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1994 Italian general election
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| Field | Value | |
|---|---|---|
| election_name | 1994 Italian general election | |
| country | Italy | |
| type | parliamentary | |
| ongoing | no | |
| previous_election | 1992 Italian general election | |
| previous_year | 1992 | |
| outgoing_members | Legislature XI of Italy | |
| next_election | 1996 Italian general election | |
| next_year | 1996 | |
| elected_members | Legislature XII of Italy | |
| seats_for_election | All 630 seats in the Chamber of Deputies316 seats needed for a majorityAll 315 elective seats in the Senate163 seats needed for a majority | |
| election_date | 27–28 March 1994 | |
| registered | 48,135,041 (C)41,795,730 (S) | |
| turnout | 41,546,290 (C)86.3% (1.1 pp) | |
| 35,873,375 (S)85.8% (1.0 pp) | ||
| 1blank | Constituency vote | |
| 2blank | % and swing | |
| 3blank | Party vote | |
| 4blank | % and swing | |
| image1 | ||
| leader1 | Silvio Berlusconi | |
| party1 | Forza Italia (1994) | |
| alliance1 | Pole of Freedoms / Good Government | |
| color1 | 0A6BE1 | |
| leader_since1 | 26 January 1994 | |
| leaders_seat1 | Roma Centrale (C) | |
| seats1 | **366** (C) / **156** (S) | |
| 1data1 | **17,746,612** (C) | |
| **14,110,705** (S) | ||
| 2data1 | **46.1%** (C) | |
| **42.6%** (S) | ||
| 3data1 | **16,585,516** (C) | |
| 4data1 | **42.8%** (C) | |
| image2 | ||
| leader2 | Achille Occhetto | |
| party2 | Democratic Party of the Left | |
| alliance2 | Progressives | |
| color2 | D90000 | |
| leader_since2 | 1 February 1994 | |
| leaders_seat2 | Borgo Panigale (C) | |
| seats2 | 213 (C) / 122 (S) | |
| 1data2 | 12.632,680 (C) | |
| 10,881,320 (S) | ||
| 2data2 | 32.8% (C) | |
| 32.9% (S) | ||
| 3data2 | 13,308,244 (C) | |
| 4data2 | 34.3% (C) | |
| image3 | ||
| leader3 | Mario Segni | |
| party3 | Segni Pact | |
| alliance3 | Pact for Italy | |
| color3 | FFD700 | |
| leader_since3 | 5 January 1994 | |
| leaders_seat3 | Sardegna (C) | |
| seats3 | 46 (C) / 31 (S) | |
| 1data3 | 6,019,038 (C) | |
| 5,519,090 (S) | ||
| 2data3 | 15.6% (C) | |
| 16.7% (S) | ||
| 3data3 | 6,098,986 (C) | |
| 4data3 | 15.8% (C) | |
| map_image | [[File:1994 Italian general election - Vote Strength.svg | 400px]] |
| map_caption | Results of the single-member constituencies in the Chamber of Deputies (left) and Senate (right). | |
| title | Prime Minister | |
| posttitle | Prime Minister after the election | |
| before_election | Carlo Azeglio Ciampi | |
| before_party | Independent | |
| after_election | Silvio Berlusconi | |
| after_party | Forza Italia (1994) |
35,873,375 (S)85.8% (1.0 pp)
14,110,705 (S) 42.6% (S)
10,881,320 (S) 32.9% (S)
5,519,090 (S) 16.7% (S)
The 1994 Italian general election was held on 27 and 28 March 1994 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic for the 12th legislature. Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right coalition won a large majority in the Chamber of Deputies but just missed winning a majority in the Senate.
The Italian People's Party, the official heir of Christian Democracy party, which had dominated Italian politics for almost half a century, was decimated. It took only 29 seats versus 206 for the DC two years earlier—easily the worst defeat a sitting government in Italy has ever suffered enough, and one of the worst ever suffered by a Western European governing party.
New electoral system
A new electoral system was introduced in these elections, after the 1993 Italian referendum repealed the "supermajority clause" concerning Senate elections. The clause had meant that Senate elections were conducted using de facto pure proportional representation. As a result of this change, the Senate now elected 75% of its seats via plurality voting system in single-member constituencies, with the remaining 25% assigned proportionally in a compensatory nature. Parliament passed a new electoral law for the Chamber of Deputies to bring it more in line with the Senate, assigning 75% of the seats via plurality voting, with the remaining 25% assigned proportionally in a supplementary manner using a minimum threshold of 4% of the vote. The new electoral system was nicknamed Mattarellum after Sergio Mattarella, who was the official proponent.
Background
In 1992, the five pro-Western governing parties (Christian Democracy, the Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Democratic Socialist Party, the Italian Republican Party, and the Italian Liberal Party) lost much of their electoral strength almost overnight due to a large number of judicial investigations concerning the financial corruption of many of their foremost members. This led to a general expectation that upcoming elections would be won by the Democratic Party of the Left, the heir of the former Italian Communist Party, and its Progressives coalition unless there was an alternative.
On 26 January 1994, the media magnate Silvio Berlusconi announced his decision to enter politics, ("enter the field", in his own words) presenting his own political party, Forza Italia, on a platform focused on defeating "the communists". His political aim was to convince the voters of the Pentapartito, the usual five governing parties who were shocked and confused by Mani Pulite scandals, that Forza Italia offered both novelty and the continuation of the pro-Western free-market policies followed by Italy since the end of World War II. Shortly after he decided to enter the political arena, investigators into the Mani Pulite affair were said to be close to issuing warrants for the arrest of Berlusconi and senior executives of his business group. During his years of political career, Berlusconi repeatedly stated that the Mani Pulite investigations were led by communist prosecutors who wanted to establish a Soviet-style government in Italy.
In order to win the election, Berlusconi formed two separate electoral alliances: the Pole of Freedoms (Polo delle Libertà) with the Northern League (Lega Nord) in northern Italian districts, and another, the Pole of Good Government (Polo del Buon Governo), with the post-fascist National Alliance (Alleanza Nazionale; heir to the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement), in central and southern regions. In a shrewd pragmatic move, he did not ally with the latter in the North because the League disliked them. As a result, Forza Italia was allied with two parties that were not allied with each other.
Berlusconi launched a massive campaign of electoral advertisements on his three TV networks. He subsequently won the election, with Forza Italia garnering 21% of the popular vote, the highest percentage of any single party, narrowly ahead of the Democratic Party of the Left, which finished less than 1% behind. One of the most significant promises that he made in order to secure victory was that his government would create "one million more jobs". On the other side, the center-left Progressives led by Achille Occhetto, also called "the Joyful War Machine", was composed by the two party born from the dissolution of the Italian Communist Party: the Democratic Party of the Left and Communist Refoundation Party. Since the alliance was sure of victory, its campaign was focused on criticizing the media power of Berlusconi.
Main coalitions and parties
| Coalition | Party | Main ideology | Party leader | Coalition leader | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pole of Freedoms}}" | Pole of Freedoms – | |||||
| Pole of Good Government | Forza Italia (1994)}}" | Forza Italia (FI) | Liberal conservatism | |||
| National Alliance (Italy)}}" | National Alliance (AN) | National conservatism | Gianfranco Fini | |||
| Lega Nord}};" | Northern League (LN) | Regionalism | Umberto Bossi | |||
| Christian Democratic Centre}}" | Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) | Christian democracy | Pier Ferdinando Casini | |||
| Union of the Centre (1993)}}" | Union of the Centre (UdC) | Liberalism | Raffaele Costa | |||
| Liberal Democratic Pole (PLD) | Liberalism | Adriano Teso | ||||
| Progressives (Italy)}}" | Progressives | Democratic Party of the Left}}" | Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) | Democratic socialism | ||
| Communist Refoundation Party}};" | Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) | Communism | Fausto Bertinotti | |||
| Federation of the Greens}}" | Federation of the Greens (FdV) | Green politics | Carlo Ripa di Meana | |||
| Italian Socialist Party}}" | Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | Social democracy | Ottaviano Del Turco | |||
| The Network (political party)}}" | The Network (LR) | Anti-corruption politics | Leoluca Orlando | |||
| Democratic Alliance (Italy)}}" | Democratic Alliance (AD) | Social liberalism | Willer Bordon | |||
| Social Christians (CS) | Christian socialism | Pierre Carniti | ||||
| Socialist Rebirth (RS) | Social democracy | Giorgio Benvenuto | ||||
| Segni Pact}}" | Pact for Italy | Italian People's Party (1994)}}" | Italian People's Party (PPI) | Christian democracy | ||
| Segni Pact}}" | Segni Pact (PS) | Liberalism | Mario Segni |
Results
Berlusconi's alliance won a decisive victory over the Progressives, becoming the first centre-right coalition to win a general election in Italy since the end of the Second World War. Berlusconi's coalition won in the main regions of Italy: the strongest parties in Northern Italy were the regionalist Northern League and Forza Italia, which was also able to win in all provinces of Sicily, while the National Alliance received more votes in Southern Italy. The Alliance of Progressive confirmed its predominance in the Red Belt regions of Central Italy, and in the South.
Chamber of Deputies
Overall results
| Coalition | Party | Proportional | First-past-the-post | **Total | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| seats** | +/– | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||||||
| Pole of Freedoms}}" | Pole of Freedoms – | ||||||||||||
| Pole of Good Government | Forza Italia (1994)}}" | Forza Italia (FI) | 8,136,135 | 21.01 | 30 | 17,746,612 | 46.09 | 87 | 111 | *New* | |||
| Christian Democratic Centre}}" | Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) | 21 | 27 | *New* | |||||||||
| National Alliance (Italy)}}" | National Alliance (AN) | 5,214,133 | 13.47 | 23 | 87 | 110 | +75 | ||||||
| Lega Nord}}" | Northern League (LN) | 3,235,248 | 8.36 | 11 | 107 | 118 | +62 | ||||||
| **Total seats** | **64** | **302** | **366** | – | |||||||||
| Progressives (Italy)}};" | Progressives | Democratic Party of the Left}}" | Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) | 7,881,646 | 20.36 | 38 | 12.632,680 | 32.81 | 87 | 125 | +17 | ||
| Communist Refoundation Party}}" | Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) | 2,343,946 | 6.05 | 11 | 27 | 38 | +4 | ||||||
| Federation of the Greens}}" | Federation of the Greens (FdV) | 1,047,268 | 2.70 | 0 | 11 | 11 | −5 | ||||||
| Italian Socialist Party}}" | Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | 849,429 | 2.19 | 0 | 15 | 15 | −77 | ||||||
| The Network (political party)}}" | The Network (LR) | 719,841 | 1.86 | 0 | 8 | 8 | −4 | ||||||
| Democratic Alliance (Italy)}}" | Democratic Alliance (AD) | 456,114 | 1.18 | 0 | 16 | 16 | *New* | ||||||
| **Total seats** | **49** | **164** | **213** | – | |||||||||
| Pact for Italy | Italian People's Party (1994)}}" | Italian People's Party (PPI) | 4,287,172 | 11.07 | 29 | 6,019,038 | 15.63 | 4 | 33 | −146 | |||
| Patto Segni}}" | Segni Pact (PS) | 1,811,814 | 4.68 | 13 | 0 | 13 | *New* | ||||||
| **Total seats** | **42** | **4** | **46** | – | |||||||||
| South Tyrolean People's Party}}" | South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) | 231,842 | 0.60 | **0** | 188,017 | 0.49 | **3** | **3** | ±0 | ||||
| Southern Action League}}" | Southern Action League (LAM) | 59,873 | 0.15 | **0** | 46,820 | 0.13 | **1** | **1** | +1 | ||||
| Aosta Valley (political coalition)}}" | Aosta Valley (VdA) | **0** | 43,700 | 0.11 | **1** | **1** | ±0 | ||||||
| **Total** | **630** | – |
Detailed results
| Party or coalition | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Progressives (Italy)}}" | Progressives (P) | 12,632,680 | 32.81 | |
| Pole of Freedoms}}" | Pole of Freedoms (PdL) | 8,767,720 | 22.77 | |
| Segni Pact}}" | Pact for Italy (PpI) | 6,019,038 | 15.63 | |
| Pole of Freedoms}}" | Pole of Good Government (PdBG) | 5,732,890 | 14.89 | |
| National Alliance (Italy)}}" | National Alliance (AN) | 2,566,848 | 6.67 | |
| Forza Italia (1994)}}" | Forza Italia (FI) | 679,154 | 1.76 | |
| Radical Party (Italy)}}" | Pannella List (LP) | 432,667 | 1.12 | |
| South Tyrolean People's Party}}" | South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) | 188,017 | 0.49 | |
| Italian Democratic Socialist Party}}" | Social Democracy for the Freedoms (PSDI–FDS) | 147,493 | 0.38 | |
| Southern Action League}}" | Southern Action League (LAM) | 46,820 | 0.13 | |
| Aosta Valley (political coalition)}}" | Aosta Valley (VdA) | 43,700 | 0.11 | |
| Other}}" | Others | 1,247,131 | 3.24 | |
| **Total** | **38,504,158** | **100.00** | **475** | |
| Source: [Ministry of the Interior](https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=C&dtel=27/03/1994&es0=S&tpa=I&lev0=0&levsut0=0&ms=S&tpe=A) |
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forza Italia (1994)}}" | Forza Italia (FI) | 8,136,135 | 21.01 | |
| Democratic Party of the Left}}" | Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) | 7,881,646 | 20.36 | |
| National Alliance (Italy)}}" | National Alliance (AN) | 5,214,133 | 13.47 | |
| Italian People's Party (1994)}}" | Italian People's Party (PPI) | 4,287,172 | 11.07 | |
| Lega Nord}}" | Northern League (LN) | 3,235,248 | 8.36 | |
| Communist Refoundation Party}}" | Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) | 2,343,946 | 6.05 | |
| Segni Pact}}" | Segni Pact (PS) | 1,811,814 | 4.68 | |
| Radical Party (Italy)}}" | Pannella List (LP) | 1,359,283 | 3.51 | |
| Federation of the Greens}}" | Federation of the Greens (FdV) | 1,047,268 | 2.70 | |
| Italian Socialist Party}}" | Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | 849,429 | 2.19 | |
| The Network (political party)}}" | The Network (LR) | 719,841 | 1.86 | |
| Democratic Alliance (Italy)}}" | Democratic Alliance (AD) | 456,114 | 1.18 | |
| South Tyrolean People's Party}}" | South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) | 231,842 | 0.60 | |
| Italian Democratic Socialist Party}}" | Social Democracy for Freedoms (PSDI–FDS) | 179,495 | 0.46 | |
| Program Italy (PI) | 151,328 | 0.39 | ||
| Lombard Alpine League (LAL) | 136,782 | 0.35 | ||
| Venetian Autonomy League (LAV) | 103,764 | 0.27 | ||
| Southern Action League}}" | Southern Action League (LAM) | 59,873 | 0.15 | |
| Other}}" | Others | 517,780 | 1.34 | |
| **Total** | **38,720,893** | **100.00** | **155** | |
| Source: [Ministry of the Interior](https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=C&dtel=27/03/1994&es0=S&tpa=I&lev0=0&levsut0=0&ms=S&tpe=A) |
FPTP results by constituency
| Constituency | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| seats | Seats won | PdL–PdBG | P | PpI | Others | The People of Freedom}};" | Progressives (Italy)}};" | Others}};;" | Abruzzo | 11 | Aosta Valley | 1 | Apulia | 34 | Basilicata | 5 | Calabria | 17 | Campania 1 | 25 | Campania 2 | 22 | Emilia-Romagna | 32 | Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 10 | Lazio 1 | 32 | Lazio 2 | 11 | Liguria | 14 | Lombardy 1 | 31 | Lombardy 2 | 32 | Lombardy 3 | 11 | Marche | 12 | Molise | 3 | Piedmont 1 | 19 | Piedmont 2 | 17 | Sardinia | 14 | Sicily 1 | 20 | Sicily 2 | 21 | Trentino-Alto Adige | 8 | Tuscany | 29 | Umbria | 7 | Veneto 1 | 22 | Veneto 2 | 15 | Total | 475 | 302 | 164 | 4 | 5 | |||
| 1 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 23 | 10 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10 | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 | 12 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 29 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 29 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 32 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 14 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 17 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9 | 4 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 16 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 29 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 22 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 14 | 1 |
PR results by constituency
| Constituency | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| seats | Seats won | PdL–PdBG | P | PpI | The People of Freedom}};" | Progressives (Italy)}};" | Abruzzo | 3 | Apulia | 10 | Basilicata | 2 | Calabria | 6 | Campania 1 | 8 | Campania 2 | 7 | Emilia-Romagna | 9 | Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 3 | Lazio 1 | 10 | Lazio 2 | 3 | Liguria | 6 | Lombardy 1 | 10 | Lombardy 2 | 11 | Lombardy 3 | 4 | Marche | 4 | Molise | 1 | Piedmont 1 | 6 | Piedmont 2 | 6 | Sardinia | 4 | Sicily 1 | 7 | Sicily 2 | 7 | Trentino-Alto Adige | 2 | Tuscany | 11 | Umbria | 2 | Veneto 1 | 8 | Veneto 2 | 5 | Total | 155 | 64 | 49 | 42 | ||
| 2 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 5 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 4 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 6 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 4 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | 4 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 2 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 1 | 1 |
Senate of the Republic
Overall results
| Coalition | Party | First-past-the-post | Proportional | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| seats | Total | |||||||||
| seats | +/– | Votes | % | Seats | ||||||
| Pole of Freedoms}}" | Pole of Freedoms – | |||||||||
| Pole of Good Government | Lega Nord}}" | Northern League (LN) | 13,342,940 | 40.34 | 128 | 28 | 60 | |||
| National Alliance (Italy)}}" | National Alliance (AN) | 48 | +32 | |||||||
| Forza Italia (1994)}}" | Forza Italia (FI) | 36 | *New* | |||||||
| Christian Democratic Centre}}" | Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) | 12 | *New* | |||||||
| **Total seats** | **156** | – | ||||||||
| Progressives (Italy)}};" | Progressives | Democratic Party of the Left}}" | Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) | 10,881,320 | 32.90 | 96 | 26 | 76 | ||
| Communist Refoundation Party}}" | Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) | 18 | −2 | |||||||
| Italian Socialist Party}}" | Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | 9 | −40 | |||||||
| Federation of the Greens}}" | Federation of the Greens (FdV) | 7 | +3 | |||||||
| Democratic Alliance (Italy)}}" | Democratic Alliance (AD) | 6 | *New* | |||||||
| The Network (LR) | 6 | +3 | ||||||||
| **Total seats** | **122** | – | ||||||||
| Segni Pact}}" | Pact for Italy (PpI) | 5,519,090 | 16.69 | 3 | 28 | **31** | −64 | |||
| Radical Party (Italy)}}" | Pannella List (LP) | 767,765 | 2.32 | 0 | 1 | **1** | +1 | |||
| Lombard Alpine League (LAL) | 246,046 | 0.74 | 0 | 1 | **1** | ±0 | ||||
| South Tyrolean People's Party}};" | South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) | 217,137 | 0.66 | 3 | 0 | **3** | ±0 | |||
| Magris List (Magris) | 61,400 | 0.19 | 1 | 0 | **1** | *New* | ||||
| Aosta Valley (political coalition)}};" | Aosta Valley (VdA) | 27,493 | 0.08 | 1 | 0 | **1** | ±0 | |||
| **Total** | **315** | – |
Detailed results
| Party or coalition | Votes | % | Seats | FPTP | Proportional | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Progressives (Italy)}};" | Progressives (P) | 10,881,320 | 32.90 | 96 | 26 | ||
| Pole of Freedoms}};" | Pole of Freedoms (PdL) | 6,570,468 | 19.87 | 74 | 8 | ||
| Segni Pact}}" | Pact for Italy (PpI) | 5,519,090 | 16.69 | 3 | 28 | ||
| Pole of Freedoms}};" | Pole of Good Government (PdBG) | 4,544,573 | 13.74 | 56 | 19 | ||
| National Alliance (Italy)}}" | National Alliance (AN) | 2,077,934 | 6.28 | 0 | 8 | ||
| Radical Party (Italy)}}" | Pannella List (LP) | 767,765 | 2.32 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Pensioners' Party (Italy)}};" | Pensioners' Party (PP) | 250,637 | 0.76 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Lombard Alpine League (LAL) | 246,046 | 0.74 | 0 | 1 | |||
| South Tyrolean People's Party}};" | South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) | 217,137 | 0.66 | 3 | 0 | ||
| Venetian Autonomy League (LAV) | 165,370 | 0.50 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Federalist Greens (VF) | 100,418 | 0.30 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Sardinian Action Party}};" | Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) | 88,225 | 0.27 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Natural Law Party}}" | Natural Law Party (PLN) | 86,579 | 0.26 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Italian Democratic Socialist Party}}" | Social Democracy for Freedoms (PSDI–FDS) | 80,264 | 0.24 | 0 | 0 | ||
| The League of Angela Bossi | 72,455 | 0.22 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Greens Greens (VV) | 68,218 | 0.21 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Veneto Autonomous Region Movement (MVRA) | 64,149 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Magris List (Magris) | 61,400 | 0.19 | 1 | 0 | |||
| Southern Action League}}" | Southern Action League (LAM) | 54,395 | 0.16 | 0 | 0 | ||
| League for Piedmont | 49,505 | 0.15 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Aosta Valley (political coalition)}};" | Aosta Valley (VdA) | 27,493 | 0.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Other}};" | Others | 931,143 | 2.82 | 0 | 0 | ||
| **Total** | **33,074,549** | **100.00** | **232** | **83** | |||
| Source: [Ministry of the Interior](https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=S&dtel=27/03/1994&es0=S&tpa=I&lev0=0&levsut0=0&ms=S&tpe=A) |
FPTP by constituency
| Constituency | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| seats | Seats won | PdL–PdBG | P | PpI | Others | The People of Freedom}};" | Progressives (Italy)}};" | Others}};;" | Piedmont | 17 | Aosta Valley | 1 | Lombardy | 35 | Trentino-Alto Adige | 6 | Veneto | 17 | Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 5 | Liguria | 6 | Emilia-Romagna | 15 | Tuscany | 14 | Umbria | 5 | Marche | 6 | Lazio | 21 | Abruzzo | 5 | Molise | 2 | Campania | 22 | Apulia | 16 | Basilicata | 5 | Calabria | 8 | Sicily | 20 | Sardinia | 6 | Total | 232 | 128 | 96 | 3 | 5 | |||
| 12 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 35 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 17 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 16 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 | 13 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 17 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 2 | 1 |
PR results by constituency
| Constituency | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| seats | Seats won | PpI | PdL–PdBG | P | Others | The People of Freedom}};" | Progressives (Italy)}};" | Others}};;" | Piedmont | 6 | Lombardy | 12 | Trentino-Alto Adige | 1 | Veneto | 6 | Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 2 | Liguria | 3 | Emilia-Romagna | 6 | Tuscany | 5 | Umbria | 2 | Marche | 2 | Lazio | 7 | Abruzzo | 2 | Campania | 8 | Apulia | 6 | Basilicata | 2 | Calabria | 3 | Sicily | 7 | Sardinia | 3 | Total | 83 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 2 | |||
| 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 1 | 6 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 1 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
Leaders' races
| 1994 Italian general election (C): Rome Centre | Candidate | Coalition | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre-right coalition}}" | **Silvio Berlusconi** | Pole | FI | **34,354** | **46.29** | |
| Progressives (Italy)}}" | Luigi Spaventa | Progressives | PDS | 29,914 | 40.10 | |
| Segni Pact}}" | Alberto Michelini | Pact for Italy | PS | 9,566 | 12.82 | |
| Other}}" | Others | 593 | 0.79 | |||
| **Total** | **74,607** | **100.0** | ||||
| Turnout | **77,562** | **77.19** | ||||
| Centre-right coalition}}" | Pole gain | |||||
| Source: [Ministry of the Interior](https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=C&dtel=27/03/1994&tpa=I&tpe=L&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=15&levsut1=1&lev2=1&levsut2=2&ne1=15&ne2=1501&es0=S&es1=S&es2=N&ms=S&unipro=uni) |
| 1994 Italian general election (C): Bologna – Borgo Panigale | Candidate | Coalition | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Progressives (Italy)}}" | **Achille Occhetto** | Progressives | PDS | **52,997** | **59.77** | |
| Centre-right coalition}}" | Pier Ferdinando Casini | Pole | CCD | 17,925 | 20.22 | |
| National Alliance (Italy)}}" | Alfredo Ruocco | None | AN | 7,388 | 8.33 | |
| Segni Pact}}" | Maria Gualandi | Pact for Italy | PPI | 7,133 | 8.04 | |
| Radical Party (Italy)}}" | Oliviero Toscani | None | LP | 3,225 | 3.64 | |
| **Total** | **88,668** | **100.0** | ||||
| Turnout | **91,571** | **95.03** | ||||
| Progressives (Italy)}}" | Progressives gain | |||||
| Source: [Ministry of the Interior](https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=C&dtel=27/03/1994&tpa=I&tpe=L&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=11&levsut1=1&lev2=14&levsut2=2&ne1=11&ne2=1114&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&ms=S&unipro=uni) |
| 1994 Italian general election (C): Sassari | Candidate | Coalition | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre-right coalition}}" | **Carmelo Porcu** | Pole | AN | **30,623** | **36.14** | |
| Segni Pact}}" | Mario Segni | Pact for Italy | PS | 26,776 | 31.60 | |
| Progressives (Italy)}}" | Gavino Angius | Progressives | PDS | 17,570 | 20.73 | |
| Sardinian Action Party}}" | Giacomo Spissu | None | PSd'Az | 6,952 | 8.20 | |
| Gavino Sale | None | ParIS | 1,185 | 1.40 | ||
| The Network (political party)}}" | Giovanni Conoci | None | LR | 966 | 1.14 | |
| Other}}" | Others | 664 | 0.78 | |||
| **Total** | **84,736** | **100.0** | ||||
| Turnout | **89,504** | **86.02** | ||||
| Centre-right coalition}}" | Pole gain | |||||
| Source: [Ministry of the Interior](https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=C&dtel=27/03/1994&tpa=I&tpe=L&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=26&levsut1=1&lev2=1&levsut2=2&ne1=26&ne2=2601&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&ms=S&unipro=uni) |
Aftermath
Contrary to its success in the Chamber of Deputies, the Pole failed to win a majority in the Senate. Nevertheless, the first Berlusconi government obtained a vote of confidence in the Senate thanks to the abstention of four PPI senators (Vittorio Cecchi Gori, Stefano Cusumano, Luigi Grillo, and Tomaso Zanoletti), who decided not to take part in the vote. The vote of the Senators for life was not decisive, as three (Gianni Agnelli, Francesco Cossiga, and Giovanni Leone) voted in favour of the government, three were absent (Carlo Bo, Norberto Bobbio, and Amintore Fanfani) and five voted against (Giulio Andreotti, Francesco De Martino, Giovanni Spadolini, Paolo Emilio Taviani, and Leo Valiani). As a result, the Senate gave Berlusconi 159 votes in favour and 153 against.
Commenting on the historical significance of Berlusconi's victory, together with the complexity of his alliance, the British historian Martin Clark observed: "It was an extraordinary transformation: 70 per cent of the deputies and senators won seats for the first time. The corrupt old parties were replaced by a 'new Right': 97 businessmen and media executives of FI, 122 small businessmen and artisans of the League, bent on a Sack of Rome, and 109 'post-Fascists,' advocates prominent among them, desperate to preserve 'Italy' from the League and social spending from the free marketeers."
Notes
References
References
- (30 March 2006). "As Italy Votes, Golden Career Of Berlusconi Is at Crossroads". Wall Street Journal.
- (1 April 2006). "Italian Election, The Prelude". [[The American (magazine).
- Griffin, Roger. (1996). "The 'Post-Fascism' of the Alleanza Nazionale: A Case Study in Ideological Morphology". Journal of Political Ideologies.
- "Elezioni della Camera dei Deputati del 27 Marzo 1994". [[Italian Chamber of Deputies]].
- "Il Sole 24 Ore - Nel 1994 decisivi per Berlusconi tre senatori a vita".
- Clark, Martin (1996). ''Modern Italy, 1871–1995'' (2nd ed.). Pearson Education Limited. p. 422.
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