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1999 Russian legislative election

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Field	Value
country	Russian Federation
type	parliamentary
ongoing	no
previous_election	1995 Russian legislative election
previous_year	1995
election_date	19 December 1999
next_election	2003 Russian legislative election
next_year	2003
seats_for_election	All 450 seats in the State Duma
majority_seats	226
turnout	61.85% ( 2.53 pp)
image1	[[File:Gennady Zyuganov and Govorukhin in 1998 (cropped).jpg	150x150px]]
leader1	Gennady Zyuganov
party1	Communist Party of the Russian Federation
leader_since1	14 February 1993
leaders_seat1	Federal list
last_election1	157 seats, 22.30%
seats1	113
seat_change1	44
popular_vote1	16,195,569
percentage1	24.29% (PL)
swing1	1.99%
image2	{{CSS image crop
Image	Сергей Шойгу (18-01-2000).jpg
bSize	180
cWidth	120
cHeight	150
oTop	40
oLeft	24
leader2	Sergei Shoigu
party2	Unity (Russian political party)
leader_since2	3 October 1999
leaders_seat2	Federal list
last_election2	New
seats2	73
seat_change2	New
popular_vote2	15,548,707
percentage2	23.32% (PL)
swing2	New
image3	{{CSS image crop
Image	Primakov-Kovalev.jpg
bSize	550
cWidth	120
cHeight	150
oTop	80
oLeft	310
leader3	Yevgeny Primakov
party3	Fatherland – All Russia
leader_since3	21 August 1999
leaders_seat3	Federal list
last_election3	New
seats3	68
seat_change3	New
popular_vote3	8,886,697
percentage3	13.33% (PL)
swing3	New
image4	[[File:Sergei Kirienko - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2000 (cropped).jpg	150x150px]]
leader4	Sergey Kiriyenko
party4	Union of Right Forces
leader_since4	24 August 1999
leaders_seat4	Federal list
last_election4	New
seats4	29
seat_change4	New
popular_vote4	5,676,982
percentage4	8.52% (PL)
swing4	New
image5	[[File:Ba-yavlinsky-g-a-1999-june (sq, cropped).jpg	150x150px]]
leader5	Grigory Yavlinsky
party5	Yabloko
leader_since5	16 October 1993
leaders_seat5	Federal list
last_election5	45 seats, 6.89%
seats5	20
seat_change5	25
popular_vote5	3,955,457
percentage5	5.93% (PL)
swing5	0.96%
image6	[[File:Vladimir Zhirinovsky 2009 portrait (cropped).jpg	150x150px]]
leader6	Vladimir Zhirinovsky
party6	Zhirinovsky Bloc
leader_since6	13 December 1989
leaders_seat6	Federal list
last_election6	51 seats, 11.18%
seats6	17
seat_change6	34
popular_vote6	3,989,932
percentage6	5.98% (PL)
swing6	5.20%
image7	[[File:Viktor Chernomyrdin-1.jpg	150x150px]]
leader7	Viktor Chernomyrdin
party7	Our Home – Russia
leader_since7	12 May 1995
leaders_seat7	Yamalo-Nenets
last_election7	55 seats, 10.13%
seats7	7
seat_change7	48
popular_vote7	791,160
percentage7	1.19% (PL)
swing7	8.94%
image8	{{CSS image crop
Image	Ilyukhin (2010-06-18).jpg
bSize	120
cWidth	120
cHeight	150
oTop	0
oLeft	0
leader8	Viktor Ilyukhin
party8	Movement in Support of the Army
leader_since8	8 July 1998
leaders_seat8	Pervomaysky
last_election8	New
seats8	2
seat_change8	New
popular_vote8	384,392
percentage8	0.58% (PL)
swing8	New
image9	{{CSS image crop
Image	Кончина Его Святейщества Алексия II, 05 декабря, ХХС , Соборная встреча. Moscow, Russia - panoramio - Oleg Yu.Novikov (4).jpg
bSize	840
cWidth	120
cHeight	150
oTop	250
oLeft	475
leader9	Sergey Baburin
party9	Russian All-People's Union
leader_since9	21 December 1991
leaders_seat9	Omsk Central (lost)
last_election9	5 seats (inside VN)
seats9	2
seat_change9	3
popular_vote9	245,266
percentage9	0.37% (PL)
swing9	–
map
title	Chairman of the State Duma
before_election	Gennadiy Seleznyov
before_party	Communist Party of the Russian Federation
after_election	Gennadiy Seleznyov
after_party	Communist Party of the Russian Federation

Legislative elections were held in Russia on 19 December 1999 to elect the 450 seats in the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly. Like in the previous elections in 1995, the electoral system resulted in many parties competing for the proportional seats and a significant number of independent deputies elected.

The Communist Party of the Russian Federation experienced major losses in the election, and for the first time since the dissolution of the Soviet Union a solid majority emerged in the State Duma that supported economic reforms towards a market economy. The result was favorable for President Boris Yeltsin and solidified the popularity of Prime Minister Vladimir Putin ahead of the 2000 presidential election. Although the Communists still had the largest number of seats, the Unity party, endorsed by Putin, was in a close second. The Fatherland - All Russia bloc of former prime minister Yevgeny Primakov and Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov was in third place, followed by the Union of Right Forces, led by former prime minister Sergey Kiriyenko. Several small parties also won seats.

Background

Initially the Fatherland bloc, which was led by Yevgeny Primakov and Yuri Luzhkov, and was critical of President Boris Yeltsin, was leading in the polls for most of 1999. Primakov was popular because of his tenure as the prime minister from 1998 until the spring of 1999, before his dismissal by Yeltsin. However, after Vladimir Putin was appointed prime minister in August 1999, he experienced a meteoric rise in popularity due to his response to the war in the North Caucasus and improving economic conditions from higher oil prices. Putin endorsed the pro-government Unity party led by Sergei Shoigu on 24 November 1999. It also received the endorsement of Aman Tuleyev, the Communist governor of Kemerovo Oblast. By early December, Unity surpassed the Fatherland bloc in the polls and was in second place after the Communists, whose support was declining compared to previous elections.

Electoral system

According to the 1993 electoral law, 225 members of the house were allocated proportionally, using statewide party lists, while other 225 members were elected in single-member constituencies, using first past the post system.

To secure a place on the ballot, parties had to have registered with the Russian Ministry of Justice one year before the election (instead of six months in previous elections). As an alternative to gathering 200,000 signatures, they had the option of paying a deposit of just over two million roubles, returnable if the party won at least 3.0 percent of the list vote. In order to increase proportionality, the law provided that if parties reaching the five per cent threshold got in total 50 per cent or less of the vote, parties with at least 3.0 per cent of the vote would also win seats by declining numbers of votes up to the point at which the total share of vote exceeded 50 per cent. However, if after this procedure the parties winning seats still had less than 50 per cent of the vote, the election was to be deemed invalid. In the single-member district ballots, if votes cast against all exceeded the votes of each candidate, a repeat election had to be held within four months. As a result, repeat elections had to be held in eight districts. Finally, as an alternative to gathering signatures in support of their nomination, single-member district candidates were also given the option of paying a deposit of 83,490 roubles, returnable if they won at least 5.0 percent of the district vote.

Political parties and blocs

No.	Electoral association or bloc	Abbr.	Lead candidates	Political position	Ideology
1	Conservative Party of Russia}}"		Conservative Movement of Russia	KDR	Lev Ubozhko • Vladimir Burenin • Andrey Tishkov	Centre-right to right-wing
2	Russian All-People's Union}}"		Russian All-People's Union	ROS	Sergey Baburin • Nikolay Leonov • Nikolay Pavlov	Right-wing
3	Women of Russia}}"		Women of Russia	ZhR	Alevtina Fedulova • Galina Karelova • Nina Veselova	Centre
5		Stalin Bloc – For the USSR
Labour Russia, Union of Officers, NPSM		Viktor Anpilov • Yevgeny Dzhugashvili • Stanislav Terekhov	Far-left
6	Yabloko}}"		Yabloko Association	Yabloko	Grigory Yavlinsky • Sergei Stepashin • Vladimir Lukin	Centre
7	Russian Communist Workers Party}}"		Communists and Workers of Russia – for the Soviet Union
RKRP, K–TR, SR	K–TR	Viktor Tyulkin • Anatoly Kryuchkov • Vladislav Aseyev	Far-left
8	Workers' Movement for Social Guarantees "May"}}"		Peace, Labour, May
Industrial Union, Native Fatherland	May	Alexander Burkov • Valery Trushnikov • Alexander Tatarkin	Centre-left
9		Andrei Nikolayev and Svyatoslav Fyodorov Bloc
SNT, PST, SPT, Union of Realists		Andrei Nikolayev • Svyatoslav Fyodorov • Tatyana Malyutina	Centre-left
10	Spiritual Heritage}}"		Spiritual Heritage	DN	Alexey Podberezkin • Pyotr Proskurin • Valery Vorotnikov	Right-wing
11	Congress of Russian Communities}}"		Congress of Russian Communities and Yury Boldyrev Movement
KRO, Interethnic Union	KRO	Yury Boldyrev • Dmitry Rogozin • Viktor Glukhikh	Right-wing
12	Party of Peace and Unity}}"		Party of Peace and Unity	PME	Sazhi Umalatova • Viktor Stepanov • Nikolay Antoshkin	Left-wing
13		Russian Party for the Protection of Women	RPZZh	Tatyana Roshchina • Zhanna Makhova • Irina Kremenets	Centre
14	Unity (Russian political party)}}"		Inter-Regional Movement "Unity"
NPPR, My Family, SPSMSB, Generation of Freedom, Voters Support, RHDP, Prosperity	MeDvEd	Sergei Shoigu • Alexander Karelin • Alexander Gurov	Centre-right
15		Social Democrats	SD	Vladimir Belyayev • Tatyana Tsyba • Vasily Popov	Left-wing
16	Movement in Support of the Army}}"		All-Russian Political Movement in Support of the Army	DPA	Viktor Ilyukhin • Albert Makashov • Yury Savelyev	Far-left
17	Liberal Democratic Party of Russia}}"		Zhirinovsky Bloc
PDVR, RSSM	LDPR	Vladimir Zhirinovsky • Oleg Finko • Yegor Solomatin	Right-wing
18		For Civil Dignity	ZGD	Ella Pamfilova • Alexander Dondukov • Anatoly Shkirko	Centre
19	Fatherland – All Russia}}"		Fatherland – All Russia
Fatherland, All Russia, APR	OVR	Yevgeny Primakov • Yury Luzhkov • Vladimir Yakovlev	Centre to centre-left
20	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"		Communist Party of the Russian Federation	CPRF	Gennady Zyuganov • Gennady Seleznyov • Vasily Starodubtsev	Left-wing
21		Patriotic Forces Movement – Russian Cause
ROD, Union of Compatriots "Fatherland", Christian Rebirth	RD	Oleg Ivanov • Yury Petrov • Mikhail Sidorov	Right-wing
22		All-Russian Political Party of the People	VPPN	Anzor Aksentyev-Kikalishvili • Tatyana Bure • Vladimir Shainsky	Centre-left
23	Union of Right Forces}}"		Union of Right Forces
DVR, New Force, Young Russia, Lawyers for Human Rights	SPS	Sergey Kiriyenko • Boris Nemtsov • Irina Khakamada	Centre-right to right-wing
25	Our Home – Russia}}"		Our Home – Russia	NDR	Viktor Chernomyrdin • Vladimir Ryzhkov • Dmitry Ayatskov	Centre-right
26		Socialist Party of Russia	SPR	Ivan Rybkin • Leonid Mayorov • Andrey Belishko	Left-wing
27	Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice}}"		Party of Pensioners	RPP	Yakov Ryabov • Anatoly Kontashov • Rimma Markova	Centre
28	Russian Socialist Party}}"		Russian Socialist Party	RSP	Vladimir Bryntsalov • Igor Bryntsalov • Yury Bryntsalov	Right-wing

Rejected lists

Electoral association	Abbr.	Lead candidates	Political position	Ideology	Notes
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia}}"		Liberal Democratic Party of Russia	LDPR	Vladimir Zhirinovsky • Anatoly Bykov • Mikhail Musatov	Right-wing	Right-wing populism / Russian nationalism / Unitarism
	Savior	Spas	Alexander Barkashov • Vladimir Davidenko • Dmitry Belik	Far-right	Russian nationalism / Antisemitism / Anti-immigrant sentiment
Russian Ecological Party "The Greens"}}"		Ecological Party of Russia "Kedr"	KEDR	Anatoly Panfilov • Vladimir Petrov • Ivan Okhlobystin	Centre	Green politics
Russian Party (Russia)}}"		Russian Party	RP	Vladimir Miloserdov • Galina Chubkova • Valery Luzgin	Far-right	Ultranationalism / Russian irredentism
	Russian Patriotic Popular Movement	RPND	Aleksandr Fyodorov • Aleksandr Kravchuk • Aleksey Vedenkin	Far-right	Russian nationalism
	Russian Conservative Party of Entrepreneurs	RKPP	Mikhail Toporkov • Yuri Antonov • Viktor Gokinayev	Right-wing	Conservatism

Campaign

The early election campaign saw the initial surge in popularity of Fatherland-All Russia bloc, led by the Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov and the former Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov, which tried to capitalize upon the perceived incapacity of President Boris Yeltsin and the weakness of his administration. The tide had turned on 9 August 1999 when Yeltsin designated Vladimir Putin as Prime Minister and his eventual successor. On 24 November, Putin announced that "as a citizen" he will support the recently formed pro-government bloc Interregional Movement "Unity", headed by General Sergei Shoigu, a member of all Russian governments since 1994.

Opinion polls

centre

Polling firm	Fieldwork date	CPRF	Unity	OVR	SPS	LDPR	NDR	Yabloko	NRPR	Lead
Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"		Unity (Russian political party)}}"		Fatherland – All Russia}}"		Union of Right Forces}}"		Liberal Democratic Party of Russia}}"		Our Home – Russia}}"		Yabloko}}"
url=http://www.panorama.ru/works/vybory/reitings/svod.html	title=Сводный рейтинг	website=panorama.ru	language=ru	access-date=27 August 2025}}	12 Dec	24	21	12	7	4		8		Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	3
FOM	12 Dec	21	16	9	5	5	1	7		Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	5
ROMIR	10-12 Dec	17	17	9	7	5		7		Tie
ARPI	10-12 Dec	20.8	14.7	11.6	6.5	4.4		9		Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	6.1
	24 Nov	Vladimir Putin endorses Unity bloc
url=http://www.fom.ru/week/wd_13.htm	title=ФОМ №75 Партии в динамике	url-status=dead	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991127091449/http://www.fom.ru/week/wd_13.htm	archive-date=27 November 1999	website=FOM	language=ru}}	20-21 Nov	29.1	11.1	15.2	6.9	5.5	1.3	11.1		Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	10
FOM	13-14 Nov	30.1	10.9	19.1	5.4	5.4	2.7	10.9		Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	8
FOM	6-7 Nov	27.3	10.9	21.9	5.4	5.4	4.1	12.3		Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	4
FOM	30-31 Oct	25.9	9.0	22.0	3.8	5.1	2.5	12.9		Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	3
	11 Oct	CEC forces LDPR to re-register as "Zhirinovsky Bloc"
ARPI	4-10 Oct	30		25		7	5	19		Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	5
url=http://classic.fom.ru/week/t1066_1.htm	url-status=dead	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010227205459/http://classic.fom.ru/week/t1066_1.htm	archive-date=27 February 2001	title=ФОМ №66 Тематические опросы	website=FOM	language=ru}}	18-19 Sep	21		29	2	3	2	10	4	Fatherland – All Russia}}"	8
	4–16 Sep	Russian apartment bombings
FOM	4-5 Sep	20		23	2	5	1	12	4	Fatherland – All Russia}}"	3
FOM	21–22 Aug	21		27	3	5	1	8	4	Fatherland – All Russia}}"	6
	9 Aug	Vladimir Putin appointed prime minister
FOM	24-25 Jul	23		15	5	6	2	11	5	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	8
url=http://www.romir.ru/eng/socpolit/rating/parl1.htm	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040131162559/http://www.romir.ru/eng/socpolit/rating/parl1.htm	language=en	archive-date=31 January 2004	title=Which Party/Movement/Bloc Would You Vote For, If The Election To The State Duma Were Held Tomorrow? (November 1998 – July 1999)	website=ROMIR}}	5–15 Jul	22.5		13	3.2	4.7	3.9	13.5	2.6	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	9
FOM	26-27 Jun	22		15	3	6	2	11	5	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	7
ROMIR	5–15 Jun	21.9		17.2	5.7	4.9	3.7	12.2	7.6	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	4.7
FOM	29–30 May	24		16	2	7	2	13	5	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	8
	15 May	Impeachment attempt of Boris Yeltsin fails in the State Duma
	12 May	Sergey Stepashin appointed prime minister
ROMIR	5–15 May	23.6		13.5	1.3	5.4	3.2	13.4	4	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	10.1
FOM	24-25 Apr	23		13	3	5	3	15	4	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	8
ROMIR	5–15 Apr	23.4		11.3	3.6	6.6	3.4	15.7	6.1	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	7.7
FOM	27-28 Mar	24		13	2	5	2	14	5	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	10
	24 Mar	PM Primakov cancels visit to the US over Yugoslavia bombings
ROMIR	5–15 Mar	25.5		9.6	0.9	5.2	2.2	13.7	4.4	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	11.8
FOM	27-28 Feb	26		16	3	4	2	11	5	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	10
ROMIR	5–15 Feb	23.1		10.6	1	4.7	2.3	11.9	5	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	11.2
ROMIR	5–15 Jan 1999	22.8		13.6	0.9	3.7	2.5	13.3	4.5	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	9.2
ROMIR	5–15 Nov 1998	25.1			1.1	3.5	3.6	12.7	8.3	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	12.4
url=http://www.fom.ru/fominfo/info187.htm#2	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980116111043/http://www.fom.ru/fominfo/info187.htm#2	title=Кто стал бы заседать в Думе в случае внеочередных выборов? / ФОМ-ИНФО № 43 (187)	date=30 October 1997	website=fom.ru	archive-date=16 January 1998	language=ru}}	11 Oct 1997	21				2	8	10		Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	11
FOM	23 Dec 1995	19				8	8	7		Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	11
[1995 election](1995-russian-legislative-election)	19 Dec 1995	*22.3*	New	New	New	11.2	10.1	6.9	New	Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}"	11.1

Results

Notes

References

[[Dieter Nohlen]] & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p. 1642 {{ISBN. 978-3-8329-5609-7
Aslund, Anders. (21 November 2002). "How Russia Was Won". [[Carnegie Endowment]].
(20 December 1999). "Analysts: Russian results boost free market". UPI.
(20 December 1999). "Global Impact News Alert". [[United Press International.
(8 December 1999). "Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin". [[United Press International.
(24 November 1999). "Putin backs Unity in Russian elections". UPI.
"Результаты жеребьевки".
"БЛОК ЖИРИНОВСКОГО".
"RUSSIAN ELECTION WATCH No. 3, October 1999". Harvard University (John F. Kennedy School of Government).
"Спас".
(26 November 1999). "Commission Excludes Nationalist Movement From Ballot / Russian Election Report No.4".
"КЕДР".
"Выборы, блоки, партии. Избирательное объединение "Русская партия"".
"Выборы, блоки, партии. Избирательное объединение "Российское патриотическое народное движение"".
"Выборы, блоки, партии. Избирательное объединение "Российская консервативная партия предпринимателей"".
"Сводный рейтинг".
"ФОМ №75 Партии в динамике".
"Рейтинг от АРПИ".
"ФОМ №66 Тематические опросы".
"Which Party/Movement/Bloc Would You Vote For, If The Election To The State Duma Were Held Tomorrow? (November 1998 – July 1999)".
(30 October 1997). "Кто стал бы заседать в Думе в случае внеочередных выборов? / ФОМ-ИНФО № 43 (187)".

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