From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

19th Canadian Parliament

19th parliamentary term of the Parliament of Canada

Field	Value
image	Coat of arms of Canada (1921–1957).svg
jurisdiction	CA
#	19th
type	Majority
status	inactive
term-begin	1940-05-16
term-end	1945-04-16
houseimage	Chambre des Communes 1940.png
members	245
sc	James Allison Glen
scterm	16 May 1940 – 5 September 1945
pm	William Lyon Mackenzie King
ministry	[16th Canadian Ministry](16th-canadian-ministry)
pm-begin	1935-10-23
pm-end	1948-11-15
lo	Richard Hanson
loterm	14 May 1940 – 1 January 1943
lo2	Gordon Graydon
loterm2	1 January 1943 – 10 June 1945
ghl	Ian Alistair Mackenzie
ghlterm	14 October 1944 – 30 April 1948
ss	Georges Parent
ssterm	9 May 1940 – 14 December 1942
ss2	Thomas Vien
ssterm2	23 January 1943 – 23 August 1945
gsl	Raoul Dandurand
gslterm	23 October 1935 – 11 March 1942
gsl2	James Horace King
gslterm2	26 May 1942 – 24 August 1945
osl	Arthur Meighen
oslterm	22 October 1935 – 16 January 1942
osl2	Charles Colquhoun Ballantyne
oslterm2	16 January 1942 – 11 September 1945
party	Liberal Party
party2	National Government (Canada)
& Conservative Party
unrecparty1	Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
unrecparty2	Social Credit Party
unrecparty3	Liberal-Progressive
partyfootnote1
sessionbegin	16 May 1940
sessionend	5 November 1940
sessionbegin2	7 November 1940
sessionend2	21 January 1942
sessionbegin3	22 January 1942
sessionend3	27 January 1943
sessionbegin4	28 January 1943
sessionend4	26 January 1944
sessionbegin5	27 January 1944
sessionend5	31 January 1945
sessionbegin6	19 March 1945
sessionend6	16 April 1945
monarch	George VI
monarchterm	11 December 1936 – 6 February 1952
viceroy	Alexander Cambridge
viceroyterm	21 June 1940 – 12 April 1946
lastparl	18th
nextparl	20th

| # = 19th

| term-begin = 1940-05-16 | term-end = 1945-04-16

| pm-begin = 1935-10-23 | pm-end = 1948-11-15

& Conservative Party

It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and the 16th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the so-called "National Government" party (the name which the Conservatives ran under in the 1940 election), led in the House by Richard Hanson and Gordon Graydon consecutively as the three successive national leaders of the party, Robert Manion, Arthur Meighen and John Bracken did not have seats in the House of Commons. With the selection of Bracken as national leader in December 1942, the party became known as the Progressive Conservatives.

The Speaker was James Allison Glen. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1933–1947 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.

There were six sessions of the 19th Parliament.

On December 30, 1941, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill addressed the House of Commons and Senate in Centre Block in his "Some chicken! Some neck!" speech.

List of members

Following is a full list of members of the nineteenth Parliament listed first by province, then by electoral district.

Key:

Party leaders are italicized.
Parliamentary assistants is indicated by "".
Cabinet ministers are in boldface.
The Prime Minister is both.
The Speaker is indicated by "()".

Electoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members.

[[Alberta]]

Party	First elected/previously elected	No. of terms
Acadia	Victor Quelch	Social Credit	1935
	Athabaska	Joseph Miville Dechene	Liberal	1940
	Battle River	Robert Fair	Social Credit	1935
	Bow River	Charles Edward Johnston	Social Credit	1935
	Calgary East	George Henry Ross	Liberal	1940
	Calgary West	Manley Justin Edwards	Liberal	1940
	Camrose	James Alexander Marshall	Social Credit	1935
Edmonton East	Frederick Clayton Casselman (died 20 March 1941)	Liberal	1940
Cora Taylor Casselman (by-election of 1941-06-02)	Liberal	1941	1st term
	Edmonton West	James Angus MacKinnon	Liberal	1935
	Jasper—Edson	Walter Frederick Kuhl	New Democracy	1935
	Lethbridge	John Horne Blackmore	Social Credit	1935
	Macleod	Ernest George Hansell	Social Credit	1935
	Medicine Hat	Frederick William Gershaw	Liberal	1925, 1940
	Peace River	John Sissons	Liberal	1940
	Red Deer	Frederick Davis Shaw	Social Credit	1940
	Vegreville	Anthony Hlynka	Social Credit	1940
	Wetaskiwin	Norman Jaques	Social Credit	1935

[[British Columbia]]

Electoral district	Party	First elected/previously elected	No. of terms
	Cariboo	James Gray Turgeon	Liberal	1935
		Comox—Alberni	Alan Webster Neill	Independent	1921
		Fraser Valley	George Cruickshank	Liberal	1940
		Kamloops	Thomas O'Neill	Liberal	1935
	Kootenay East	George MacKinnon	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
	Kootenay West	William Esling	National Government	1925
Progressive Conservative
		Nanaimo	Alan Chambers	Liberal	1940
		New Westminster	Thomas Reid	Liberal	1930
		Skeena	Olof Hanson	Liberal	1930
		Vancouver—Burrard	Gerry McGeer	Liberal	1935
		Vancouver Centre	Ian Alistair Mackenzie	Liberal	1930
		Vancouver East	Angus MacInnis	C.C.F.	1930
		Vancouver North	James Sinclair	Liberal	1940
	Vancouver South	Howard Charles Green	National Government	1935
Progressive Conservative
		Victoria	Robert Mayhew	Liberal	1937
	Yale	Grote Stirling	National Government	1924
Progressive Conservative

[[Manitoba]]

Electoral district	Name	Party	First elected/previously elected	No. of terms
		Brandon	James Ewen Matthews	Liberal	1938
			Churchill	Thomas Crerar	Liberal	1917, 1930, 1935
			Dauphin	William John Ward	Liberal	1921, 1935
			Lisgar	Howard Winkler	Liberal	1935
			Macdonald	William Gilbert Weir	Liberal-Progressive	1930
			Marquette	James Allison Glen (†)	Liberal-Progressive	1926, 1935
			Neepawa	Frederick Donald MacKenzie	Liberal	1935
			Portage la Prairie	Harry Leader	Liberal	1921, 1935
			Provencher	René Jutras	Liberal	1940
		Selkirk	Joseph Thorarinn Thorson (until 6 October 1942 emoulment appointment)	Liberal	1926, 1935
		William Bryce (by-election of 9 August 1943)	C.C.F.	1943	1st term
		Souris	J. Arthur Ross	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
		Springfield	John Mouat Turner	Liberal	1935
	John Mouat Turner died on February 24, 1945	Vacant
			St. Boniface	John Power Howden	Liberal	1925
		Winnipeg North Centre	J. S. Woodsworth (died 21 March 1942)	C.C.F.	1921
		Stanley Knowles (by-election of 1942-11-30)	C.C.F.	1942	1st term
			Winnipeg North	Charles Stephen Booth	Liberal	1940
			Winnipeg South	Leslie Mutch	Liberal	1935
			Winnipeg South Centre	Ralph Maybank	Liberal	1935

[[New Brunswick]]

Electoral district	Party	First elected/previously elected	No. of terms
	Charlotte	Burton Hill	Liberal	1935
		Gloucester	Clarence Joseph Veniot	Liberal	1936
		Kent	Aurel Léger	Liberal	1940
	Northumberland	Joseph Leonard O'Brien	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
		Restigouche—Madawaska	Joseph Enoil Michaud	Liberal	1933
	Royal	Alfred Johnson Brooks	National Government	1935
Progressive Conservative
	St. John—Albert	King Hazen	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
	Victoria—Carleton	Heber Harold Hatfield	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
		Westmorland	Henry Read Emmerson	Liberal	1935
	York—Sunbury	Richard Hanson	National Government	1921, 1940
Progressive Conservative

[[Nova Scotia]]

Electoral district	Party	First elected/previously elected	No. of terms
	Antigonish—Guysborough	J. Ralph Kirk	Liberal	1936
		Cape Breton North and Victoria	Matthew Maclean	Liberal	1937
		Cape Breton South	Clarence Gillis	C.C.F.	1940
		Colchester—Hants	Gordon Purdy	Liberal	1935
	Cumberland	Percy Chapman Black	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
		Digby—Annapolis—Kings	J. L. Ilsley	Liberal	1926
	Halifax*	Gordon B. Isnor	Liberal	1935
	William Chisholm Macdonald {{double dagger}}	Liberal	1940	1st term
		Inverness—Richmond	Moses Elijah McGarry	Liberal	1940
		Pictou	Henry Byron McCulloch	Liberal	1935
		Queens—Lunenburg	John James Kinley	Liberal	1935
		Shelburne—Yarmouth—Clare	Vincent Pottier	Liberal	1935

[[Ontario]]

Electoral district	Name	Party	First elected/previously elected	No. of terms
		Algoma East	Thomas Farquhar	Liberal	1935
			Algoma West	George E. Nixon	Liberal	1940
			Brantford City	William Ross Macdonald	Liberal	1935
			Brant	George Ernest Wood	Liberal	1935
		Broadview	Thomas Langton Church	National Government	1933
Progressive Conservative
			Bruce	William Rae Tomlinson	Liberal	1935
		Carleton	Alonzo Hyndman (died 9 April 1940)	National Government	1935
		George Russell Boucher (by-election of 1940-08-19)	Conservative	1940	1st term
Progressive Conservative
			Cochrane	Joseph-Arthur Bradette	Liberal	1926
		Danforth	Joseph Henry Harris	Conservative	1921
Progressive Conservative
		Davenport	John Ritchie MacNicol	National Government	1930
Progressive Conservative
		Dufferin—Simcoe	William Earl Rowe	National Government	1925
Progressive Conservative
			Durham	Frank Rickard	Liberal	1935
			Eglinton	Frederick Hoblitzell	Liberal	1940
			Elgin	Wilson Mills	Liberal	1934
			Essex East	Paul Martin Sr. {{double dagger}}	Liberal	1935
			Essex South	Murray Clark	Liberal	1935
			Essex West	Norman Alexander McLarty	Liberal	1935
			Fort William	Daniel McIvor	Liberal	1935
		Frontenac—Addington	Wilbert Ross Aylesworth	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
			Glengarry	William Burton Macdiarmid	Liberal	1940
		Greenwood	Denton Massey	National Government	1935
Progressive Conservative
		Grenville—Dundas	Arza Clair Casselman	National Government	1921, 1925
Progressive Conservative
			Grey—Bruce	Walter Harris	Liberal	1940
		Grey North	William Pattison Telford, Jr. (resigned 9 December 1944 to allow Andrew McNaughton to campaign for seat, albeit unsuccessfully)	Liberal	1926, 1935
		Wilfrid Garfield Case (by-election of 1945-02-05)	Progressive Conservative	1945	1st term
		Haldimand	Mark Senn	Conservative	1921
Progressive Conservative
			Halton	Hughes Cleaver	Liberal	1935
			Hamilton East	Thomas Hambly Ross	Liberal	1940
			Hamilton West	Colin Gibson	Liberal	1940
		Hastings—Peterborough	George Stanley White	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
		Hastings South	George Henry Stokes	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
		High Park	Alexander James Anderson	National Government	1925
Progressive Conservative
		Huron North	Elston Cardiff	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
			Huron—Perth	William Henry Golding	Liberal	1932
		Kenora—Rainy River	Hugh McKinnon	Liberal	1934
	Hugh McKinnon died on April 10, 1944	Vacant
		Kent	Earl Desmond	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
		Kingston City	Norman McLeod Rogers (died 10 June 1940)	Liberal	1935
		Angus Lewis Macdonald (by-election of 1940-08-12)	Liberal	1940	1st term
			Lambton—Kent	Hugh MacKenzie	Liberal-Progressive	1935
			Lambton West	Ross Gray	Liberal	1929
			Lanark	Bert Soper	Liberal	1940
			Leeds	George Fulford	Liberal	1940
		Lincoln	Norman Lockhart	Conservative	1935
Progressive Conservative
			London	Allan Johnston	Liberal	1940
			Middlesex East	Duncan Graham Ross	Liberal	1935
			Middlesex West	Robert McCubbin	Liberal	1940
			Muskoka—Ontario	Stephen Furniss	Liberal	1935
			Nipissing	Raoul Hurtubise	Liberal	1930
			Norfolk	William Horace Taylor	Liberal	1926
			Northumberland	William Alexander Fraser	Liberal	1930
			Ontario	William Henry Moore	Liberal	1930
			Ottawa East	Joseph Albert Pinard	Liberal	1936
			Ottawa West	George McIlraith	Liberal	1940
			Oxford	Almon Rennie	Liberal	1934
		Parkdale	Herbert Alexander Bruce	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
			Parry Sound	Arthur Slaght	Liberal	1935
		Peel	Gordon Graydon	National Government	1935
Progressive Conservative
			Perth	Fred Sanderson	Liberal	1925
		Peterborough West	Gordon Fraser	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
			Port Arthur	Clarence Decatur Howe	Liberal	1935
			Prescott	Élie-Oscar Bertrand	Liberal	1929
		Prince Edward—Lennox	George Tustin	National Government	1935
Progressive Conservative
			Renfrew North	Ralph Warren	Liberal	1937
			Renfrew South	James Joseph McCann	Liberal	1935
		Rosedale	Harry Jackman	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
			Russell	Alfred Goulet	Liberal	1925
			Simcoe East	George McLean	Liberal	1935
			Simcoe North	Duncan Fletcher McCuaig	Liberal	1935
			Spadina	Samuel Factor	Liberal	1930
			Stormont	Lionel Chevrier {{double dagger}}	Liberal	1935
		St. Paul's	Douglas Ross	National Government	1935
Progressive Conservative
			Timiskaming	Walter Little	Liberal	1935
			Trinity	Arthur Roebuck	Liberal	1940
			Victoria	Bruce McNevin	Liberal	1935
		Waterloo North	William Daum Euler (until Senate appointment)	Liberal	1917
		Louis Orville Breithaupt (by-election of 1940-08-19)	Liberal	1940	1st term
		Waterloo South	Karl Kenneth Homuth	National Government	1938
Progressive Conservative
		Welland	Arthur Damude (died 15 September 1941)	Liberal	1935
		Humphrey Mitchell (by-election of 1942-02-09)	Liberal	1931, 1942	2nd term*
			Wellington North	John Knox Blair	Liberal	1930
			Wellington South	Robert Gladstone	Liberal	1935
			Wentworth	Ellis Corman	Liberal	1940
		York East	Robert Henry McGregor	National Government	1926
Progressive Conservative
			York North	William Pate Mulock	Liberal	1934
		York South	Alan Cockeram (resigned to allow Arthur Meighen to campaign for seat, albeit unsuccessfully)	National Government	1940
		Joseph W. Noseworthy (by-election of 1942-02-09)	C.C.F.	1942	1st term
		York West	Agar Rodney Adamson	Conservative	1940
Progressive Conservative

[[Prince Edward Island]]

Party	First elected/previously elected	No. of terms
King's	Thomas Vincent Grant	Liberal	1935
	Prince	James Ralston	Liberal	1926, 1940
Queen's*	James Lester Douglas	Liberal	1940
Cyrus Macmillan {{double dagger}}	Liberal	1940	1st term

[[Quebec]]

Electoral district	Name	Party	First elected/previously elected	No. of terms
		Argenteuil	James Wright McGibbon	Liberal	1940
		Beauce	Édouard Lacroix	Liberal	1925
		Bloc populaire canadien
	Édouard Lacroix resigned on July 11, 1944 to enter provincial politics	Vacant
		Beauharnois—Laprairie	Maxime Raymond	Liberal	1925
		Bloc populaire canadien
			Bellechasse	Louis-Philippe Picard	Liberal	1940
			Berthier—Maskinongé	J.-Émile Ferron	Liberal	1935
		Bonaventure	Alphée Poirier	Liberal	1940
	Alphée Poirier died on September 19, 1944	Vacant
			Brome—Missisquoi	Maurice Hallé	Liberal	1940
		Cartier	Peter Bercovitch (died 26 December 1942)	Liberal	1938
		Fred Rose (by-election of 1943-08-09)	Labor Progressive	1943	1st term
			Chambly—Rouville	Vincent Dupuis	Liberal	1929
			Champlain	Hervé-Edgar Brunelle	Liberal	1935
			Chapleau	Hector Authier	Liberal	1940
		Charlevoix—Saguenay	Pierre-François Casgrain (until 15 December 1941 emoulment appointment)	Liberal	1917
		Frédéric Dorion (by-election of 1942-11-30)	Independent	1942	1st term
			Châteauguay—Huntingdon	Donald Elmer Black	Liberal	1935
			Chicoutimi	Alfred Dubuc	Liberal	1925
			Compton	Joseph-Adéodat Blanchette	Liberal	1935
			Dorchester	Léonard Tremblay	Liberal	1935
			Drummond—Arthabaska	Armand Cloutier	Liberal	1940
		Gaspé	Joseph Sasseville Roy	Independent Conservative	1940
Independent
			Hochelaga	Raymond Eudes	Liberal	1940
			Hull	Alphonse Fournier	Liberal	1930
			Jacques Cartier	Elphège Marier	Liberal	1939
			Joliette—l'Assomption—Montcalm	Charles-Édouard Ferland	Liberal	1928
		Kamouraska	Louis Philippe Lizotte	Liberal	1940
	Louis Philippe Lizotte resigned on July 24, 1944 to enter provincial politics	Vacant
			Labelle	Maurice Lalonde	Liberal	1935
			Lake St-John—Roberval	Armand Sylvestre	Liberal	1925, 1935
			Laurier	Ernest Bertrand	Liberal	1935
			Laval—Two Mountains	Liguori Lacombe	Independent Liberal	1925, 1935
			Lévis	Maurice Bourget	Liberal	1940
			Lotbinière	Hugues Lapointe	Liberal	1940
			Maisonneuve—Rosemont	Sarto Fournier	Liberal	1935
			Matapédia—Matane	Arthur-Joseph Lapointe	Liberal	1935
			Mégantic—Frontenac	Joseph Lafontaine	Liberal	1940
			Mercier	Joseph Jean {{double dagger}}	Liberal	1932
			Montmagny—L'Islet	Léo Kemner Laflamme	Liberal	1925, 1940
			Mount Royal	Fred Whitman	Liberal	1940
			Nicolet—Yamaska	Lucien Dubois	Liberal	1930
		Outremont	Thomas Vien (resigned 5 October 1942)	Liberal	1917, 1935
		Léo Richer Laflèche (by-election of 1942-11-30)	Liberal	1942	1st term
			Pontiac	Wallace McDonald	Liberal	1935
		Portneuf	Pierre Gauthier	Liberal	1936
		Bloc populaire canadien
		Québec—Montmorency	Wilfrid Lacroix	Liberal	1935
Independent Liberal
		Quebec East	Ernest Lapointe (died 26 November 1941)	Liberal	1904
		Louis St. Laurent (by-election of 1942-02-09)	Liberal	1942	1st term
			Quebec South	Charles Gavan Power	Liberal	1917
		Quebec West and South	Charles Parent	Liberal	1935
Independent Liberal
		Richelieu—Verchères	Arthur Cardin	Liberal	1911
Independent
			Richmond—Wolfe	James Patrick Mullins	Liberal	1935
		Rimouski	Émmanuel d'Anjou	Liberal	1917, 1940
		Bloc populaire canadien
			St. Ann	Thomas Healy	Liberal	1940
			St. Antoine—Westmount	Douglas Abbott {{double dagger}}	Liberal	1940
			St. Denis	Azellus Denis	Liberal	1935
			St. Henry	Joseph-Arsène Bonnier	Liberal	1938
		St. Hyacinthe—Bagot	Adélard Fontaine	Liberal	1930
	Adélard Fontaine upon being named judge on July 27, 1944	Vacant
		St. James	Eugène Durocher	Liberal	1939
	Eugène Durocher died on May 10, 1944	Vacant
			St. Johns—Iberville—Napierville	Martial Rhéaume	Liberal	1930
			St. Lawrence—St. George	Brooke Claxton {{double dagger}}	Liberal	1940
		St. Mary	Hermas Deslauriers (died 28 May 1941)	Liberal	1917
		Gaspard Fauteux (by-election of 1942-02-09)	Liberal	1942	1st term
			St-Maurice—Laflèche	Joseph-Alphida Crête	Liberal	1935
			Shefford	Joseph-Hermas Leclerc	Liberal	1935
			Sherbrooke	Maurice Gingues	Liberal	1940
		Stanstead	Robert Davison (until election voided 24 May 1943)	Liberal	1935
		Joseph-Armand Choquette (by-election of 1943-08-09)	Bloc populaire canadien	1943	1st term
			Terrebonne	Lionel Bertrand	Independent Liberal	1940
			Trois-Rivières	Robert Ryan	Liberal	1940
		Témiscouata	Jean-François Pouliot	Liberal	1924
Independent Liberal
			Vaudreuil—Soulanges	Joseph Thauvette	Liberal	1930
			Verdun	Paul-Émile Côté	Liberal	1940
			Wright	Rodolphe Leduc	Liberal	1936

[[Saskatchewan]]

Electoral district	Name	Party	First elected/previously elected	No. of terms
		Assiniboia	Jesse Pickard Tripp	Liberal	1940
		Humboldt	Harry Raymond Fleming (died 5 November 1942)	Liberal	1935
		Joseph William Burton (by-election of 1943-08-09)	C.C.F.	1943	1st term
			Kindersley	Charles Henderson	Liberal	1940
		Lake Centre	John Diefenbaker	National Government	1940
Progressive Conservative
			Mackenzie	Alexander Malcolm Nicholson	C.C.F.	1940
			Maple Creek	Charles Evans	Liberal	1935
			Melfort	Percy Wright	C.C.F.	1940
			Melville	James Garfield Gardiner	Liberal	1936
			Moose Jaw	J. Gordon Ross	Liberal	1925, 1935
			North Battleford	Dorise Nielsen	Unity	1940
			Prince Albert	*William Lyon Mackenzie King*	Liberal	1908, 1919, 1926
		Qu'Appelle	Ernest Perley	National Government	1921
Progressive Conservative
		Regina City	Donald McNiven	Liberal	1935
	Donald McNiven upon being named judge on October 19, 1944	Vacant
			Rosetown—Biggar	M. J. Coldwell	C.C.F.	1935
			Rosthern	Walter Tucker	Liberal	1935
		Saskatoon City	Walter George Brown (died 1 April 1940)	United Reform	1939
		Alfred Henry Bence (by-election of 1940-08-19)	Conservative	1940	1st term
Progressive Conservative
			Swift Current	Roy Theodore Graham	Liberal	1940
			The Battlefords	John Gregory	Liberal	1940
		Weyburn	Tommy Douglas	C.C.F.	1935
	Tommy Douglas resigned on May 31, 1944 to enter provincial politics	Vacant
			Wood Mountain	Thomas Donnelly	Liberal	1925
			Yorkton	George Hugh Castleden	C.C.F.	1940

[[Yukon]]

Electoral district	Name	Party	First elected/previously elected	No. of terms
		Yukon	George Black	National Government	1921, 1940
Progressive Conservative

By-elections

Main article: By-elections to the 19th Canadian Parliament

Notes

References

James Powell. "Some Chicken! Some Neck!". Historical Society of Ottawa.

Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

19th-canadian-parliament terms-of-the-parliament-of-canada 1940-establishments-in-canada 1945-disestablishments-in-canada 1940-in-canadian-politics 1941-in-canadian-politics 1942-in-canadian-politics 1943-in-canadian-politics 1944-in-canadian-politics 1945-in-canadian-politics

Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about 19th Canadian Parliament — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report