1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment

History

Organization and early service

On April 14, 1861, Minnesota Governor Alexander Ramsey was visiting Washington, D.C. when he first heard news of the attack on Fort Sumter. He went with Senator Wilkinson to the office of the Secretary of War, Simon Cameron to offer the services of 1,000 Minnesota Soldiers to the Union Army.

Two days later, the Adjutant General of Minnesota, William H. Acker, issued an order for Minnesota's Commissary General, H. Z. Mitchell, to enlist men for Minnesota's 1st Regiment. Word spread and communities in Minnesota raised companies of volunteers, each identified by locality. The companies traveled to the newly reactivated Fort Snelling to be enlisted into the regiment on April 29.

These companies were the first troops offered by any state to meet Abraham Lincoln's call for 75,000 men to assist the Federal Government in suppressing the secession. On May 10, the regiment was re-enlisted for 3 more years of service. From Fort Snelling, they departed by river boat down the Mississippi River to connect with an eastern rail line.

Josias R. King of the St. Paul Pioneer Guard is credited as being the first northern volunteer to stand for Lincoln's call for men to fight the Confederacy.

|- |File:William Colvill.jpg|Colonel Colvill when he was a captain |- |File:MHS 1st Minnesota Insignia.jpg|Plain brass First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry badge worn on the kepi. It was worn by Sergeant Chesley Billings Tirrell of Company C. The officers version was nickel-plated. The trefoil was the Corps emblem of the II Corps that the 1st Minn. was attached to. (Minnesota Historical Society) |- |File:1st_Minn_Gbg.JPG|Monument to the 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment at Gettysburg Battlefield, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, located on Cemetery Ridge, off South Hancock Avenue

First Bull Run

On the 21st of July, 1861, near Manassas, Virginia, the regiment fought in the first major battle of the American Civil War, the First Battle of Bull Run. Holding Rickett's Battery in support, the regiment saw heavy fighting on Henry House Hill in close proximity to the enemy. The 1st Minnesota was one of the last regiments to leave the battlefield and suffered one of the highest numbers of casualties of any northern regiment: 49 killed, 107 wounded and 34 missing.

Of the 1st Minnesota Infantry's initiation to combat, Colonel Franklin wrote:

Antietam

During General John Sedgwick's ill-fated assault on the West Woods, the regiment suffered significant casualties (1 officer killed, 3 officers wounded, 15 enlisted killed, 79 enlisted wounded, 24 enlisted missing, for a total of 122 casualties [28%] of 435 engaged) as Union forces were routed on that part of the field. The brigade commander noted, "The First Minnesota Regiment fired with so much coolness and accuracy that they brought down [three times one] of the enemy's flags, and finally cut the flag-staff in two."

Gettysburg

July 2

Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, commander of the II Corps, saw two Confederate brigades commanded by Brigadier General Cadmus M. Wilcox breaching the line in front of one of his batteries. Hancock quickly rode up to the troops guarding the battery and asked Colonel William Colvill what unit the troops belonged to. Colvill responded, "the 1st Minnesota," to which Hancock responded "Attack that line!" With their bayonets leveled, the Minnesotans broke the first lines. Their charge disrupted the Confederate forces' advances. Just before the 1st Minnesota became nearly encircled by enemy troops, Union reinforcements arrived in time to allow some of the men to make a fighting withdrawal. Their charge bought the Union the time it needed for reinforcements to be brought up. During the charge, 215 of the 262 who made the charge became casualties within five minutes (47 killed, 121 wounded, 47 missing).1st Minnesota Casualties, The Goodhue Volunteer, July 22, 1863, p.3, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, Minnesota historical Socieety, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, Mn https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=b99c121a-6285-4180-b361-d84a5d586505%2Fmnhi0031%2F1H0YNM56%2F63072201 That included the unit commander, Col. William Colvill, and all but three of his captains. All of the field commanders died in the assault.

The 1st Minnesota's flag lost five flag bearers, each man dropping his weapon to carry it on. The 47 survivors rallied back to General Hancock under the command of their senior surviving officer, Captain Nathan S. Messick. The 1st Minnesota's 82% casualty rate stands as the second largest loss by any surviving U.S military unit in a single day's engagement. The unit's colors are displayed in the rotunda of the Minnesota Capitol for public appreciation.

In his official report, Confederate Brigadier General Cadmus M. Wilcox perceived the inequality of the fight differently (bold emphasis likely refers to the First Minnesota):This stronghold of the enemy [i.e., Cemetery Ridge], together with his batteries, were almost won, when still another line of infantry descended the slope in our front at a double-quick, to the support of their fleeing comrades and for the defense of the batteries. Seeing this contest so unequal, I dispatched my adjutant-general to the division commander, to ask that support be sent to my men, but no support came. Three several times did this last of the enemy's lines attempt to drive my men back, and were as often repulsed. This struggle at the foot of the hill on which were the enemy's batteries, though so unequal, was continued for some thirty minutes. With a second supporting line, the heights could have been carried. Without support on either my right or left, my men were withdrawn, to prevent their entire destruction or capture. The enemy did not pursue, but my men retired under a heavy artillery fire, and returned to their original position in line, and bivouacked for the night, pickets being left on the pike.

July 3

Carrying on from the heavy losses of the previous day, the remaining men of the 1st Minnesota were reinforced by detached Companies C and F. The reunited regiment was moved slightly north of the previous day's fight to one of the few places where Union lines were breached during Pickett's Charge. They again had to charge into advancing Confederate troops with more losses. Capt. Messick was killed and Capt. W. B. Farrell was mortally wounded, and Capt. Henry C. Coates had to take command. During this charge, Private Marshall Sherman of Company C captured the colors of the 28th Virginia Infantry and received the Medal of Honor for this exploit. The Confederate flag was taken back to Minnesota as a war trophy, where it remains.

After being knocked out by a bullet to the head and later shot in the hand, Corporal Henry D. O'Brien repeatedly picked up the fallen colors of the 1st Minnesota and carried a wounded comrade back to the Union lines. He was also awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions.

Later service

The 1st Minnesota continued to serve in the Army of the Potomac. In 1863, it participated in the Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns. The 1st Minnesota mustered at Fort Snelling on April 29, 1864. Many soldiers continued service as the 1st Minnesota Infantry Battalion and went on to fight in the Appomattox Campaign. On May 23–24, 1865, the 1st Minnesota Battalion marched in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington, D.C. In July 1865, the 1st Minnesota Battalion moved to Louisville, Kentucky for duty. It was mustered out of service upon completion of its enlistment on July 15, 1865.

Post war

Post war, both General Hancock and U.S. President Calvin Coolidge praised the actions of the 1st Minnesota. Gen. Hancock, who witnessed the action firsthand, placed its heroism highest in the annals of war: "No soldiers on any field, in this or any other country ever displayed grander heroism." Gen. Hancock ascribed unsurpassed gallantry to the famed assault stating: "There is no more gallant deed recorded in history." Emphasizing the critical nature of the circumstances on July 2 at Gettysburg, President Coolidge considered: "Colonel Colvill and those eight companies of the First Minnesota are entitled to rank as the saviors of their country."

Minnesota has two monuments at the Gettysburg National Military Park. One of the monuments bears the inscription:

As his men were passing here in confused retreat, two Confederate brigades in pursuit were crossing the swale. To gain time to bring up the reserves & save this position, Gen Hancock in person ordered the eight companies to charge the rapidly advancing enemy.

The order was instantly repeated by Col. Wm Colvill. And the charge was instantly made down the slope at full speed through the concentrated fire of the two brigades breaking with the bayonet the enemy's front line as it was crossing the small brook in the low ground there the remnant of the eight companies, nearly surrounded by the enemy held its entire force at bay for a considerable time & till it retired on the approach of the reserve the charge successfully accomplished its object. It saved this position & probably the battlefield. The loss of the eight companies in the charge was 215 killed & wounded. More than 82% percent of 47 men were still in line & no man missing. In self sacrificing desperate valor this charge has no parallel in any war. Among the severely wounded were Col. Wm Colvill, Lt Col. Chas P Adams & Maj. Mark W. Downie. Among the killed Capt. Joseph Periam, Capt. Louis Muller & Lt Waldo Farrar. The next day the regiment participated in repelling Pickett's charge losing 17 more men killed & wounded.}}

Casualties

The 1st Minnesota Infantry suffered the loss of 10 officers and 177 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 2 officers and 97 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 286 fatalities and 609 wounded.

Continued lineage

The 2nd Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment, 34th Infantry Division (Minnesota Army National Guard) traces its roots back to the historic 1st Minnesota Volunteers.

Notes

Bibliography

References

References

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