education announced that all schools in Mexico will remain closed at least until May 6.

On April 28, the Mexico City government closed all restaurants and cinemas. The National History and Anthropology Institute also closed all its archaeological sites and museums, including the most famous Mayan and Aztec ruins, until further notice.

[[United States]]

Main article: 2009 flu pandemic in the United States

Initial reports of atypical flu in two individuals in southern California led to the discovery of the novel swine flu virus by the CDC in mid-April. More than a hundred cases were confirmed in the next two weeks, spread through a dozen states. Outside of California and Texas, initial cases were all tied to recent travel to Mexico or close contact with those who had recently visited Mexico. St. Francis Preparatory School, a private school in New York, was the center of a large cluster of cases after a Spring Break trip by several students, and perforce one of the first U.S. schools to be closed as a public health measure during the early outbreak.{{cite web |access-date = 7 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090430123003/http://ny1.com/content/top_stories/98039/mayor-says-city-confirms-20-more-cases-of-swine-flu/Default.aspx |archive-date = 2009-04-30 |url-status = dead

The United States of America declared a state of Public Health Emergency but this was said to be standard procedure in cases as divergent as the recent inauguration and flooding. According to The New York Times, "the emergency declaration frees resources to be used toward diagnosing or preventing additional cases and releases money for more antiviral drugs," including the transfer of approximately 12 million influenza medications from a federal stockpile to states. The U.S. plans followed a guidebook developed over the past five years to fight a pandemic flu such as H5N1. The situation developed rapidly with the White House initially looking into the matter on April 24 according to press releases, but rapidly adopting a serious stance as the WHO and CDC issued stronger recommendations.

On April 29, the US suffered its first confirmed death of swine flu. On April 28, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention had officially confirmed through tests that a 23-month-old child was infected with the flu. When the sickness continued to worsen the next day, he was transferred to Texas Children's Hospital in Houston, where he died.

On May 5, Judy Trunnell, a woman in her 30s suffering from "chronic underlying health conditions" died of swine flu in Cameron County, near the US-Mexico border. She was the first US citizen to die from the disease. The woman, a special education teacher, had recently given birth to an eight-month-term healthy baby, delivered by caesarian section. She had been in a coma after being admitted to the hospital with breathing problems on April 19. The woman had also suffered from asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and a skin condition.

On May 10, a 30-year-old man with underlying health problems died in Washington from H1N1, the first fatality in that state.

On May 17, 55-year-old Mitchell Wiener, an assistant principal at Intermediate School 238 in Hollis, Queens died from H1N1, making it the first H1N1 related fatality in the state of New York. Wiener suffered from many other underlying health problems, weakening his resistance to the disease.

On May 19, 2009, a St. Louis County man became the first death in Missouri due to the Swine Flu.

As of mid-May 2009 many states had abandoned testing for likely influenza cases unless serious illness and/or hospitalization were present. Because reported numbers represent only confirmed cases, they are a "very great understatement" of the total number of cases of infection, according to the CDC.{{cite web |access-date=7 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208222851/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/702607 |archive-date=December 8, 2012 |url-status=live

With limited resources, some states are placing a priority on testing hospitalized patients, which may create a false impression that the virus is becoming more lethal, Richard Besser, MD, the CDC's acting director, said at a media briefing yesterday.

However, he added that scaled-back testing is also in line with how public health officials handle testing for seasonal influenza. Given that the swine flu outbreak seems to resemble seasonal flu, expect the CDC to revise some of its recommendations and change some of its reporting practices, he said.

As the disease becomes more widespread, tallies of individual cases won't be as meaningful, but health authorities will want to know what regions of the country are affected and to what extent, Besser said. For reporting on the swine flu outbreak, the CDC will likely use the surveillance and reporting model it uses for seasonal flu.

Minnesota is among states that have announced a cutback in influenza testing. In a May 4 press release, the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) said it was asking healthcare providers to submit lab specimens only when a patient has been hospitalized for flu-like symptoms. It will also continue to accept specimens from the state's 29 sentinel influenza surveillance sites and for ill healthcare workers.

:May 9, 2009 — The confirmed numbers of influenza A (H1N1) cases reported are likely to fall far short of the actual numbers occurring within the community, according to a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) spokesperson.

:"The individual numbers are likely a very great underestimate of how much virus is circulating or how many people are becoming ill from it," said Anne Schuchat, MD, the Director of the CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, speaking at a media briefing today.

...

The real number of swine flu cases in the United States could be “upwards of 100,000,” a top public health official estimated on Friday — far higher than the official count of 7,415 cases confirmed by laboratories.{{cite news |access-date=7 June 2009 |archive-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314205842/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/16/health/16influenza.html?hp |url-status=live

On September 1, 2009, several new virus isolates were tested for neuraminidase inhibitor resistance. These included one seasonal influenza A (H1N1), 13 influenza A (H3N2), 23 Influenza B, and 1, 855 2009 influenza A (H1n1) virus isolates.

Central America and Caribbean

[[Aruba]]

Trevor van Gellecum, the Director of the Aruban Department of Health, announced that all passengers arriving by airplane or cruise ship will have to fill out a health questionnaire beginning on April 27, 2009. Hotels and resorts are required to report to authorities if any tourists are showing flu-like symptoms. The government of Aruba also ordered antiviral medication and other supplies from the Netherlands and the United States. No swine flu cases have been reported.

[[The Bahamas]]

Ten students and teachers who arrived from Mexico in the last week of April are in quarantine.

[[Barbados]]

The Minister Of Health, Donville Inniss has confirmed that two samples have been sent off to the Caribbean Epidemiology Centre (CAREC) in Trinidad and Tobago to be tested for the virus.

[[Belize]]

There are two suspected cases of swine flu currently under investigation in Belize. As a result, all major public events have been cancelled. This includes the National Agriculture and Trade Show. People have been asked to be very careful and use preventative measures.

[[Costa Rica]]

Main article: 2009 swine flu outbreak in Costa Rica

A 21-year-old woman was confirmed as carrying the swine flu virus on April 28. The woman came back from Mexico by airplane. A second case was confirmed on the same day, a 30-year-old man who traveled to Mexico the week before. On May 2 the Costa Rican Ministry of Health confirmed two more cases. Four more cases were confirmed on May 4.

A 53-year-old man became the first confirmed death from the disease in the country, as reported by the Minister of Health on May 9. This was the first death outside of a North American country and the fourth country in the world to present a mortal case. The deceased man was suffering other chronic diseases. The Minister of Health informed he had diabetes and also was suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). She also informed the man was infected inside Costa Rica because he had not traveled to Mexico.

On August 11 was confirmed that Costa Rica's president, Óscar Arias Sánchez, was infected with the A(H1N1) virus, becoming the first head of state sick with the A(H1N1) virus President Arias returned to his normal activities after one week of isolation at his home.

As of September 8 the Costa Rican Ministry of Health had 1,246 confirmed cases, 1,257 pending cases, 6,337 already discarded, and 33 deaths. The mortality rate is 0.73 deaths by 100,000 people, and the fatality rate is 2.96%. From all deceased patients, 48.5% occurred among San José residents, and only the Guanacaste Province has not had any deaths related to the virus. The age of the deceased varies between 20 and 79 years, with an average age of 41 years.

[[Cuba]]

Cuba's Health Ministry is adopting precautionary measures to prevent the illness from coming into the country. The government has advised citizens to go to seek medical treatment if experiencing flu-like symptoms. Cuba has also banned flights to and from Mexico for 48 hours.

Cuba has reported its first case of Influenza A H1N1 as a Mexican student who travelled to Cuba on April 25 for study.

The ministry statement said that in all of Cuba, authorities have tested 84 possible cases in people of eight nationalities for the virus. Only one case was positive - the Mexican student.

[[Dominican Republic]]

According to the Dominican Republic Government, two people were confirmed to be infected with the AH1N1 flu on May 27. One was a 58-year-old woman from Santiago de los Caballeros and the other was a 20-year-old woman from Santo Domingo Province. Each of them had visited the United States (Orlando and Seattle, respectively) before being diagnosed. On May 30, nine more cases were confirmed, all from the Carol Morgan school.

On June 5, a 17-year-old pregnant girl infected with the AH1N1 virus died. 44 cases were confirmed to this date.

[[Guatemala]]

A 29-year-old, who had recently visited Mexico, was being tested for a suspected case of swine flu.

Guatemala is checking all travelers arriving from Mexico for signs of flu and stopping anyone with symptoms of the virus at border crossings.

On May 5, in a meeting with Health Minister and the Vicepresident, it was announced that an 11-year-old girl was infected with the AH1N1 virus. It was told that the family of the girl came from Mexico a few days ago, but no one else in the family it is infected.

On the same press meeting, Rafael Espada said: "We've to prepare ourselves for the worst, and just hope for the best".

The government has stated that they're prepared for a first wave of AH1N1. Nevertheless, other institutions have started to help population by giving them masks and information about the virus. University of San Carlos de Guatemala by the Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics has started to prevent the virus among the students population, as the Rector Estuardo Gálvez said: "This people are prepared to counteratack the virus inside and outside this campus".

[[Honduras]]

Honduras reported its first confirmed case of swine flu(H1N1) on 27 May 2009. On 22 June it reported its first death of swine flu.

[[Jamaica]]

As of 7 July 2009, there has been 33 confirmed cases of swine flu in Jamaica. On the 6th of July, Jamaica recorded its first human mortality from the virus. Health Minister Ruddy Spencer told Parliament that the country has been placed on high alert. There has been heightened surveillance at health care facilities and port entry's.

[[Panama]]

As of July 23, 553 confirmed cases had been reported by Panamanian health authorities:

66% of the cases are teens (12–15) and the 34% are adults(20-49). Only one death has been reported. Schools with positive cases are being disinfected and thermographic cameras have been deployed at Tocumen International Airport to identify sickness in arriving passengers.

[[Trinidad and Tobago]]

The members of the Under 17 Trinidad and Tobago football team have taken Flu tests after returning from a World Cup qualifying football match in Mexico City. One female was confirmed as having contracted the H1N1 influenza. Her identity is being withheld. At the moment, people who travelled on the same aircraft as the infected woman are being asked to contact the relevant health authorities.

Timeline

References

References

1. "Situation updates - Influenza A(H1N1)". [[World Health Organization]].
2. Alphonso, Caroline. (2009-11-25). "Severe allergic reaction seen after H1N1 flu shot". [[The Globe and Mail]].
3. Government of Canada - Health Canada: [http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/alert-alerte/swine_200904-eng.php Update bulletins for influenza A H1N1 2009 (human swine influenza)] {{Webarchive. link. (2009-08-18)
4. [https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/the-road-to-rollout-1.807612 CBC - The Road to Rollout, Nov. 6, 2009]
5. (2010-01-07). "Bi-weekly and cumulative number of deaths due to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, by province/territory, Canada". Public Health Agency of Canada.
6. (2009-12-15). "H1N1 'not done yet':Canada's top doctor". [[CBC.ca.
7. (10 February 2010). "Olympic Athletes, Fans Offered H1N1 Vaccination by Host B.C.". PBS NewsHour.
8. "Mexico closes schools nationwide due to swine flu".
9. "Influenza-Like Illness in the United States and Mexico". [[World Health Organization]].
10. "Reuters AlertNet - Swine flu death toll in Mexico rises to 103". Alertnet.
11. (2009-05-11). "Mexican H1N1 flu spreads easily: study". Reuters.
12. Neergaard, Lauran. (2009-04-27). "World govts race to contain swine flu outbreak".
13. (2009-04-25). "AP Top News at 9:11 p.m. EDT".
14. (2009-04-25). "Pide Ebrard parar 10 días vida nocturna". Reforma.
15. (2009-04-25). "Estima SSA 10 dias de alerta por influenza". El Universal.
16. (2009-04-25). "Mexico's Calderon Declares Emergency Amid Swine Flu Outbreak". Bloomberg L.P..
17. (2009-04-25). "Se suspenden clases hasta el 6 de mayo". Excélsior.
18. (2009-04-26). "Nuevo Leon schools to be closed down until 6 May". El Universal.
19. (2009-04-27). "All schools closed in Mexico". CNN.
20. "Human Swine Influenza Investigation". [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]].
21. (August 2010). "US Declares Public Health Emergency for Swine Flu". The New York Times.
22. Healy Jack. (April 26, 2009). "U.S. declares public health emergency over swine flu". [[The New York Times]].
23. [http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/04/29/swine.flu.international/index.html First U.S. swine flu death confirmed] {{Webarchive. link. (2009-06-09 , CNN, April 29, 2009)
24. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8024611.stm US reports first swine flu death], BBC, April 29, 2009
25. "Brownsville Hospital Officials speak out". Valleycentral.com.
26. (2009-05-05). "US resident dies from swine flu". BBC.
27. (2009-04-23). "Flu suspected in US teacher's death". Smh.com.au.
28. (2009-05-10). "Homem no Estado de Washington morre por conta da nova gripe". O Globo.
29. (2009-05-17). "Assistant principal Mitchell Wiener dies from complications of swine flu". [[New York Daily News]].
30. (8 May 2009). "Demand, flu patterns lead states to reduce testing". University of Minnesota.
31. CDC. (2023-05-05). "Weekly U.S. Influenza Surveillance Report".
32. (2009-04-27). "Aruba checks disembarking passengers: Precautionary measures regarding swine influenza". Amigoe.
33. (2009-04-30). "Suspected swine flu cases in Caribbean as WHO raises alert level". Caribbean360.com.
34. "Confirmada primera tica con fiebre porcina". [[La Nación (Costa Rica).
35. (2009-04-28). "Confirmado segundo tico con fiebre porcina". [[La Nación (Costa Rica).
36. (2009-04-30). "Salud reporta dos nuevos casos de gripe porcina en el país". [[La Nación (Costa Rica).
37. (2009-05-04). "Sube a ocho cifra de ticos infectados con gripe pandémica". [[La Nación (Costa Rica).
38. (2009-05-09). "Gripe porcina: Costa Rica confirmó la muerte de un hombre a causa de la enfermedad". [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper).
39. (2009-05-09). "Muere primer tico contagiado de gripe AH1N1". [[La Nación (Costa Rica).
40. (2009-05-09). "Costa Rica Sees 1st Swine Flu Death". [[ABC News (United States).
41. (2009-05-09). "Tico fallecido por gripe AH1N1 empeoró por enfermedades crónicas". [[La Nación (Costa Rica).
42. (2009-08-11). "Presidente Arias contagiado con gripe AH1N1". [[La Nación (Costa Rica).
43. (2009-08-11). "Costa Rican president sick with swine flu". [[CNN]].
44. (2009-08-18). "Presidente retoma hoy actividades públicas". [[La Nación (Costa Rica).
45. Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica. (2009-09-08). "Comunicado Oficial: Situación de la Influenza Pandémica en Costa Rica al 8 de setiembre de 2009 - Boletín N. 56".
46. (2009-04-28). "Latin American countries adopt preventive measures against swine flu". China View.
47. (April 28, 2009). "Cuba suspends Mexico flights because of swine flu". [[The Seattle Times]].
48. (May 12, 2009). "Cuba confirms first case of swine flu". [[The New Zealand Herald]].
49. (2009-05-27). "Two cases confirmed in the Dominican Republic". DiarioLibre.com.
50. (2009-05-31). "9 more swine flu cases in Dominican Republic". MLive.com.
51. (2009-06-05). "Pregnant girl dies with AH1N1 flu". [[Diario Libre]].
52. (2009-04-29). "Guatemala tests patient for suspected swine flu". Reuters.
53. "Ministro de Salud confirma primer caso de AH1N1 en Guatemala | elPeriódico de Guatemala". Elperiodico.com.gt.
54. "Prensa Libre - Edición electrónica - Portada".
55. "Prensa Libre - Edición electrónica - Portada".
56. (April 29, 2009). "Jamaica Prepares for Swine Flu". Jamaica Bserver.
57. (2009-05-17). "Once personas más afectadas por virus".
58. "Young Warriors take Flu tests(April 29)". [[Newsday]].
59. "Trinidad News, Trinidad Newspaper, Trinidad Sports, Trinidad politics, Trinidad and Tobago, Tobago News, Trinidad classifieds, Trinidad TV, Sports, Business".
60. (2009-07-22). "$4.4M lotto winner jailed". The Star.